Wang Mang's wild hopes
Since Emperor Xuan established the Western Regions Capital Protectorate, the Han Dynasty carried out a stable rule in the Western Regions for more than half a century, until the time of Wang Mang's reign, first of all, the governors of the Capital Protectorate mishandled the relations between the countries in the Western Regions, followed by Wang Mang's excessive toughness, and finally broke out the rebellion in the Western Regions, Wang Mang's counterinsurgency war was briefly recorded in the Book of Han, but in the Han Jian unearthed in Dunhuang Maquan Bay, there were more than a hundred Jian Mu involved in this war, in addition to the accounts of the reasons in the Book of Han, in the Han Jian we see in addition to Yan Qi, Gu Mo, Yu Li and other countries in the Western Regions were enemies of the Xinmang army, and the intervention of the Xiongnu was an important factor in the defeat of Wang Mang's army.
The new Mang regime
< h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > a policy mistake in the Western Regions during Wang Mang's time</h1>
During the first year of the Yuan Dynasty, Wang Mang took sole control of the imperial government, and at this time, xu Pu, the lieutenant of the Western Regions, was preparing to open a new road leading directly to Yumen Pass in cheshi houguo, which could save half the distance compared to the old road and avoid the Great Gobi of BailongTan. At that time, many of the expenses of the Han Dynasty mission were borne by the small countries in the western regions, and Wang Gugu, the queen of cheshi, was worried that after the opening of the new road, the sharp increase in personnel exchanges would overwhelm the country, and he did not cooperate. Xu Pu imprisoned Gugu, but was exiled to the Xiongnu by Gugu.
In addition to Gugu, tang du, the king of Hulai, went into exile with the Xiongnu, and Hu Laiguo was bullied by the large chishui Qiang, and asked dan qin for help from the western region, but qin rescue was not active, and finally Tang Du led his wife and more than a thousand people to surrender to the Xiongnu. When Wang Mang learned of this, he ordered the Xiongnu to repatriate Tang Du and Gugu, and the Xiongnu Shan Yu pointed out that in the agreement between the Han Dynasty and Hu Han Evil Shan Yu, there was no one involved in the western regions who were unacceptable, and Wang Mang's emissaries were arrogant and domineering, and demanded Shan Yu to hand over people on the grounds that in the past, Hu Han Evil Shan Yu was given the protection of the land by the Great Grace of China, forcing the Xiongnu Shan Yu to "prostrate his head and apologize for his sins, and pay the emissaries back to the second captive."
Wang Zhaojun and Hu Han evil Shan Yu statue
Shan Yu interceded with the two, hoping that Wang Mang could forgive them, but Wang Mang did not give Shan Yu face, and immediately gathered the kings of the western regions after capturing the two and beheaded them in public. This move undoubtedly caused panic and dissatisfaction among the countries in the Western Regions.
< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > deterioration of relations with the Huns</h1>
In the Xuan Emperor Dynasty, Hu Han was able to restore the country by the favor of the Han Dynasty, and because the strength of the Xiongnu was not as good as before, the Han and The Huns were no longer in a state of hostility, and the Xiongnu shan yu accepted the "Xiongnu Shan Yu Seal" granted by the Han Dynasty, and met tianzi several times, and the northern border was free of gun smoke for decades, and this scene continued until Wang Mang was in power.
After the surrender of the second king of the Western Regions to the Xiongnu, the Han and Hungarians expanded on the Old Testament, and in addition to the Chinese fallen into the Xiongnu, the Xiongnu could not bear it, nor could the exiles of wusun, Wuhuan, and the western regions who had accepted the Chinese yinsui. The Xiongnu agreed again, but Wang Mang was able to advance and informed Wuhuan that he could not pay taxes to the Xiongnu in the future, and that Wuhuan, as a vassal state of the Xiongnu, could not collect taxes, so he attacked Wuhuan and ignored his people.
Wang Mang was a man of great old Huayi ideology, and after Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, he insulted the diplomacy of the surrounding ethnic groups. He changed the "Xiongnu Shan Yu Xi" to "New Xiongnu Shan Yu Zhang", a "seal" and a "chapter", a word difference, in essence, the Xiongnu Shan Yu as a subordinate, Shan Yu once again tolerated, and at the same time coveted the property given by Wang Mang, and received the "New Xiongnu Shan Yu Zhang".
In the second year, Wang Mang intensified his efforts, first changing the edict from "Xiongnu Shan Yu" to "surrendering slaves to obey", and then slightly softening them, and then changing it to "Gong Nu is good at". The Jian Mu of the New Mang Dynasty unearthed today are all called Xiongnu by "Gongnu" and "Gongnu" (the word "Gong" can be used as "Gong").
Wang Mang
< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the Great Rebellion of the Huns in the Western Regions</h1>
In the same year, when the Western Regions changed again, Wang Mang sent Zhen Feng to the Western Regions, and cheshi houguo was a must-pass place, and the new cheshi hou wang had to leave the new cheshi hou to think that cheshi was unable to continue the expenses of Wang Mang's envoys, and plotted to surrender to the Xiongnu. However, he was informed by the lieutenant Ofe Qi, Who escorted him to the capital Dan Qin, but Qin directly ordered him to be beheaded. His brother Hulan Zhi, who had to be dismissed, "drove more than 2,000 people out of the country, drove out livestock, and surrendered the country to the Xiongnu." Out of resentment toward Wang Mang, the Xiongnu accepted the surrender and sent troops to the army.
This led to many adverse chain reactions, and the officials of the Pengji Department had no confidence in holding on, but instead planned to surrender to the Xiongnu:
Shi Pengji's lieutenant sword to protect the sick, sent Shi Chen Liang Tun Huan and Gu Bei Xiongnu Kou. Shi finally took the grain, Sima Cheng Han Xuan led zhubi, and right qu waited for the shang to lead the fortresses, and xiang and plotted: "The countries of the western region are quite betrayal, and the Xiongnu want to invade." Die. He could kill the lieutenant and bring the people to the Huns. "
Chen Liang and the others took advantage of the night to kill the family of Lieutenant Pengji and force more than 2,000 people in the city into the Xiongnu. Wang Mang was angry and wanted to carry out the policy of dividing the Xiongnu: "Now divide the xiongnu land and the people think that it is fifteen, and the fifteen descendants of the Marquis of Liji are single." The edict divided the Xiongnu into fifteen Shan Yu co-commanders, which completely angered the Xiongnu Shan Yu, and the Xiongnu began to plunder the border.
After another three years, the Xiongnu Shan died, and Xindan Yu wanted to make friends with Wang Mang, and both accepted peace and handed over Chen Liang and others to Wang Mang. However, Wang Mang was still engaged in the trick of establishing a new Shan Yu, and the Xiongnu had entered the Kou in a big way, and "the north was corrupted." The Yanqi state approached the Xiongnu and took the lead in responding to the killing of the capital Danqin, which set off a great rebellion in the western region.
The Western Han Dynasty's Western Regions Protectorate
< h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the Battle of the Western Regions</h1>
In the third year of Tianfeng (16 AD), Wang Mang sent the Wuwei general Wang Jun and Li Chong, the protector of the Western Regions, to lead the lieutenant Guo Qin on a campaign, just look at the "Book of Han and the Biography of the Western Regions", Wang Junbu first led the army into the Western Regions, the Western Regions countries were first welcomed by the Road, and the rebellious Yanqi also surrendered to show their deference, and when the army penetrated deep into Yanqi, Yanqi ambushed the troops to attack Wang Jun, and at the same time, the three kingdoms of Gumo, Wei Li, and The State of Danger simultaneously rebelled under the attack, and Wang Jun's entire army was destroyed. Guo Qinbu, not on the same road as Wang Jun, took advantage of the fact that the Yanqi army had not returned, and attacked the defensively empty Yanqi City. After the war, Li Chong's remnants retreated to Guizi, but in the end Li Chong's troops were destroyed, and the western region was cut off from then on.
The records of the Book of Han can be summarized in rough terms, only roughly but not in detail, but compared with Han Jian, many detailed things can be excavated.
The co-slave conspires with Yan Qi to attack the car master. The E department is alone, and most of them are protected
The common slaves came to be Kou, and gave them to the prophets of the kings, and they will complain. So please
These two Han Jian show the content of the request for help from the Pengbu to dadu, and it is notable to mention the conspiracy between the Xiongnu and Yanqi.
Dunhuang Horse Circle Bay HanJian
After receiving the report, regarding the reaction of "Dadu Protector", that is, Li Chong, you can refer to the following four HanJian contents:
The subject respectfully writes the Chin Tan and remembers the biography. Co-slavery invaded
Yan Qi and the general And 8,000 people were sent to meet with the Southern General Period Che Division
Lonely and weak, unable to fight, taking from the east and the west, and waiting for the party to become consolidated, the car division will be carried away
Distance from the slave, cover the old man, and destroy the rebels
This part of the account is that when Li Chong reported his instructions to Guo Qin, it is recorded that Yan Qi had already sent eight thousand troops to prepare to meet with the Southern General (the Southern General of the Southern Plough Khan of the Xiongnu) to meet with the Che Division, and Li Chong proposed that it should be fought early, and that he could not wait for the Yanqi Xiongnu to meet the division, and now he would "distance himself from Gongnu and Cover the Elderly, and destroy the rebels."
The Xiongnu and Yanqi chose to meet the army's cheshi was a necessary place for the northern western region, and in the western region of the Western Han Dynasty, the cheshi here directly changed hands five times in Han and Hungary, and the history was called "five contending car divisions". In the second year of Shenjue (60 BC), the Xiongnu divided the Western Regions of the Japanese King to surrender to the Han Dynasty, and the Cheshi was completely owned by the Han Dynasty, and in order to facilitate the administration, the Han Dynasty divided the Cheshi into eight kingdoms.
In the Western Han Dynasty's Western Regions Operation War, it can be seen that the Han Army has repeatedly sent troops to the vehicle division
In the Battle of the Western Regions during the New Mang Dynasty, the military strength of Wang Jun, Li Chong, Guo Qin and others was likely to be at a disadvantage, and regarding the troop strength, compared with Han Jian and the Book of Han, first of all, the "Hanshu Xiyu Biography" mentioned that "more than 7,000 generals Such as Jun and other generals Shache and Guici soldiers" This part is the strength of Wang Jun and Li Chong.
Han Jian mentioned that this military operation was a total of "three generations of soldiers", the original meaning of the word "generation" was that the army went out to fight a hundred vehicles, which was extended into a military unit in the Han Dynasty, and the three generations of soldiers were said to have three branches of the army, and the first generation of soldiers was "one thousand and eighty people", and also mentioned the end of the total annihilation of the first generation of soldiers.
Promote the first generation of soldiers to perish, to order the Ebu officials to be hungry, to return to thousands of miles, difficult water and grass, eat dead animals, because
Compared with the total destruction of Wang Jun's army in the Hanshu, it can be seen that the first generation of soldiers should be led by Wang Jun. Li Chong, along with Wang Jun, then his military strength is about six thousand, and then look at Guo Qinbu.
Two thousand men, the soldiers want to take advantage of the new, the military might and the nations are not defeated, forced to be the first
The two thousand people here did not mention who the chief officer was, but according to the Book of Han, it was speculated that Wang Jun had 180 people, Li Chongbu was 6,000, and the exclusion method was only Guo Qin.
The early stage of the war seemed to be quite smooth, and Yan Qi, who had already gathered eight thousand troops, did not dare to confront it head-on and chose to surrender, and Han Jian also had the following records
And in January, three thousand nine hundred and fifteen levels were cut down, the effect has been written, the reward is insufficient, it is advisable to encourage (exempt) Li □ body, please.
The report was a request to spare a general surnamed Li from capital punishment on the grounds that this person led his army to 3,915 in January, and Li surnamed Li committed another capital crime, most likely Li Chong, who was defeated in the final battle. After Li Chong's defeat, he was not held accountable, and he still held the post of protector of the Western Regions, which should be his merits in this battle, and the three thousand nine hundred and fifteen should be the early battle achievements, and the Yanqi army chose to surrender fraudulently, it is likely that he lost a lot in the battle with Li Chong, and also under this shock, the Western Regions that had an antipathy "all the countries are welcomed".
Ruins of the ancient han dynasty in Yanqi
Yanqi bought time by deception, and after further penetrating deeper into Yanqi territory, he was ambushed, and at the same time, Xiongnu reinforcements also arrived.
The southern general Jiao Huan took advantage of his strength, and the sons and men died. Now GongNu said that he was good against me, and he was good
General □ was brave enough to □□□ the kingdoms of bad guizi and cheshi. The great frying is close to the western region
Kou CheShi, kill the people, unknown trial guards, such as the law
Che Shi, the prince of The Slight, who wants to dominate the Western Regions, is greedy and cunning, especially the thieves of the kingdoms, and the people of the Ebu
The above four are the results of the Xiongnu Southern General's department, before Wang Jun and others have investigated and learned that Yanqi and xiongnu want to join forces to capture the Cheshi, several Han Jian are not silent, it can be seen that the Xiongnu are the decisive side, not only the Cheshi was kouluo by the Xiongnu, but even the Shanshanguo was also rebelled. The old name of Yanshan was Loulan, which was the main road in the northern part of the western region with cheshi, cheshi was the main road in the northern part of the western region, yanshan rebelled, cheshi was invaded by the Xiongnu, and the supply of the new Mang army was blocked in the south and the north, and the supply of the xinmang army could be seen everywhere in the subsequent Jianmu.
Ruins of the ancient city of Shanshan
Bing Huang Zhang, soldiers are based on horses, horses are destined for food, horses are not allowed to eat, former county
Grain is exhausted, officials are hungry, horses and livestock are exhausted, and people are fed, soldiers
The fish of the □□, whose life is in the urn basin, will be the case
These three records should be chronological, at first it was only "horses are not allowed to eat", after the war situation worsened further, "the grain was exhausted, the officials were hungry, and the horses and animals were fifteen", while in the third record, the tone of the reporter revealed a sense of despair, describing himself as a fish in a basin, which would be served on the table. After the logistical supply was cut off, under the attack of the Western Regions and the Xiongnu combined forces, Wang Junbu's entire army was destroyed, and Guo Chongbu fled back to Guizi in defeat.
Guo Qinbu was relatively lucky in comparison, his two thousand men and horses "wanted to take the new out", the "new" here should refer to the western region of the new road, due to the different march routes, Guo Qinbu was not ambushed, and attacked and killed the old and weak in Yanqi City. However, after the defeat of Wang Jun and Guo Chong, who were the main forces, and the rebellion of many countries in the Western Regions, Guo Qin's strength was not enough to save the defeat, and he and he Feng, the commander of wuwei, moved some of the people who were still willing to submit to the Che division to Dunhuang during the return to the army.
After the war, Guo Qin and He Feng were recognized by Wang Mang as meritorious, "Mang Worshiped Qin as a general and sealed his beard." He Feng is The "Hu Hu" is the meaning of destroying Hu, Guo Qin has the merit of killing the old and weak, and "Ji Hu" should be in recognition of He Feng's merit in moving the Cheshi population to Dunhuang.
In the post-war section of the Jian Mu, some people pointed out that the Xiongnu and Shanshan fell out, suggested that Guo Qin could take the opportunity to go north, and then guo Qin's fate is unknown, but from the historical point of view, the Xiongnu eventually regained control of the western region and basically restored the full territory.
Han Dynasty Xiongnu diagram