The Han Dynasty was the initial stage of China's system construction, and after the baptism of the war at the end of the Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty established and improved various state systems on the basis of the Qin Dynasty. China's central administrative system, local administrative system, army management system, and clerical system were all truly systematized and systematically built in the Han Dynasty. As a core part of the political system, the official system was also deeply developed in the Han Dynasty. However, due to the limitations of social development, many aspects cannot penetrate into every peripheral nerve of the empire in detail, so there will be many imperfections. In the Han Dynasty, officials did not actually distinguish between civil and military, that is to say, there was no distinction between later generations of civil servants and military generals. Many of the generals who led the troops were temporarily deployed, and they could be put on the battlefield with the authorization of the emperor. After the end of the war, his official position may be transferred to the civil administration of the country. This is the official system of the Han Dynasty, which not only played an important basic role in the Western Han Dynasty, but also had a very far-reaching impact on future generations.
The way of culture and martial arts is not clear and distinct
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > a brief discussion of the official system of Yunwen Yunwu in the Han Dynasty</h1>
Since the founding of Gaozu, the country has experienced the baptism of war for many years, and the boundaries of civilian and military generals are very blurred. Therefore, later generations referred to the Yuan Congzhong, who followed Gao zu, as a "military merit beneficiary group" or a "military merit aristocratic group", and did not emphasize the difference between culture and martial arts. For example, Xiao He had no record of charging forward in the war, but Gao Zu ranked him at the top of the list of heroes. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he was awarded the title of Xiang Xiang (丞相), and later changed his name to Xiang Guo (相国), becoming the head of the Hundred Officials. In the mature official system of later generations, the chancellor was generally served by a civilian minister. However, in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, such conditions were not available. Xiao He was followed by Cao Shan, the Marquis of Pingyang, who had made great achievements in battle, as chancellor, and he adopted the policy of "Xiao Zhi Cao Sui", which also won the praise of later generations. After this, the dianke-born Judge Qi, Lang Zhongling's Chen Ping, the Taiwei-born Zhou Bo, and the Imperial Historian's Infant All held the position of Chancellor, which can be said to be both civil and martial, including the world's talents.
In the early political system of the Western Han Dynasty, the setting of each position did not require background or ability limitations. This point also originated in the Qin Dynasty, in the Qin II period, the Shaofu Zhang handan, who managed the royal wealth and collected expenses in the field house, could be transformed into a great general with a strong army, destroying Chen Sheng and defeating Tian Dan, almost turning the tide of the tide. It follows that official positions do not fully explain an individual's talents. During the Western Han Dynasty, almost all the leading generals had a background in administrative positions, and many had nothing to do with the military. When war broke out, they automatically gained the right to lead troops after receiving the emperor's edict. For example, emperor Wen of Han for three years,
"MinYue besieged Dong'ou, and Dong'ou was in a hurry. Doctor Zhongzhong strictly assisted the jiefa committee to audit the soldiers, and floated the sea to save them. Before arriving, Min Yue left, and the soldiers returned. ”
Rely on the runes to mobilize troops
Zhongdafu was a subordinate official of the Han Chulang Zhongling (renamed Guanglu Xun after Emperor Wu of Han), and according to historical records:
"Lang Zhongling, Qin official, in charge of the palace gate, there is a beggar." Emperor Wu changed his name to Guanglu Xun in the first year of the first year of the taichu dynasty. Subordinate officials include doctors, langs, and gurudwaras, all of whom are Qin officials. The gate and the yulin belong to yan. The doctor was in charge of the discussion, and there were Taizhong Doctors, Middle Doctors, and Counselor Doctors, all of whom had no members, as many as dozens of people. ”
Judging from the attributes of his position, Zhongdafu is an advisory official responsible for policy discussion, and there is no intersection with leading soldiers to fight. However, in the state of holding the festival, YanSuke was able to recruit the army of Huijian Commandery and serve as the general of the unified army, which showed the special nature of the Han Dynasty official Yunwen Yunwu.
Let's talk about the well-known general Wei Qing, Wei Qing was first a servant and then a Taizhong doctor, which seems to have nothing to do with the army from the point of view of taking office. In the sixth year of Yuan Guang, Wei Qing became a general on the che and immediately set out to conquer the Xiongnu. Among the generals who accompanied them, except for Li Guang, who was serving as a guard at that time, the cavalry general Gongsun Ao was the Taizhong Doctor, and the light vehicle general Gongsun He was a tai servant, and none of them were engaged in military positions. During the Western Han Dynasty, the highest military official position, Tai Wei ( 太尉 ) , was also the most changed of the Three Dukes of the Western Han Dynasty. According to the "Book of Han and the List of Hundred Officials and Secretaries of State":
"Tai Wei, Qin Guan, Jin Yin Zi Shou, in charge of martial affairs." Emperor Wu established a province in the second year of the Yuan Dynasty. At the beginning of the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty, he was placed as the Grand Sima and given the title of General. Emperor Xuandi placed Sima dai in three years, and he did not crown the general, nor did he have any official subordinates. Emperor Sui of Cheng and the beginning of the first century gave Sima Jin the Purple Silk seal, placed the official subordinate, Lu Bi Cheng Xiang, and went to the general. In the second year of Emperor Jianping's reign, Emperor Jianping returned to Sima Yinshou and his subordinates, and the crown general was as before. In the second year of Yuan Shou's reign, he was given the title of Grand Sima Yinshou (大司馬印绶), placed in the post of general, and placed on the situ. There is a long history, rank Sengoku. ”
Wei Qing was also the first Great Sima of the Western Han Dynasty
In other words, after emperor Wu established the yuan two years later, the country's supreme military commander was headed by Sima Da. The first Great Sima was Wei Qing, who was born from the aforementioned Taizhong Doctor. It can be seen that the characteristics of Yunwen Yunwu are also most evident in the setting of the official position of "Great Sima ". In the final Western Han Dynasty, not all the officials who served as grand sima and generals and cheqi generals were warriors, and more than half of them were foreign relatives and other central officials. Later, official positions such as generals became synonymous with measuring status, and no longer held real power. This was all determined by the official system of the Western Han Dynasty.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > why did the Western Han Dynasty form a system of officials who were allowed to write and allow wu? </h1>
The official system of the Western Han Dynasty was originally formed by the military merit beneficiary group under Han Gaozu. In the early period of the Founding of the Western Han Dynasty, there was a shortage of talents, and many of the ministers who could stand alone were both civil and military, that is, they had military backgrounds and administrative experience. For example, Chen Ping is a typical talent of both culture and martial arts, who can not only make suggestions and suggestions on the battlefield, but also be able to navigate the political arena with ease and dance with long sleeves. Therefore, when formulating official positions, too many requirements are made of the background of the officials. As long as it can be competent in the position and meets the requirements of the central supreme group. Therefore, Marquis Fan of Wuyang, who had always left the impression of a mangfu, could also be qualified as the left chancellor of the imperial court in the late Gaozu period and become the head of a number of officials. On the other hand, when war comes, many high-ranking officials need to lead the army. When the war was over, the officials returned to their government posts, in charge of their original positions. Similar examples include the "Twenty-Eight Generals of Yuntai", who were praised by posterity at the beginning of the founding of the Eastern Han Dynasty, although they had the name of generals, many of them were transferred to the central or local official sequence after the world was completely peaceful. For example, Deng Yu is Taifu, Geng Chun is Dongjun Taishou, Kou Yan is Zhi Jinwu, Pi Tong is Taichang, and Wang Liang is Henan Yin. These wartime generals also had many achievements in the administrative system and made indelible contributions to the development of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Gimbal twenty-eight generals
Although "the way of culture and martial arts, one piece and one relaxation" is an ancient saying, it should also be flexibly used with the development of society. The literarization of officials in the Han Dynasty was very late, in fact, it occurred during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and after the deposing of hundreds of families and the exclusive respect for Confucianism, the literary literacy of officials was continuously improved. A typical representative is Gongsun Hong, the chancellor of the Han Wu emperor's period. He was born in traditional Confucianism, with a profound literary background, and was deeply favored by the emperor. In order to support him to ascend to the throne, the emperor even did not hesitate to change the "system of worshiping princes and princes" that had lasted for many years in the Western Han Dynasty. Before Gongsun Hong, all ministers needed to have the title of Marquis of Liehou, which was both a manifestation of status and a manifestation of prestige. However, Gongsun Hong did not have a title when he was a minister, and Emperor Wu specially issued an edict for him: "The way of the first saint of Shujia, the opening of the broad door road, the recruitment of people from all directions, the gaigu ren xian and the order of the throne, the amount of energy to be awarded to the official, the labor of the great lu hou, the desheng of the knighthood, so the martial arts to show weight, and wende to praise." He made Gao Cheng's Pingjin Township 650 Emperor Xianghong the Marquis of Pingjin. After Gongsun Hong, this became the custom of the Western Han Dynasty, and any official who lived in the imperial household could obtain the title of Marquis of Lie. Moreover, after him, there was basically no existence of military merit. Even Huo Guang, the great general of the Powerful Sima Dynasty, had no experience of charging into battle, and the boundaries of the civil and military posts were even more blurred.
Gongsun Hong, the Cloth Prime Minister
Secondly, the establishment of the official system in this way also takes into account the actual needs of daily administration. During the Western Han Dynasty, there were many turmoil in the grass-roots areas, especially in the border areas, so the grass-roots county court had certain military power. The Taishoufu at the higher level also controlled the organization and combat power of the local army, and the lieutenant under the jurisdiction of the Taishou was a subordinate officer who was specifically responsible for military affairs, and obeyed the orders of the Taishou to direct the operation. Thus, local officials of Yunwen Yunwu could better organize their armies for combat. In addition, envoys who were ordered to go to other countries also had to lead a certain number of troops when they went to other countries, so the official characteristics of Yunwen Yunwu were also conducive to the execution of missions. For example, when Zhang Qian sent an envoy to the Western Regions, Emperor Wu "worshiped Qian as a general in the middle, and sent three hundred people, two horses each, tens of thousands of cattle and sheep, tens of thousands of gold coins, and more deputy envoys, and Dao Ke sent them to the neighboring countries." "Sending an envoy with a certain number of troops can not only ensure security, but also promote national prestige. All the military rewards and punishments in the itinerary were responsible for Zhang Qian, a general who held the festival, and there were both civilian missions and military tasks, which can be said to have truly achieved both civilian and military tasks.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > the influence of the Western Han Dynasty's official system on later generations</h1>
The Western Han Dynasty was the initial period of China's administrative system, and many systems were formalized and developed at this stage. This kind of official system of Yunwen Yunwu has actually continued in China's political arena since the Han Dynasty. For example, Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Western Jin Dynasty, was a general of the Right Army, Yunwen Yunwu. Many famous soldiers of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, such as Wang Dao and Xie An, also had the experience of personally attending the battle front and directing the resistance against the enemy. In the Tang Dynasty, the situation was still the same, and many of the generals in the early Tang Dynasty eventually became the secretaries of state in the court. For example, the general Li Jing successively served as Shangshu of the Punishment Department, the Right Servant Shooting, and Hou Junji appointed the official Shangshu, etc., which are typical examples of the warriors as Qing Xiang. And the tang dynasty's prime minister could also lead the army at any time, such as the fourth year of the arch, and the Yue king Li Zhen raised an army against Wu Zetian. Wu Zetian appointed the left leopard Tao Wei general Koji Chongyu as the chief commander of the Chinese army, and Nei Shi Cen Changqian as the rear army chief, leading an army of 100,000 people to fight against the rebels. Zhang Guangfu , a Fengge Attendant and a Tongfengge Luantai Pingzhangshi , was appointed as the Commander of the Various Armies. Two of the three generals were prime ministers. In addition, the famous minister Di Renjie was also appointed as the marshal of the Hebei Province marching in the first year of the Holy Calendar, when the Turks went south to harass Hebei, and he was appointed as the marshal of the Hebei Province to conquer the Turks. It can be seen that the wind of Yunwen Yunwu still existed in the Tang Dynasty. But it was also from the Tang Dynasty that the state formulated special martial arts, and the civil and military official positions began to be distinguished from the way to enter the shi, and then began to drift away. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the way of culture and martial arts was completely separated, and the prime minister gradually became a special civilian leader, and there were also special senior military attaches such as special generals in charge of the military. This not only marks the maturity of China's official system, but also represents the civilization and evolution of Chinese society.
Di Renjie did serve as Grand Marshal in history
In summary, due to the special background of the times in the Western Han Dynasty, the state's official reserves were insufficient, and the establishment of the official system was carried out with the concept of "Allowing Literature and Allowing Wu". Many officials did not distinguish between civil and military, and those in charge of the clerical discussion could also use the Prancing Horse Horizontal Sword given by the emperor to send troops to quell the chaos. The generals who crossed the battlefield could also enter the administrative system as soon as the war subsided. Such an official system is conducive to reducing the administrative costs of the country, improving the efficiency of officials, and maintaining the daily operation of the country. This concept also continued into later Chinese society, and before the Tang Dynasty, there were always influencing factors of "both the way of culture and martial arts" that played a role in the national system. It can be said that such an official system that allows both civil and military affairs and combines civil and military affairs has played a major role in promoting the development of China's state system and has a strong positive significance for the advancement of China's history.
Reference: Book of Han