1. Land preparation and land selection
It is advisable to choose sandy soil with high and dry terrain, sunny, deep soil layer, fertile soil, good drainage, soil heavy metal content and pesticide residues that do not exceed the standard. Yuanzhi is a deep root plant, deep ploughing is an important part of planting a good Yuanzhi, generally to deep plough more than 30 cm, and then rake sugar to preserve the soil, to be planted.
2. Fertilize
Combined with the land preparation of fully decomposed farm manure 2500 to 3000 kg mu, calcium superphosphate 50 kg mu, or diammonium phosphate 50 kg / mu. Organic fertilizer is spread on the surface of the ground and ploughed into the soil, and the fertilizer is applied better.
3. Seed treatment
Seeds are mixed with leguo or enemy insects to control underground pests, and more importantly, to prevent ants from moving the seeds, resulting in short ridges of missing seedlings.
4. Weed prevention
In plots with severe weeds from the front crop, it is easy to cause grass shortage after the emergence of seedlings. In order to prevent grass shortage, the soil can be treated with 48% Frelelin emulsion herbicide 5-7 days before sowing, and the soil can be mixed with 5 to 7 cm. Floleline has a stronger inhibitory effect on grasses than dicotyledonous plants.
1. Temperature
Temperature is one of the main conditions for germination of Yuanzhi seeds, 22-25 °C is the optimal germination temperature, and there is no germination phenomenon below 15 °C. Although the sowing period of Yuanzhi is long, and can be sown in spring, summer and autumn, the use of direct broadcast in production shall not be earlier than mid- and late-April. In summer sowing, in order to improve land utilization, it can be sown in time after wheat harvest; the suitable sowing period of Yuanzhi in winter wheat area is 15-20 days before the local wheat harvest; autumn sowing should not be later than late August; late autumn sowing is carried out in mid-October, late-late to early November, and no seedlings are produced in the same year after sowing, and seedlings emerge the following year, but there is less use in production.
2. Humidity
Spring droughts often occur in the north, and sometimes autumn droughts occur, and dryland sowing depends on natural precipitation, so dryland sowing can be postponed until the rainy season. The rainy season and early autumn sowing are both good times for sowing the seeds. In yuanzhi production areas with water conservancy conditions, temperature conditions should be considered in particular.
1. Sow directly
In production, seeding is mostly sown by direct broadcasting. Yuanzhi seeds are small, requiring high quality of land preparation; watering the ground should be furrowed, and the furrow should be flattened; the sole of the foot should be watered, and then sown when the moisture is suitable. Ditch according to the row spacing of 20 cm, ditch width 10-12 cm, ditch depth 1.5-2.0 cm, sow the seeds in the ditch with a roll, slightly suppressed, cover the thin soil (generally dragged with feet along the ditch, or with 1 cloth bag soil shun ditch dragging). It is advisable to cover the soil so that the seeds cannot be seen, and should not be too deep. Then sprinkle the grass to protect the mound. Sawdust (2 cubic meters per acre) is available in areas without cover grass. Generally, the amount of sowing per mu is 4.0-4.5 kg, and the seedlings emerge about 15 days after sowing.
2. Seedling transplanting
(1) Seedlings. Seeds can be sown as early as early or mid-March. On the prepared seedbed, ditch strip sowing, cover the soil 1 cm, properly water the ground when dry, then cover the furrow surface with plastic film, and press it tightly with soil to prevent wind blowing. The cover film can raise the ground temperature, keep it moist, and the seedlings can emerge about 10 days after sowing. In order to speed up the propagation speed and improve the survival rate of seedlings, plastic nursery trays and vermiculite can also be used as substrate seedlings under the greenhouse, and 1 seed can be produced in 8-10 days. Due to the suitable temperature of the greenhouse, the seedlings grow fast and strongly, and it is easy to form large seedlings and strong seedlings. When the temperature of the field is suitable, it is replanted in the field, and the survival rate reaches 9%. Due to the transplanting of vermiculite, there is no slow seedling stage, vigorous field growth, early excavation period and high yield.
(2) Transplanting. After the seedlings are first graded, according to the thickness, size, length and length, the diseased and weak strains are eliminated. It is advisable to colonize according to the row spacing of 15-20 cm, the plant spacing of 5 to 6 cm, and the root head is covered with soil 1 cm. Field nursery fields are transplanted in late autumn or early November of the same year, or in the early spring of the following year. Transplanting fields should be deep ploughed and fertilized in advance. Autumn planting is better than spring planting, especially in dryland, and autumn planting is more conducive to moisture preservation. When transplanting, it is necessary to raise seedlings while planting seedlings, and the seedlings that cannot be planted are dug in the field for false planting.
3. Root segment reproduction
There are root nodes on the underground roots of Yuanzhi, and the root nodes can produce adventitious buds, so the roots of Yuanzhi can be used as propagation material. Choose strong, pest-free, fresh-colored roots with a root diameter of 0.3-0.5 cm or more, and start planting in early April. On the ground, ditch according to the row spacing of 15 to 20 cm, the depth of the ditch is 6-8 cm, break the roots into small segments, each section has 2-3 sections of root nodes, put 1 section every 10 cm, and then cover the soil with 3 to 5 cm. The reproduction and production performance of the root segment is good, and it is also an effective way to breed and select varieties of good seeds.
4. Intercropping sets
In addition to the above planting methods, Yuanzhi also has the following planting methods:
(1) Replanting. There are many ways to replant, and there are two main ways in production: replanting Yuanzhi after harvesting wheat and replanting Yuanzhi after harvesting rapeseed. The key link of replanting is to have water conservancy conditions, before sowing must be watered on the soles of the feet, after sowing the ground should be covered with grass, cover grass can be used wheat straw or straw.
(2) Sets of seeds. In areas with short reproductive periods, the method of seeding can be used. The set of seeds can use the former crop as a shade to moisturize and shade the Yuanzhi seedlings. When planting corn in the distance, it is necessary to appropriately widen the corn sowing line spacing and carry out the planting after all field operation measures for corn are completed. If the corn row width is 60 to 70 cm, two rows of yuanzhi are planted between rows, and the sowing width is 10 cm; if the corn row width is below 50 cm, 1 row of yuanzhi is planted between the rows, and the sowing width can be appropriately widened. If you plant Yuanzhi in the soybean field, it is necessary to appropriately widen the soybean sowing spacing, and at the same time reduce the amount of soybean sowing, because the leaves of soybeans have more shade, and Yuanzhi will die after the emergence of seedlings due to lack of sunlight. The technology of Yuanzhi set of seeds is strict, and it is not easy to promote in areas where there is no successful trial.
(3) Yuanzhi large arch shed protection area planting method. This method has been widely used in the main production areas of Yuanzhi in Shanxi in recent years. In the first year, after the wheat harvest, Yuanzhi is sown, and in early February of the following year (when the land is just thawed or about to thaw), a bamboo and wood structure plastic arch is built on the Yuanzhi planting field, which can make Yuanzhi return to green in advance, prolong the growth period, and the general yield is 2 to 3 times higher than that in the open field.
1. Seedling management (from emergence to bud management)
The seedling period of Yuanzhi is long, and it basically does not flower in the first year after emergence. After the temperature rises in the spring of the following year, it generally begins to gradually return to green at the end of March, and the growth is slow; in mid and late April, the leaves spread out, and lateral branches appear in the leaf axils of the seventh to ninth leaves; and buds begin to appear in early May, entering the next stage of growth and development. The growth characteristics of the seedling stage are that the stems and leaves in the aboveground part grow slowly, and the root system grows faster, which is mainly based on long roots, while long leaves and long stems. At this time, it should be mainly to promote the root, so as to achieve the whole seedling and the seedling strength. At the seedling stage, it is necessary to cultivate and weed in time, hoe grass should be early, small and shallow, and use a small hoe to hoe the ground shallowly and evenly; the grass between the rows should be hoeed off, and the grass in the row should be pulled out, and the surface should be kept loose, so as to help maintain moisture, increase temperature, and promote root growth. Strict prevention of weed breeding and spreading at the seedling stage.
2. Medium-term management (from flowering to seed maturation management)
The following year after The sowing of the Yuanzhi began to flower and bear fruit, the fine leaves of the Yuanzhi all bloomed in the second year, while the broad leaves; the following year only 75% of the flowers of the Yuanzhi, until the third year all flowered. The growth characteristics of the middle period of Yuanzhi are mainly reproductive growth, while growing roots, stems and leaves. In this period, management should be strengthened, and the drought should be filled in time to replenish soil moisture, and the drought is conducive to the flowering and pollination of Yuanzhi. If there are many rainy days during this period, it will affect the flowering and pollination of Yuanzhi, and there will be fewer fruits, but if nutrients are saved, it is conducive to root growth. For those who mainly collect roots, sprinkler irrigation is used in the early morning, which can play a role in killing flowers.
Cultivation and weeding are the main tasks of the mid-term management of Yuanzhi. In order to increase the yield, topdress irrigation is carried out in the second year. In early May, topdressing, 25 kg of high-quality cake fertilizer and 15 kg of calcium superphosphate per mu, and watered twice after fertilization. In addition to root topdressing, foliar spraying of potassium fertilizers can also be performed. From mid-June to mid-July every year, it is the vigorous period of yuanzhi fertility, spraying 1% potassium sulfate solution 50-60 kg per mu, or 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 80 ~ -100 kg, once every 10 days, spraying 2 to 3 times, generally after 4 pm on rainless days is the best effect. Potassium spray fertilizer can enhance Yuanzhi's disease resistance and promote root growth.
3. Post-management (from seed maturation to dormant management)
Of the year, the late Yuanzhi has the longest growth time, starting in early July and ending in Late November, lasting up to 5 months. Of the year, July is the hottest, with high temperatures inhibiting reproductive growth. In the middle of July, Yuanzhi basically did not bloom. Yuanzhi's vegetative growth is also inhibited by high temperatures, and growth is slow. After the autumn, the temperature drops, and the vegetative growth of Yuanzhi is rapid, especially the vegetative growth of the roots. At this time, it should be mainly to promote the root to prevent premature aging of stems and leaves. Cultivation and weeding are still the main tasks of field management. After entering July, the rainy season comes, and attention should be paid to removing water in the field in time to prevent rotten roots; if there is an early ambush or autumn drought, watering should be done. In order to increase the yield of the roots, the fertilizer should be topdressed again after the harvest, or the fertilizer outside the roots should be topdressed.
1. Root rot
At the beginning of the disease, the roots and stems are locally browned and decayed, and brown, prismatic or oval rot spots occur at the base of the petiole, and finally the base of the petiole rots away, the leaves die, and the rhizome rots. Prevention and control methods: it is advisable to detect early, remove early, and burn centrally; the disease hole should be disinfected with 10% lime water. At the beginning of the disease, it can also be sprayed with 50% carbendazim 1000 times liquid, once every 7-10 days, and 2 to 3 times continuously.
2. Leaf blight
Initially, the lower leaves of the plant began to develop disease and gradually spread upwards. At the beginning of the disease, small brown round spots appear on the leaf surface, followed by enlargement of the spots, the central part of the gray-brown color, and finally the leaves wither and the plant dies. Prevention and control methods: foliar spray with Daisen zinc 800 to 1000 times liquid, or Rui toxin 800 times liquid, spray once every 7 days, twice to control the disease.
3. Aphids
From late May to early June, young leaves are harmful. Control method: spray with 40% Lego emulsion 2000 times liquid, spray once in 7 days, and control insect pests twice.
4. Coriander
Harmful to leaves and young stems. Control method: spray with 2.5% dimethoate powder, spray once every 5 to 7 days, spray twice.
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