Text/Liu Yutao
In the area of Jiaodong, there are many place names with the word "Lai", such as Laizhou, Laiyang, Laixi, Penglai and so on. In the former Huang County (present-day Longkou City) and Muping County (present-day Muping District), there are also two mountain LaiShan of the same name. Regarding the character "Lai", Xu Shen's "Commentaries on the Interpretation of Texts" of the Han Dynasty notes: "Lai, Manhua also." From the sound of the clanging. The explanation of "Lai" in the Cihai is: the name of the grass, that is, quinoa. "Poetry Xiaoya Nanshan Youtai": "North Mountain Has Lai". There is also a meaning for the field of rotation in the suburbs. "Zhou Li, Diguan, County Division": "Identify the number of Tian Lai of the people of his husband's family." Zheng Xuan's note: "Lai, hugh does not cultivate, the suburbs are easy, and the suburbs are called Lai." It also refers to the abandonment of the field full of weeds. "Poetry Xiaoya Chutz Preface": "Political troubles are heavy, and Tian Lai is desolate." Mao Chuan: "Tian Lai duo is desolate, and the thorns are not removed." Kong Yingda Shuo: "The field waste grass is called Lai." Either way, the word "Ly" seems to be associated with grass. It may have meant to be a grass. Some scholars have written that there are so many place names with the word "Lai" on the Jiaodong Peninsula, which are related to the ancient Lai state here.
About 15 kilometers southeast of Huangcheng Town, the seat of the Longkou Municipal Government, there is a mountain with an altitude of 619 meters, called LaiShan. Today, this humble hill has been submerged in the lofty mountains, and not many people pay attention to its existence, and in the Western Zhou Dynasty, about three thousand years ago, at the foot of this mountain full of Lai grass, there was a red-hot princely state of Lai. According to the "Records of History" and the "Book of Shang", after Qin Shi Huang unified China, he made three eastern tours, traveled around the world, built eight temples, and sacrificed eight lords, namely God, landlord, soldier lord, yin lord, yang lord, moon lord, day lord, and four time lords, of which there were three temples in the lai territory, namely the sun lord temple on the top of the chengshan mountain in present-day Rongcheng City, the yang main temple on Zhifu Island in Zhifu District of Yantai City, and a moon main temple located on Lai Mountain in present-day Longkou. Qin Shi Huang's favor for lai is evident.
There are very few records of the Lai kingdom, and its territory and the location of its capital have become the subject of discussion by historians. Famous historians Guo Moruo and Fan Wenlan once wrote that the former capital of the Lai state was at the foot of the northern foothills of Lai Mountain. The words of the two historians are not casual remarks, but have sufficient basis. At the foot of Laishan Mountain, there is a small basin, surrounded by hills, along the ridges on the outskirts of the basin, the remaining old city walls are intermittent, vaguely drawing the outline of an ancient city, which is guo Moruo and Fan Wenlan believe that the old capital of Laiguo is the site of the city. In addition to the outer castle built along the ridge, there is also a strong inner city, and the remaining southwest corner of the city is a 60-meter-long, 10-meter-wide, and 6-meter-high earthen platform, which stands majestically after more than 2,000 years of wind and rain, and still allows people to faintly see the majesty of the ancient capital city. Dozens of precious cultural relics have been unearthed here, which is a strong proof of the former glory of Laiguo. Associated with the lai country, the ancient people who lived here were called "Dongyi" and "Laiyi".
In ancient China, the Central Plains were called China, and the places farther away from the Central Plains were called Dongyi, Nanman, Xiqiang, and Beidi. "Dongyi" is the name for people living in this area east of Mount Taishan, while "Laiyi" is a branch of "Dongyi", specifically referring to people living in the Laiguo area. At that time, the ancestors of this land were called "Laiyi" by the people of the Central Plains. Regarding "Yi", Xu Shen's "Explanation of Words and Characters" explains it like this: Yi, the people of the East also. From the big. From the bow. Duan Yujie of the Qing Dynasty listed in the Commentary on the Interpretation of Texts and Characters after the Southern Barbarians, the Northern Di from the Dogs, and the Western Qiang from the Sheep, and commented as follows: "But the Eastern Yi is from the big, the big, and the people are also." Yi Vulgar Ren. Ren Zhi Shou. There is a kingdom where gentlemen do not die. According to the heavens, the earth is great, and the people are great. The elephant is humanoid, and the Yi seal is large, which is not different from Xia. Xia people, Chinese people also. From the bower, Su Shen clan tribute Yashi and the like also. From xu shen and Duan Yujie's annotations, we can see that the word "yi" is from the largest, and the word "big" in the oracle bone is a human figure with outstretched arms and legs. There is every reason to think that the shape of the word "Yi" is a tall and large burly person wearing a bow at the waist, who lives in the East, so it is called "Dongyi". Laiyi is a branch of "Dongyi", which lives in the area of the present-day Jiaodong Peninsula.
Regarding "Laiyi", there is a passage in the "Records of History and Xia Ben": "Therefore, the King of Wu has been leveled and the king of the world, and the father of Shang Shang is in Qiyingqiu." The east is the country, and the road is late. The one who goes against the road knows: 'I am rare and easy to lose when I hear it.' The guest sleeps very peacefully, and the non-national one is also. 'Too public to hear of it, and travel to the kingdom at dawn in the night.' Lai Hou came to cut and fought with the camp hill. Camp Hill Bianlai. The Lai people, Yi Ye, and Zhou Chuding, who had not been able to gather far away, were in contention with the Taigong. This passage in the "Records of History" records such a historical fact, Jiang Taigong was slow to act on the way to the State of Qi, and then under the reminder of the innkeeper, he rushed to the fiefdom day and night, just entered the camp hill, just when Laiyi's army also arrived. However, "Laiyi" finally failed to defeat Jiang Taigong, who could fight a good war and was resourceful, suffered defeat and returned to the lai country, but left the world with the strategic intention of "Laiyi" to be ambitious, unwilling to live in a corner, and trying to develop westward. In 567 BC, the increasingly powerful State of Qi finally annexed the State of Lai, greatly enhancing its national strength and becoming a dominant power in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Jiaodong archaeological excavations have proved that among the ancestors' production tools excavated at the Baishi Village site in Yantai, the first phase culture (about 6000 to 7000 years ago, there are fewer grinding rods and grinding rods for processing grain crops, while hunting tools such as stone balls and bone hammers are more; in the second phase of the culture (about 5000 years ago), the number of grinding discs and grinding rods has increased greatly, while hunting tools have decreased, compared with the two, the development of agriculture is obvious. This is also confirmed in the "Records of History", which records in the "Records of The Chronicle of Qin", "Lai Yi is a shepherd, and its silk." "After the unification of Qin, Jiaodong belonged to Qingzhou, where animal husbandry was relatively developed, and a kind of silk spit out by wild silkworms was also produced.
Historical materials and today's reality have proved that this record is credible, and tulip silk products are still a specialty of Jiaodong. There is no record in the historical records about the "Laiyi" bow hunting, but when Qin Shi Huang made his third eastern tour and arrived at Zhifu Island in today's Yantai City, he "saw a giant fish and shot a fish" (see "History of Qin Benji"), recording the feat of this ancient emperor Zhang Zhang's angry archery. "Lai" is a vigorous grass, and "Yi" is a tall and burly person with a bow. Whether it is "Lai" or "Yi", it shows that Jiaodong was a barbaric land full of artemisia grass in ancient times, and the indigenous people living here were regarded by the people of the Central Plains as people who were located in a corner. However, the stars have shifted, the vicissitudes of the sea, the wilderness of the past has now become one of the more economically developed areas in New China, and has become the forefront of reform and opening up, and the descendants of "Laiyi" who live on this land have gone through hardships and have become the real masters of this land. "Laiyi" has become a thing of the past, and the descendants of Laiyi are creating new splendor.
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