Hua'er is a folk song created and shared by han, Hui, Tibetan, Dongxiang, Baoan, Sala, Tu, Yugu, Mongolian and other ethnic groups in the three provinces (regions) of Gansu, Qingdao and Ningxia in northwest China. Hua'er is actually a kind of name in academia, Hua'er, also known as juvenile, is a multi-ethnic folk song spread in the northwest region, named after the lyrics that compare young women to flowers. Flowers are produced in Linxia, Gansu, and popular in Gansu, Qingdao, Ningbo, Xin and other regions, with a large number of lyrics, high literary and artistic value, known as the "Living Book of Poetry" and well-known at home and abroad, approved by the United Nations to be selected into the world-class intangible cultural heritage protection list.
Locals call it Manhua'er, more accurately called Manhua, because the local pronunciation of Linxia is more with children's sounds, so the pronunciation of Manhua outsiders is Manhua'er. From the name, it is said that the key to the flower is manga, which is similar to what we often say about manga. On the day of the flower fair, young men and women will carry dry food on their backs and go to the nearby mountains to make flowers, similar to the temple fairs or green walks in other places. They meet friends in songs, or sing solo, or ask and answer, sing to each other, in short, not limited to any form, very free and loose, so it is called a flower.
On May 20, 2006, with the approval of the State Council, The Flower was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. In September 2009, UNESCO officially inscribed flowers on the World Intangible Cultural Heritage List. In January 2014, famous singers He Qingxiang and Ma Honglian from Gansu Province sang the flowers into the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. In December 2018, the Ministry of Education recognized the Northwest "Hua'er" Inheritance Base of Lanzhou University as the first batch of chinese excellent traditional culture inheritance bases for ordinary colleges and universities in China.
Hua'er's musical melody is tightly combined with the lyrics, and consists of symmetrical sentences up and down. The tune changes with the lyrics, "Hua'er" singing in linxia dialect, with a strong local atmosphere, the melody of the lyrics fluctuates, the strength and weakness of the change is very large, but also often add portamento, lean tone, legato, vibrato, decorative tone, etc., with high-pitched, long, crisp, enthusiastic characteristics. Flowers generally have a basically fixed tune called "Ling". There are solo, duet, chorus, mimi (blowing instruments, similar to bamboo pipes), oh na, erhu, four strings and other instrument accompaniment or solo form. According to statistics, there are hundreds of tunes for flowers, and different tunes have different "orders". According to the singing ethnic group, it is divided into "Turk Order", "Sarah Order", "Security Order", "Dongxiang Order" and so on. According to the lining words of the flowers, it is divided into "White Peony Order", "Gamar Order", "Flower Sister Order", "Good Flower Order", "Slippery Mountain Order", "Yang Liu'er Sister Order", "Saffron Order", "Babbling Order" and so on.
Due to the different popular regions, and in the process of development by the influence of the culture of various ethnic groups in the northwest, and due to the different musical characteristics, lyrics and circulation areas, so different genres and artistic styles have been formed, and the flowers are divided into three categories: "Linxia Flowers" (Gansu Flowers), "Hehuang Flowers" (Qinghai Flowers), and "Liupanshan Flowers" (Ningxia Flowers).
Linxia Flowers are characterized by rich tunes, known for lyricism, beautiful words, simple, vivid, vivid, image, and rigorous structure. Linxia flowers are euphemistic and beautiful, and there are dozens of basic modes and melodies, and there are many variations. There are slow tones and fast tones in the form, slow tones are mostly 4/4 or 6/8 beats, singing is high-pitched and long, the first song and sentences are mostly used in the liner cavity, the melody is undulating, the upward line is more than four degrees of tuning, and the high-pitched area is more used for false sounds; the fast tone is mostly 2/4 or 3/8 beats, relatively compact and short. Linxia flowers are mostly five-tone fine-tuned, and they are self-contained in literature. Generally, each word is composed of four sentences, the first two sentences are commonly used as Bixing, and the last two sentences are topical. The number of words is staggered, odd and even, not as regular as the general folk songs, so it is more free and cheerful, and the lines are divided into four sentences and six sentences. Singing is also relatively free, and mainly solo singing, there are also duets and choruses. Among the Hezhou-type Flower Qu Orders, there are many different ethnic groups, among which the Hezhou-type Flower Qu Orders include many place name orders, such as "Hezhou Great Order", "Hezhou Second Order", "Hezhou Three Orders", "Security Orders", "Turk Orders", "Dongxiang Orders", etc.; and in the "Flower Name Order", in addition to the "Saffron Flower Order", "Two Plum Blossom Orders", "Good Flower Orders", etc., there are only more than a dozen kinds of peony named after the Linxia Flower Qu Order, such as "White Peony Order" (one to six), Two Peony Orders (one to three)... And so on, which shows the lofty status of peonies in the Linxia flowers. Other flower music orders named after peonies, as well as "Blue Peony Order", "Green Peony Order", "Peony Moon Come", "Ten Peonies and Nine Blossoms", etc., are rich in music orders about flowers and peonies.
Linxia flowers originate in the Nanxiang area of Hezhou: spread in four townships: Xixiang (Jishi) Dongxiang (Dongxiang, Guanghe), Nanxiang (Hezheng, Kangle) Beixiang (Yongjing). The largest number of flower venues is Nanxiang (Wakasamatsu Mingyan, Kangle Lotus Mountain), and the most rookie in the late flower period is Beixiang (Yongjing). In the 1970s and 1980s, the outstanding flower leaders in Linxia area and their representative works were: Wang Shaoming's "Hezhou Great Order"; Zhang Peilan's "Gama Er Order"; Su Ping's "White Peony Order"; Ma Yonghua's "La La Order"; Teacher Li Guizhou's "Foot Household Order"; Teacher Qi Fulu's "Hezhou Three Orders"; and Teacher Yang Zirong's "Hezhou Second Order".
Linxia Flowers' venues include Xixiang (Jishiga Ranger, Dashanzhuang Gorge), Dongxiang (Dongxiang Dongdapo), Nanxiang (Hezheng Songmingyan, Qiuchigou, Bancaoling, Kangle Lotus Mountain), and Beixiang (Yongjing Luojiadong, Bingling Temple). The most famous of the many flower venues in Linxia is the Nanxiang flower, because the Nanxiang flower is the root of the Linxia flower.
The most basic way we study flowers is to study the characteristics of flowers and trace back to the source. The source of Linxia flowers is Nanxiang flowers. The most representative of the Nanxiang flowers is the Hesong Mingyan Flower and the Kangle Lotus Mountain Flower (also known as the Taoluo Flower). Today I will study the flowers again. There are two central areas in Tao Min Hua'er: one is the area centered on lotus mountain at the junction of five counties such as Kangle and Lintan, and the other is the area centered on Erlang Mountain in Min County. The one centered on Lotus Mountain is called the North Road Sect, which is mainly based on the "Lotus Order", also known as "A Hua'er"; the one centered on Erlang Mountain is called the South Road Sect, which is called "Ao Ling", also known as the "Sword Order". The tune of "Ao Ling" is the most primitive, it is the precursor of "Tao Min Hua'er". Tao Min flowers are mainly popular in seven counties in the Tao River Basin: Kangle, Lintao, Weiyuan, Zhuoni, Lintan, Min County, and Tangchang. In the past decade, although in terms of musical talent and improvisational lyrics, Tao Min Hua'er singers are not inferior to other regional flower singers, but there are few singers who "go out" among Tao Min Hua'er singers. There have been several famous female singers in Taomin area, such as the famous Tao Minhua children's singer Dong Mingqiao, who was awarded the title of "Outstanding Flower Singer of Gansu Province" by the Gansu Provincial People's Association in 2002, and was awarded the honorary title of "Outstanding Inheritor of Chinese Folk Culture" by the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles and the China Folk Writers Association in 2007. However, even a well-known flower singer like Dong Mingqiao has rarely appeared in some flower competitions and other occasions in recent years, and it is difficult for Tao Minhua to launch new people, which is worthy of attention and exploration.
Hezhou Order (I.), Hezhou Order (II.), Hezhou Order (III.), Hezhou Second Order (I.), Hezhou Second Order (II.), Hezhou Second Order (III.), Hezhou Second Order (IV.), Hezhou Second Order (V.), Hezhou Second Order (VI.), Hezhou Second Order (VII.), Hezhou Three Order (I.), Hezhou Three Order (II.), Hezhou Three Order (III.), Hezhou Three Order (IV.), Hezhou Three Order (V.), Hezhou Three Order (VI.), Hezhou Three Order (VII.), Hezhou Three Order (VIII.) (19 types). Lotus Mountain Order (I.), Lotus Mountain Order (II.), Lotus Mountain Order (III.) (3 types), Knife Order (I.), Knife Order (II.), Knife Order (III.) (3 types). Sarah Zhi Ling (I.), Sarah Zhi Ling (II.), Sarah Zhi Ling (III.), Sarah Zhi Ling (IV.), Sarah Zhi Ling (V.), Sarah Zhi Ling (VI.), Sarah Zhi Ling (VII.) (7 types). White Peony Order (I.), White Peony Order (II.), White Peony Order (III.), White Peony Order (IV.), White Peony Order (V.), White Peony Order (VI.), Two Peony Order (I.), Two Peony Order (II.), Two Peony Order (III.), Blue Peony Order (I.), Blue Peony Order (II.), Blue Peony Order (III.), Green Peony Order (I.), Green Peony Order (II.) (14 species). Choking order (I.), choking order (II.) (2 types). Gama Order (I.), Gama Order (II.), Gama Order (III.) (3 types). Saffron Order (I.), Saffron Order (II.), Saffron Order (III.), Saffron Order (IV.), Saffron Order (V.), Saffron Order (VI.), Saffron Order (VII.) (7 types). Drunken Eight Immortals Order (I.), Drunken Eight Immortals Order (II.) (2 types), Longzhong Order (I.), Longzhong Order (II.), Longzhong Order (III.) (3 types). Ah Ou Ling (I.), Ah Ou Ling (II.) (2 species), Huanghua Sister Ling (I.), Huanghua Sister Ling (II.) (2 species). La La Ling (1 species) Golden Crystal Flower Order (1 species) Ga Ma Gu Ling (I.), Ga Ma Gu Ling (II.) (2 kinds). High Temple Order (I.), High Temple Order (II.), High Temple Order (III.) (3 types). Flower Sister Order, Obedient Mouth Order, Lotus Flower Fall Order (3 types). Shaoshi Ling (I.), Shaoshi Ling (II.) (2 types). Sister Order (I.), Sister Order (II.), Sister Order (III.) (3 types). Flower Duet Order (I.), Flower Duet Order (II.) (2 types). Yang Liu Sister Order (I.), Yang Liu Sister Order (II.) (2 kinds) Other Linxia flower orders include the Golden Dot Flower Order, the Two Plum Blossom Order, the Horse Lotus Flower Order, the Good Flower Order, the Big Body Order, the Big Eyes Order, the Three Ups and Three Fall Orders, the Babbling Order, the Security Order, the Dongxiang Order, the Tujue Order, the Horse Camp Order, the Qingshui Order, the Nanxiang Order, and the Foot Household Order. And due to the different singing regions, different ethnic groups, and different singers, the same song is often sung when it is varied and has different.
Hehuang flowers are mainly popular in Qinghai, and we study Hehuang flowers to understand the "Hehuang Valley", which is a triangular area formed by the Huangshui and Yellow Rivers, which are the properties of the first tributary of the Yellow River, in the northeast of the Qinghai Plateau. However, the entire Hehuang Valley is not structurally a large alluvial plain similar to the Guanzhong Plain, but is composed of the various river valleys of the Huangshui River system and a section of the Yellow River Valley west of Jishi Gorge, which is about 200 kilometers long. It can be called "Huangshui Valley" and "River Valley" respectively. The historical dictionary explains: Refers to the land of the Yellow River and Huangshui basins in Qinghai. The Later Han Dynasty Book of the Western Qiang Biography: "There are few grains and many animals in the rivers and rivers, and it is a matter of shooting and hunting." The field animals of the Sword Sect saw the faithfulness, and the number of people who fell into the breeding was increasingly numerous. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "Naidu River, Huang, And Zhu Ling Ju Sai". New Book of Tang and Tubo Biography: "The world is called Xi Rong Di Hehuang". Hehuanghuaer mainly refers to the popular flowers in the confluence area of the Yellow River and Huangshui, such as Huangyuan, Huangzhong, Xining, Xunhua, Minhe, Ledu and other places popular flowers, its song orders are:
Around the three-way order (I.), around the three-way order (II.), around the three-way order (III.), around the three-way order (IV.), around the three-way order (V.) (5 types). Mai Li Yan Order (I.), Mai Li Yan Order (II.) (2 types). Naiman Palace Order (I.), Naiman Palace Order (II.), Naiman Palace Order (III.) (3 types). Street Womb Order (I.), Street Womb Order (II.) (2 types). Sanhua Sister-in-law Order (I.), Three-Flower Sister-in-Law Order (II.), Three-Flower Sister-in-Law Order (III.), Three-Flower Sister-in-Law Order (IV.) (4 types). Five Meats (I.), Five Meats (II.), Five Meats (III)) (3 types). Meng Darling (I.), Meng Darling (II.), Meng Darling (III.), Meng Darling (IV.), Meng Darling (V.), Meng Darling (VI.) (6 types). Smearing Green Trees (I.), Smearing Green Trees (II.) (2 species), Smearing Green Trees Two Orders (I.), Smearing Green Trees Two Orders (II.) (2 species), Smearing Green Trees Three Orders (I.), Smearing Green Trees Three Orders (II.) (2 species). Gate Source Order (I.), Gate Source Order (II.) (2 types). Huangyuan Order (I.), Huangyuan Order (II.) (2 types). Shimizu Order (I.), Shimizu Order (II.) (2 types). Liang Shanglang Lai Ling (I.), Liang Liang Shanglang Lai Ling (II.), Liang Liang Shanglang Lai Ling (III.) (3 types). Essigan Dispersal Order (I.), Essigan Dispersal Order (II.), Essigan Dispersal Order (III.) (3 types). Ancient Order (I.), Ancient Order (II.) (2 types). Oops (I.), Oops (II.) (2 types). Turkish Order (I.), Turkish Order (II.) (2 types). Xiama Pass Order (I.), Shimoma Pass Order (II.) (2 types).
Xining Phoenix Mountain flowers will be held more than the eighth of April in the lunar calendar, when the sun is shining, full of green mountains, singers with couples, with wine and food, groups of three or five, while drinking fine wine while singing, the song spread throughout the four fields, the atmosphere is extremely warm.
On the sixth day of June in Datong County, the Laoye Mountain Flower Festival is known for singing the flowers of the Tibetan "Longevity Ling'er", where the peaks and roads turn, the trees are verdant, and the sound of flowers fluttering on the white clouds, a poetic feeling
The Minhe County Xiamen Flower Festival has a long history, and every May the Duanyang Festival is held in the chaotic spring beach full of mountains and clear springs. People wear willow hats, carry festive meals, drink spring water, and sing flowers.
The Qutan Temple Flower Festival in Ledu County is held every year on the 14th to 16th day of the 6th lunar month, and the 15th is the peak. While enjoying the beautiful scenery of QuTan Temple, the singers sang a song, and their mood was particularly excited, and the song was particularly beautiful.
Ningxia flowers are also known as Liupanshan flowers and mountain flowers. Mountain flowers not only have the characteristics of flowers, but also absorb the characteristics of local mountain songs and minor keys, and at the same time combine the rhymes of the Qur'an to produce some variations of flowers. The content of Mountain Flower covers many aspects of social life, including the daily life of the peasant family, love, scenery and historical stories. In terms of literature and music, the flowers have distinct characteristics, unique styles, and rich local atmosphere, maintaining the characteristics of the rough and bold nature of mountain songs and wild songs, and have a smooth and beautiful tendency of minor key charm; it is a vivid expression of the Hui culture in Ningxia and has research value in ethnology and folklore; mountain flowers are three sentences and a stack, and the rhyme of two-character tails is a relatively unique form of folk songs in Longshan area, which has high literary value. On the basis of the quotient four-tone cavity and five-tone tone, it has evolved into a variety of floral songs with diverse styles, tonalities, rotations, rhythms, and unique styles. The representative repertoire of Ningxia Hui flowers include "Cows DrinkIng Water on the Banks of the Yellow River", "Look at the Flowers on your Heart", and "Flowers Are Words on your Heart".
1. The academic research value of the taxonomy of flower varieties: Ningxia flowers have distinct characteristics in literature and music, unique style, strong local atmosphere, and their nationality and regionality are stronger than those of Xintianyou and Hehuanghua.
2. Ethnological and folklore values: maintain the rough and bold characteristics of mountain songs and wild songs, and have a smooth and beautiful minor charm.
3. Literary and music research value: three sentences and one stack, two-word rhyme, etc. are a more unique genre in Longshan area and have high literary value. On the basis of the shangzheng type four-voice cavity and five-tone tone, it has evolved into a flower nursery rhyme with a variety of melodies, tonality, rotation, rhythm and unique style.
The Quwushan Flower Club is one of the most famous flower clubs in Ningxia. Every year on the eighth day of April, men, women and children from Jingyuan, Huining, Haiyuan and other places must go out to Quwu Mountain to go to Qingqing and catch the temple fair, and young men and women must also go to the flowers. However, unlike the flowers in most places, the flowers of Quwu Mountain do not have to carry their own dry food, and the temples there provide free food and drink for everyone, so women from nearby villages go to Quwu Mountain every year to help cook.
Mountain flowers have less ups and downs in the melody, and more use of five-tone feathers and horn tones, less use of lining sentences, and use upper slip notes at the end of paragraphs or sentences. In addition to some characteristics of Linxia flowers in literature, some variants were also derived, and sometimes the Xintianyou or general folk songs were also used. The singing form has self-singing style and question-and-answer style, and the repertoire is not called order, which is a lyrical short song.
bibliography:
Zhao Zongfu's "General Theory of Flowers"
Tao Ke, "On the Influence of Tibetan Culture on the Flowers"
Li Lin, "Trying to Talk About the Aesthetic Value of "Flowers""
Dong Keyi, "Historical and Cultural Research"
Liu Yonghong Hao Sumin's "Investigation Report on the Cultural Ecology of Taoluo Flower Singers"
Note: Zhang Zuoqiang's first division of flowers, if there is any error, please criticize and correct.