Collapse is a familiar word to people today, and there is no difference between collapse and disintegration. But for Xu Le,these are two very different words.
Xu Le, this person, there are not many records in the history books, and even the date of birth and death is unknown, only that it seems that there is no end in Yandi, about the early years of Emperor Jing of Mohan and the end of the Yuan Dynasty after Emperor Wu of Han. It is such a person who has left a history because of a song, which is really too well written and too good, so it has been passed down to this day through the hands of historians.
What is a landslide?
Xu Le gave the example of the end of Qin in the song. He believes that the people at that time were displaced and miserable, complaining about the rulers but the upper ruling class was unaware; at the local level, it was also administrative chaos and moral degeneration. It is precisely because of this that Chen Sheng's unveiling will arise, and then sparks will burn everywhere.
"The last days of Qin are also. ...... The reason why the people are in distress and the lord is not sympathetic, the grievances are not known, and the customs are chaotic and the government is not repaired, and the reason why these three chen is also a capital. This is called a landslide. "
What is disintegration?
Xu Le gave the example of the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion that had occurred not long ago. Although the Seven Kingdoms had a large number of soldiers and a large number of grains and grass, they could not get the support of other princes at the top, and there was no response from ordinary people at the bottom. In the face of the large army of the imperial court, it is naturally easy to perish.
"The Seven Kingdoms conspire for a great rebellion, and they are all called the kings of the ten thousand multiplications, with hundreds of thousands of armor, powerful enough to strictly control their territory, rich enough to persuade their people, but they cannot go west to the land of size, and as birds in the Central Plains, why is this? Non-quan is lighter than Pifu and bing is weaker than Chen Shiye. When it was, the virtue of the first emperor had not faded, and the people of the land and the people of the world were happy, so the princes had no help from the outside. This is called disintegration. "
Therefore, the landslide is the loss of the ability of the central court to organize at the local grass-roots level. The collapse was the loss of control of the central court over the middle level.
It is also a unique view to apply Xu Le's theory according to the setting of the organizational structure of each dynasty. Successive dynasties have been set up according to the top-down bureaucratic system like an enterprise, and the changes of dynasties and dynasties are also the history of the development of various enterprises. It is also much more interesting to look at the ruler as the manager of the enterprise, then the organizational structure of the enterprise must be determined by the genes of the enterprise, and the development and demise of the enterprise can also be glimpsed from the organizational structure.
Xia Dynasty: China's first hereditary dynasty in the history books
The Xia Dynasty is generally considered to be the first hereditary dynasty of central plains tribes recorded in traditional Chinese history books, which was mainly a multi-tribal alliance or a complex chieftain form state, the main tribe was the Xia people, and the ruler was naturally also the Xia King.
At the central level, the Xia Dynasty, as the first dynasty to transition from primitive society to feudal society, the supreme ruler, the Xia King, set up civil officials in various fields by reducing the division, and initially tried to explore at the management level. The "Book of Rites and Sacrifices" says, "In the past, there were Yu clan noble virtue and shang teeth, and Xia Hou clan noble lords and shang teeth", reflecting the importance that the Xia people attached to official positions, and also showed from the side that the officials of the Xia Dynasty had obvious differences in rank and rank.
The most important administration under the Xia King was the "Three Positives" and the "Six Things".
Che Zheng was in charge of the car clothes, Cu Was in charge of meals, and Mu Zheng was in charge of animal husbandry, all of which were officials who directly served the royal family. Sanzheng is different from these zheng, which refers to high-level officials and chiefs in charge of political affairs, usually with two or three people. The people of the six affairs are often around the king, and their status is also very high, and when there is a matter of war, they can command the army on behalf of the king.
In addition, the more important officials were Also known as Shuren, Shifu, Dali, Taishi, Xihe, Yan, and Guanshi.
He was a close subordinate of the king and was primarily responsible for issuing the king's decrees and announcing his decrees. At the same time, it also has the responsibility of soliciting opinions and making submissions.
Shifu was an official who exercised the economic power of the state. Responsible for the expropriation of agricultural surplus production.
Dali is an official with judicial functions. In charge of prisons and mediates proceedings.
Taishi is a historian. In charge of notes and books.
Xi He was the official in charge of the calendar.
The musician. He presides over the music of the sacrifices and the king's entertainment.
The official was the instructor of the "school" (i.e., the school) and had the responsibility to advise the king.
At the local level, the Xia Dynasty mainly implemented a sub-feudal system, dividing the princely states, which belonged to the Xia Dynasty but had relatively independent ruling power. Politically subordinate, economically, tribute.
In the later period of the Xia Dynasty's rule, because the Xia Dynasty was in the transition period from tribal federalism to a feudal state, the division of the princes and the autonomy of the princely states objectively gave the princely states the opportunity and possibility to develop independently.
Over the years, the powerful princely states bred their own strength, and once the ability of the Xia King as the supreme ruler was not enough to control the national situation, and the core ability of the Xia Dynasty was not enough to deter the princely states, the princely states began to consider the possibility and feasibility of replacing them. Just wait for a moral opportunity.
This was the disintegration trend in Xu Le's performance, and then Xia Jie gave this opportunity.
Shang Dynasty: A replica of the Xia Dynasty that is not long remembered
After Xia Jie, Yin Shang stepped onto the stage of Chinese history, which was also the first country in Chinese history to have a written record of that time. The Shang King was the supreme ruler of the Shang Dynasty. Under the Shang King, he was the highest auxiliary official, initially only one auxiliary minister, but during the Wuding period, it was increased to three people, called the Three Dukes.
The Three Dukes commanded a decision-making group that advised the Shang King and was responsible for handling specific government affairs. The Shang Dynasty also had a Group of Zhenren, responsible for providing religious decision-making references for the Shang Kings. The Shang Dynasty built relatively complete laws and formed a large bureaucratic ruling body and a standing army. The Shang Dynasty established a system of internal and external clothing, which was wang qi and set up officials and posts. On the one hand, foreign service established military strongholds, set up a large number of foreign service officials such as Hou, Dian, Male, and Wei, and on the other hand, united foreign countries on the periphery. The princes had to fulfill certain obligations to the Shang Dynasty, mainly to serve the dynasty, pay tribute to the dynasty, fight for the dynasty, and accompany the Shang king.
Similar to the Xia Dynasty, the local level adopted a system of sub-feudalism, and each princely country had relatively independent autonomy, and could have its own army and appoint officials. Therefore, the organization and management of the Shang Dynasty are basically the same as those of the Xia Dynasty, and only at the level of the central government, the management positions are more refined.
Therefore, there are still the same problems as the Xia Dynasty in the side of the princely states, and the neglect of the management of the princely states or the difficulty of achieving real control, resulting in the possibility of the princely states having the possibility of developing their own economic and military strength, only need a suitable opportunity to rise. Therefore, this is also the disintegration trend in Xu Le's performance, and it is precisely Shang Yi who gave this opportunity.
Zhou Dynasty: Adopted a management model in which the feudal system and the patriarchal system coexisted
The Zhou Dynasty was the last hereditary dynasty in Chinese history to practice feudalism, and it was also the longest-lasting dynasty in Chinese history so far. The political ideology and the official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty had a profound impact on later generations.
Western Zhou strictly implemented the patriarchal system and the primogeniture system, and established the ruling sequence of Zhou Tianzi - Qing Shi - Princes - Qing Dafu - Shi - Guoren. As far as the official system is concerned, there are generally three grades of secretary-general-prince-secretary-doctor. Qing Shi assisted Zhou Tianzi in ruling the country, the princes guarded their kingdoms, and Qing Dafu assisted the princes in governing the country and receiving hereditary caiyi from the princes.
At the central level, the King of Zhou was the supreme ruler, with three dukes, six secretaries, and five senses; the Zhou Dynasty formulated two laws: the Patriarchal System and the Zhou Li, which attempted to exercise ideological control and behavioral restrictions on the princely states through morality and law, which was a further attempt relative to Xia and Shang, but unfortunately it was an era in which interests were paramount in BC.
At the local level, feudalism and patriarchy coexist. Zhou Tianzi was succeeded by the eldest son of a concubine, and the sons of Tianzi were given the title of princes; when the princes succeeded to the throne with the eldest son, the sons of the princes were given the title of doctor; the eldest son of the prince succeeded to the throne, and the other sons were given the status of scholars. The zhou dynasty ruled in the sequence of Zhou Tianzi - Qing Shi - Princes - Qing Dafu - Shi Shi - Guoren, Qing Shi assisted Zhou Tianzi to govern, the princes guarded their kingdoms, and Qing Dafu assisted the princes in governing the country.
On the basis of Xia Shang, there were new attempts, the organizational setup was relatively more perfect, and the attempt to control the princely states through morality and law, but the existence of the patriarchal system directly led to more and more princely states, which also meant that the management costs of the Zhou Dynasty were getting larger and larger, and the Zhou Dynasty in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty was difficult to achieve effective control over the princely states, and the form of the existence of the Zhou Dynasty was greater than the meaning, and more was the mutual game and struggle between the princely states. Later, the Zhou Youwang Beacon Drama princes hastened the demise of Western Zhou, and since the establishment of Eastern Zhou, it has been a situation in which the major princely states have played on their own.