Author: Ran Yaobin (Associate Professor, College of Literature, Northwest Normal University)
Through the efforts of the three dynasties of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong, the Qing court pacified the western region in the twenty-fourth year of Qianlong (1759), unified the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, and officially entered a new era of "national unification and the prosperity of the same text". After the unification and stability of the western regions, it was urgent to develop and build, and the Qing court began to send demeaning officials to Urumqi, Ili, Kashgar, Aksu, Hami and other places. The western regions are spread throughout the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, but the writers are relatively concentrated in Ili and Urumqi, forming a very unique group of degraded officials writers in the history of the Qing Dynasty. During the Qianlong and Jiaqing dynasties, the writers exiled to Urumqi included Ji Yun, Cao Linkai, Jiang Yejin, Qiu Desheng, Yan Jian, Li Luanxuan, and Shi Shanchang; among the writers exiled from Ili were Xu Buyun, Zhuang Zhaokui, Fang Shigan, Shu Qishao, Hong Liangji, Qi Yunshi, Xu Song, and Wang Dashu. After Daoguang and Xianfeng, many upright officials such as Lin Zexu, Deng Tingzhen, Zhang Yinhuan, and Pei Jingfu were also exiled to Xinjiang. For more than a hundred years, degraded writers have come one after another, and poetry creation has flourished unprecedentedly, adding luster to the northwestern land.
After the Qing Dynasty degraded officials entered the northwest, they went in and out of the grass side wind, tossed and turned in the desert Gobi, "a realm that no one had ever experienced before", which opened their eyes. The magnificent mountains and rivers and long-standing culture in the northwest have also stimulated their enthusiasm for creation, and many poetic works with novel ideas, sincere feelings and diverse styles have emerged. After some degraded officials arrived in the northwest, they also created some words praising the northwest frontier, such as Ji Yun's "Urumqi Fu", Wang Dashu's "Tianshan Fu", Xu Song's "Xinjiang Fu", Hong Liangji's "Tianshan Zan" and so on. These poems extensively reflect the geography, history and culture, politics, military and folk customs of the mountains and rivers in the northwest region in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, and have important cognitive and aesthetic value.
First, reflect the war in the northwest and praise the reunification of the country. In the Qing Dynasty, wars in the northwest occurred from time to time, especially in the middle of the Qianlong Period to pacify the Western Regions, and in the early years of Daoguang to pacify Zhang Ge, which was praised by people. These two wars not only cleared the border atmosphere, but also safeguarded the unity of the country, which was praised by the poets of the government and the public. During the Qianlong period, the Anhui poet Cao Linkai, who was exiled to Urumqi, wrote in detail in his "Xinjiang Chronicle Poems" the outstanding battle achievements of the Qing court in pacifying the western regions, and praised the great cause of the reunification of the motherland. Xu Song's "Xinjiang Fu" also focuses on the difficult course and great achievements of the Qing court in pacifying the western region. After the Qing court pacified the western region, it actively developed and built Xinjiang. In the thirty-third year of Qianlong (1768), after Ji Yun was demoted to Urumqi, he saw that the western region had become a prosperous place of "everywhere song buildings and flowers everywhere" (Urumqi Miscellaneous Poems). Xu Buyun's "Xinjiang Jisheng Poem" also wrote: "And bao Liuhe General Emperor Ren, everywhere the spring platform to make a good spring." Outside the jade plug is like a promised land, and the growth is too commoner. "Enthusiastically praised the prosperity of the Ili region after the unification of the western region. In the sixth year of Daoguang (1826), the Ili general Changling and others quelled the Zhang Ge rebellion. Fang Shigan's "Peng Zi Shangyuan Is Happy to Hear about the Southern Frontier Years of Removing the Capture Canal, Sending The Horse Star Room" wrote: "Even the Milky Way armor washers, the red flag flying newspaper to restrain the whale ... Thousands of miles of smoke melt with the snow, and the lights of the nine days illuminate the stars. "It truly records the victory of the Qing army in quelling Zhang Ge's rebels, and shows the poet's enthusiasm for safeguarding the unity of the country." After Deng Tingzhen exiled Ili, he composed "Ten Triumphant Songs of Returning to Xinjiang", which also praised the great achievements of the Qing army in quelling Zhang Ge's rebellion and safeguarding national unity and border stability.
Second, praise the mountains and rivers in the northwest and express the pride of the grand tour. Liu Xun's "Wenxin Carved Dragon And Looking for Color" once said: "If it is a mountain forest and a high soil, the Aofu of ShiwenSi." "The terrain of the northwest region is complex, majestic and magnificent, the famous mountains and rivers are indomitable, and many Guansai stations and Gobi, deserts, snow peaks, oases, and grasslands are interspersed with them, and there are also palace tombs and Qin bricks and Han tiles left in Guanzhong, the former capital of the Han and Tang Dynasties, forming a desolate and majestic, magnificent and complex natural landscape in the northwest region." After the Qing Dynasty degraded officials to the northwest, they wrote many masterpieces that sang about the magnificent rivers and mountains in the northwest. The famous ones are Hong Liangji's "Song of Tianshan Mountain", Li Luanxuan's "Song of Hanhai", Shi Shanchang's "Flame Mountain", Lin Zexu's "Saiwai Miscellaneous Songs", Pei Jingfu's "Liupan Mountain", etc., most of which have vague imagery, strange ideas, and flying spirits. Cao Linkai's "Eight Scenic Poems", Huang Mao's "Twenty Scenes outside Saiwai", Shu Qishao's "Summer Yin" and other poems focus on singing about the wonders outside Sai, which are magnificent and fascinating. Wang Dashu's "Tianshan Fu", Xu Song's "Xinjiang Fu", Hong Liangji's "Tianshan Zan" and "Hanhai Zan" also depict the beautiful scenery of Xinjiang's mountains and rivers in a large number of pages, full of poets' heartfelt love for the mountains and rivers of the motherland, and also express their grandeur and pride. Hong Liangji's "Tianshan Zan" once said: "Is it the wonder of heaven and earth, the beauty of mountains and rivers, it is better to wait for thousands of years later, Huaiqi negative people, or because of the service, or to migrate who came, once their foundation? Xu Buyun's "Grand Tour" also said: "Shen Yu Gong became a tribute to Jiuzhou, and the quicksand went west but did not fully harvest ... Knowing that the Sundae Car is far away, Wanli Yili is a grand tour. "They all regarded the far west as a rare opportunity to roam the northwest, showing their heroic feelings and detachment.
Third, sing the northwest style and advocate national unity. The northwest region is vast in territory, rich in products, and numerous ethnic groups, and religion, art, and folklore are also very different from those in the Central Plains. Ji Yun's "Urumqi Fu", Wang Dashu's "Tianshan Fu", and Xu Song's "Xinjiang Fu" all make detailed depictions of the mountains and rivers and folk culture in the northwest region. Many derogatory officials also created a large number of bamboo branch words and bamboo branch words that sing the northwest style, such as Ji Yun's "Urumqi Miscellaneous Poems", Zhuang Zhaokui's "Twenty Bamboo Branches of the Ili Chronicle", Hong Liangji's "Yili Chronicle Poems", Qi Yunshi's "Xi'an Bamboo Branch Words", "Longyou Bamboo Branch Words", Lin Zexu's "Bamboo Branch Words in Huijiang", and so on. In addition to describing the geographical properties and political religion of the northwest, most of these poems describe the rich and colorful folk customs of the northwest region, which are unique in the bamboo branches of the past. Since the Qing government pacified the Western Regions, it advocated ethnic equality and promoted the stability and prosperity of the northwest, which is also reflected in some degraded poems. Hong Liangji's "Yili Chronicle Poem" and Chen Zhongqi's "Yijiang Hundred Songs" all reflect the production and living conditions of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang living in harmony, communicating with each other, and living and working in peace and contentment. Chen Zhongqi's "Yijiang Hundred Songs" Zeng Yun: "Xixi Guerza, desert water cloud town." The Uighurs have no idle households, and the official rent has righteous grain. Spring Mountain greets Burke, green trees around the farmstead. Miscellaneous places and exaggerations, agricultural and commercial businessmen are busy. "It vividly depicts the harmonious picture of the Uyghur Han people living in harmony and working together. Hong Liangji's "Leaving Fa YiLi Away from all the people" also wrote: "One body is like a naked son, and the ten decades of custom have learned about Wusun." It also represents the progressive ideas of hong liangji and other derogatory poets advocating national equality.
Fourth, write about the life of exile and send nostalgia to the detention. After the Qing Dynasty degraded officials in Xinjiang arrived in exile, they were generally entrusted with errands, and if they were favored by their superiors, they could also be counselors to the shogunate or hired as teachers, so the life of the degraded officials in Xinjiang was also rich and colorful. Hong Liangji's "Tales of the Heavenly Mountains" records that Yili "the sages who migrated to the guests planted flowers and fish, read and meditated, and Yu did nothing." After Jiang Yejin was sent to Urumqi, he was appreciated by the general Bright, and often followed The Bright to hunt, parade, drink tea, and listen to the piano, and his "Li Wei Shi Banknote" has many records. Wang Dashu also often sang and drank papers with friends in the "Suiyuan" poems. Wang Tingkai also said that these poets "touched by the excitement, entrusted with chants, wine cups, and poetry tubes, and there was no empty day" ("Westbound Grass Self-Introduction"). But after all, they are far away from the Central Plains, thousands of miles away from their families, and the feeling of homesickness and homesickness haunts their hearts from time to time. When Jiang Yejin left Jiayu Pass, he wrote: "The guests have gone without tears, and they still look forward to this door." "Homesickness is palpable. Hong Liangji's "Qixi of Gulang County" also said: "Late at night, I occasionally remember my children, and I dream of countless green mountains." "The journey coincided with Tanabata, and the poet was particularly nostalgic for his hometown and relatives. Qi Yunshi's "Moon Night Travel Sleepless" Zeng Yun: "There are only dreams in the home lag capital, and the poems are half untitled." "The concern for his family makes the poet haunted by dreams and misery. Wang Dashu's "The Original Rhyme of gong qianting in the second spring and looking at the moon" also said: "The ancient word yin cricket, clear dew drop toad." There are also forest dwellers, bowing their heads and reminiscing about the house. Even when drinking and singing with friends, the poet still remembers his hometown, implicitly and implicitly.
Wei Yijie once said: "Literature cannot be strange without traveling, and poetry cannot be strange without swimming." Lu Xinyuan also said: "Poetry will be healed with the help of the country and the mountains... To broaden the grand view of the world, to broaden its mind, and the realm of poetry is to the extreme. ("Sending Lingzi and His Preface to Shanghai") After enjoying the majestic natural landscapes and colorful cultural customs of the northwest, the qing dynasty western region degraded officials created many innovative poetic works. These poems are rich in content, diverse in subject matter and unique in style, truly and extensively reflecting the geography, history and culture and social conditions of mountains and rivers in the northwest region of the middle and late Qing Dynasty, and play an important position in the history of Qing Dynasty literature.
In addition, the Qing Dynasty officials also attached great importance to the history and culture of the northwest, and they recorded a large number of materials about the geography, history and culture, folk customs, climate and property of the northwest region on the way to the derogation, and a large number of notes on the westward journey emerged. Wang Dashu's "Records of the Western Expedition" is from the preface to yun: "Give who shu Yili, the way through, the evidence and the plain, and follow the record." Not only that, but also the observations of the north and south roads of Ili... The general name is "Records of the Western Expedition". In addition to Wang Dashu's "Records of the Western Expedition", there are also Hong Liangji's "Diary of Yili", "Tianshan Guest's Words", Qi Yunshi's "Journey of Ten Thousand Miles", Lin Zexu's "Hege Chronicle", Pei Jingfu's "Records of Kunlun in the River and Sea" and so on. These records of the Journey to the West are rich in content, informative in narrative, "examining ancient and modern, simple and capable", which have high historical and literary value, and deserve further study by scholars.
Guangming Daily ( 2019.07.08. 13th edition)