As a well-known economic and sociologist in the Soviet Union, Bukharin conducted a careful study of the world economy, mainly adopting the ideological angle with Marxist theory as the core, thus conducting a detailed investigation and study of the development model of capitalist imperialism, the relations of production and the productive forces. The study links the integrity of Bukharin's world economy with contemporary socialism in the world, which plays an immeasurable and tremendous role in the development of contemporary socialist countries with market economies.
▲ Bukharin photo
The essence of the world economy is a complex network of relations, an overall system of relations of production and the exchange of productive forces, which is formed by the intertwining of the development of various economic situations. Bukharin's understanding and definition of the world economy is in line with the basic views of Marxism, and Bukharin's theory of the world economy reveals the essence of the world economy, and is recognized and widely disseminated by people around the world.
Capitalism and imperialism define the world economy according to the various modes of production of various countries, while Bukharin's theory of world economy is analyzed from the perspective of economic inclusion, and the mode of production or the definition of the general scope of the economy is complementary and independent of each other.
The sufficient condition for the formation of the world economy is the continuous research and breakthrough of science and technology, and in the early twentieth century, under the continuous combination and creation of global industrial technology and high-tech science and technology, the productive forces of world capitalism were increased as never before. For example, long-distance transmission in order not to be constrained by the locations where electricity is produced; the use of more high and new technologies in the mining and production of various raw materials; and great progress has been made in marine transport, air transport, and the transportation industry, which have brought the economies of the states closer together.
▲Pictures of economic globalization development and opportunities
The increase in the circulation of international commodities has also promoted the formation of the world economic market, and "international trade" has gradually begun to guide the development of the world economy. Bukharin's theory of the world economy lists a lot of data to verify that the scope of the world market is in an ever-expanding trend, and also proves that the current development trend has greatly increased the speed of development of international exchange relations. And the international population slowly produced the world labor market, the formation of the international population and the population flow of various countries have redistributed the basic elements of economic life in various countries, the world of work has attracted and introduced a huge Asian and European population, so that more people have escaped from the poor peasant identity and become the role of industrial people, and most importantly, the movement of labor force has promoted the extremization of capitalist relations.
▲Economic global visual design plane
Bukharin's theory of the world economy adopts the perspective of holistic global economicization, thus conducting a certain value analysis and forming the theory of imperialism. He believes that a less stable world capitalist economic structure is maturing, and that all its parts are interdependent and indivisible. He put forward a new and unique viewpoint on the world, exposed to the world the threat of not paying attention to capitalist relations of production, and studied in detail the economic composition produced by imperialism and the relationship between production relations and productive forces, which is of great theoretical guiding significance throughout the world.
Bukharin argued with the "New Opposition" in 1925 that "turtle speed" became the famous saying of the time, pointing out that although we are going to "crawl at the speed of a turtle", we will eventually build socialism.
First of all, he believes that the development of socialism in Russia is characterized by its own type of capitalist development and has its own particularities. It is pointed out that capitalism in each country has different "national characteristics", and the same is true of Russian capitalism, which is the combination of the backward economy of semi-serfdom and the most advanced forms of capitalism in Western Europe, which constitutes its "national outlook", so that the development of the working class in Russia towards socialism after the seizure of power is based on "the legacy left to it by the capitalist system", which must have the peculiarities of Russia itself and cannot be rigidly applied. The construction of socialism in Russia, which began on the basis of the predominance of the small peasants, must be based on a backward economy and backward technology. Although the road is long, it is reliable and will certainly lead to socialism under the guidance of the peasants' adherence to correct policies.
Second, Bukharin pointed out that the development of backward socialism needs "additional foreign aid", to carry out foreign trade on the basis of focusing on domestic development, to use planning and markets to gradually crowd out and defeat capitalism, to carry out commodity circulation, to develop free trade, and at a time when other countries have not yet taken power, due to the lack of technical and economic assistance, economic upsurge and social construction will be delayed. With this additional assistance, the economy will move forward quickly. At the same time, he pointed out that with little external assistance, it will eventually move forward through its own development, even though this form of socialism is necessarily backward. Bukharin divided socialism into backward societies. But socialism is already in the two stages of capitalism and the increasingly perfect form of socialism, and although it is in a backward situation, it emphasizes the need to move forward with confidence and on the premise of creating various possibilities, which requires a country with the advantage of small peasants to guide the peasants to socialism through co-operation, strengthen the alliance of workers and peasants, closely link agriculture and industry, use planning and the market to gradually crowd out and defeat capitalism, carry out commodity circulation, and develop free trade. Bukharin put forward the path, model and way of socialist development in backward countries, which is highly consistent with the current exploration of the road of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, providing a development mode for China in the primary stage of socialism.
Economic globalization is part of the historical attribution of world economic relations, and the essence of economic globalization contains some elements of capitalist expansion. Bukharin's theory of the world economy analyzes and summarizes the characteristics of imperialist economic development from the perspective of globalization, and the analysis of the direction of capital development and the internationalization and nationalization of the world economy, which opens up the way for us to understand modern economic globalization and provides relatively scientific research methods and attitudes. In the mid-to-late nineteenth century, capitalism was in a state of free competition, and by the beginning of the twentieth century, capitalism was gradually transformed into an imperialist monopoly stage, and new changes took place in economic globalization at this time.
Capitalism
Bukharin analyzes the phenomenon of "economic internationalization" in the development of the world economy. He believes that international economic trade has linked the world's production relations and productive forces, so that the transportation industry in various countries has been greatly developed, and the speed of commodity circulation has increased, communications and networks have also begun to develop rapidly, the circulation of international commodities has gradually contributed to the world market, and the scope of the market has continued to expand. Although Bukharin did not put forward the concept of economic globalization, he put forward the corresponding concept of capital internationalization, which reflects the essence of the world economy that Bukharin's world economic theory wants to inform the world, and is another new level of the world economy's awareness of capital.
Financialization of capital
Bukharin found that "capital nationalization" and "capital internationalization" complement each other and jointly influence the development trend of the world economy. In the development of economic globalization, various intertwined development trends will be more clearly manifested because of the crisis era, but the internationalization of economic life does not mean that the interests of capitalists are made public. At present, the internationalization of economic life is quietly changing, which will cause contradictions in capital, which will become more and more intense in subsequent crises, and under the pressure of various financial and economic crises, the trade protection of countries against China will become more and more serious. Under the impact of successive financial turbulences, the problems and related ideas of Bukharin's world economic theory have a very important guiding significance for us to explore the current problems of economic globalization and understand trade protection.
Bukharin's concept of the world economy holds that the "national economy" is the only opportunity for the exchange, growth and growth of the world economy as a whole from the convenience of the country through the productivity breakthrough to the world economy as a whole. The normal state of the world economy is to carry out large-scale economic activities, rather than expanding the economic market through various wars, the trend of economic globalization has linked the "nation-states" of the whole world, and the independent "national economy" cannot exist in isolation beyond the scope of the world economy. The general trend of the world economy has included more and more countries, the international economic field has expanded from the field of circulation to the field of production, the production and reproduction plans of all countries in the world have become more closely linked, the economic relations between the interdependence and common development of countries and countries have developed to an unprecedented situation, and the production of any country may develop into an important component of social production on a world scale.
▲Modern economic system
Bukharin recognized the relationship between capital technology and domestic economic development, he saw the relationship between Russia and the world economy, and he believed that Russia was also part of the world economy and could not divide Russia independently. And he believes that the national economy and domestic industry have a certain dependence on the world capitalist economy, mainly manifested in: First, embodied in commodity exchange, import and export parties. Secondly, there are credit relationships, financing credits, etc. Finally, in terms of leasing, whether it is large equipment or various high-tech. However, Bukharin World Economy said that due to the influence of the world economy, interacting and growing up with other countries through capitalist means is one of the necessary ways for socialism to continue to develop and grow gradually. Only by integrating socialism with the world economy and actively participating in the operation of the world economy can we continuously inject new life and vitality into socialism. With the continuous development of socialism and the tremendous progress made by capitalism in technological innovation, Bukharin gradually became aware of the importance of science and technology; not only that, he also noticed that since the First World War, the advanced capitalist countries have made great strides in the development of productive forces, made efficient use of various advanced ideas in the organization of labor and the organization of the economy, and achieved great results. And he boldly admits that socialism at that time was somehow at a disadvantage compared to capitalism, and that socialism could rise only by changing this status quo.
Bukharin analyzes the necessity of learning advanced science and technology from capitalism. Marxism came from the West, on the other hand, Marxism itself developed on the basis of the multinational cultures of Britain, France, and Germany, and marxism is therefore also the result of the acceptance of the critique of capitalism. Countries with relatively underdeveloped science and technology need to surpass capitalist countries in the field of science and technology, which will be of great help to us economically. Bukharin said that the concept of "building socialism by using the fruits of capitalism" can provide valuable experience for socialist construction.
▲Cartoon of economic globalization
Bukharin's theory of the world economy analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of capitalist development from the perspective of global integrity, and makes its own predictions and preparations for the future development pattern of the world economy. Today's global economication has further proved the accuracy and advanced nature of Bukharin's world economic theory, with the development of human transportation and communication technology, the world economy will become more inseparable, and the start of the trade war is no longer the competition between countries, which has the meaning of "pulling the whole body". This means that the international economic form must be more stable in order to steadily promote the development of the world's overall GDP, even if a country that is not very strong rushes to carry out economic reforms or trade wars, it is likely that hundreds of countries around the world will be affected by this. Of course, the most important Bukharin's world economic theory points out that learning science and technology from capitalism is of great enlightening significance for building socialism with Chinese characteristics, and at the same time provides a scientific basis and guidance for the development of more socialist countries in the world. In today's deepening globalization, China and the world economy are closely linked, so the study of the world economy must be more targeted and rigorous, which is of great significance to China's development.