The ugly years in history: both the capital of Beijing and the Emperor Benshu
Text: Dead wood
The Plague of Gengzi is everywhere,
Xin Ugly Cow Gui also wandered;
Count the countless rivers and mountains,
Rise and fall is up to the task.
The Year of the Rat is about to slip away, and the Year of the Ox is waddling in. Looking at the past year, from the outbreak of the epidemic at the beginning of the year, people's hearts were afraid; to the concerted efforts of all walks of life in China to fight together, so that the plague was blocked and quite effective. However, foreign countries have lost their vigilance and taken lightly, so that the world has spread in many places, and the tragic trend is deplorable, and the situation is still not optimistic.
Next year is the traditional Year of the Ox, the zodiac is the folk well-known and most popular way of dating, people often according to the zodiac sign genus to predict the next year's fortunes, different people naturally have different views. The author is insensitive, does not dare to speculate on his own, can only review the ugly years in history, good or bad everyone self-judgment, so the mouth occupies four sentences smoothly, as an introduction.
First, the year of the ugly ox
This year's Dry Branch Chronicle is the Year of the Jiazi, next year is the Year of the Xin Ugly, the eighth place of the "Xin" Tiangan, the "Xin" character of the oracle bone, some say that it is the appearance of a flat-headed knife, yuyi criminal; some say that the head is inserted into the branch of the punishment; but all have the meaning of "punishment". The second place of the "ugly" ground branch, the word "ugly" in the oracle bone, like the shape of the finger hooking and pulling things hard, is the original word of "twist". "Xin Ugly" is the thirty-eighth in the Dry Branch Chronological Cycle, and the more ancient Setig is "Heavy Light (Xin) Chi Fenruo (Ugly)".
If you talk about the zodiac year, this year is the year of the rat, and next year is the year of the ox, which is the most common zodiac calendar in the folk. The zodiac year and the dry branch year are actually not the same thing. This has been introduced in the previous humble article, so I will not repeat it. Simply put, the Origin of the Ganzhi Chronicle is ancient, as early as the ancient Emperor Era, and although the Zodiac Chronicle is recorded in the pre-Qin Dynasty, it was officially formed as the Han Dynasty. Moreover, the dry branch chronology is the official and regular calendar that has been used to this day, with a reincarnation of sixty years; while the zodiac year is attached to the dry branch chronology, and the twelve years are rounded, which belongs to the folk brief form.
The dry branch chronology is composed of ten days of dry and twelve earth branches, sixty years a round, so the saying "sixty koshi one reincarnation", from the Taoist point of view, sixty koshi is also sixty stars of the god reincarnation, from the chronology, every sixty years there will be the same stem branch, so the folk think that a koshi will always have something similar to happen, although not necessarily accurate (even superstitious), but it is also a reference, open the book is beneficial, and listen to it is clear, right?
Natural disasters of 1961
The nearest year to us was 60 years ago, 1961 A.D., a well-known year of disaster. The "three years of natural disasters" that occurred in the early 1960s were initially due to human factors, the "Great Leap Forward" and the serious "Left" mistakes in the people's communization movement led to nationwide food shortages, coupled with successive serious natural disasters, which led to the most serious economic difficulties faced by New China since the founding of the People's Republic of China.
III. The Treaty of 1901
In the previous 60 years, in the twenty-seventh year of the Guangxu Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty (1901), the "Xin Ugly Treaty" was signed in the lunar calendar, which can be called a humiliating year. In the year before Gengzi, Empress Dowager Cixi fled west with the Guangxu Emperor, and the eight-nation alliance of Russia, Britain, France, the United States, Germany, Italy, Austria, and Japan attacked and occupied Beijing, burning and looting without evil; on July 25, 1901 (September 7, 1901), Yi Xi and Li Hongzhang, on behalf of the Qing court, signed the "Final Agreement between China and the Eleven Countries on Compensation for the 1900 Turmoil" with 11 German, Austrian, Belgian, British, American, French, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Dutch, and Western countries at the Spanish Embassy in Dongjiaomin Lane, Beijing, which was a "Final Agreement between China and eleven countries on compensation for the 1900 turmoil", that is, the "Final Agreement between China and the Eleven Countries on Compensation for the 1900 Turmoil" in the Spanish Embassy in Dongjiaomin Lane, Beijing. Treaty of Simugu".
The "Xinugu Treaty" stipulated that the Qing government was required to "compensate" the "aggressors" with 450 million taels of silver, with a total price of more than 980 million taels of silver, to be repaid in 39 years. The total amount of reparations added up to 450 million taels, and at that time, China had a total population of 450 million, and the intention of the great powers was to pay a "fine" of 1 tael of silver to each Chinese as a punishment. The "Xinugu Treaty" was an unequal treaty with the largest amount of indemnities, the most serious loss of sovereignty, and the deepest spiritual humiliation in China's modern history, thus bringing unprecedented disasters to the Chinese people, and the country has since fallen into deep trouble.
4. In 1841, the "Treaty of Nose-piercing Grass" ceded Hong Kong
In the previous 60 years, in the twenty-first year of Qing Daoguang (1841), the "Treaty of Nose-piercing Grass" was signed and Hong Kong was ceded. Also in the year of Gengzi the year before, the British government brazenly sent an expeditionary force to invade China under the pretext of Lin Zexu's Humen selling cigarettes and so on, and the First Opium War broke out. The Daoguang Emperor sent the chancellor Qi Shan to negotiate with the British, and on the third day of the first lunar month, Qi Shan, behind the qing dynasty government's back, and the British plenipotentiary margaret elliot agreed on the "Treaty of Nose-piercing Grass" (also known as the "Sichuan Nose Grass Covenant") and ceded Hong Kong to the British.
On the fourth day of the first month, the British invaded and occupied Hong Kong without waiting for the formal signing, and the Daoguang Emperor was furious, announced that he would not recognize the treaty, and ordered the arrest of Qi Shan. On the eighth day of the first lunar month, the Qing government declared war on Britain. The sixty-two-year-old veteran general Guan Tianpei led his army to death at the Jingyuan Fort, and died heroically, and the fort was lost. After that, after more than a year of continuous war of aggression, Britain finally coerced the Qing Dynasty government into signing the Sino-British Treaty of Nanjing by force, fixing the seized rights and interests of aggression in the form of a treaty. Such a tragic and humiliating history, and now some people have even beged for mercy to Britain and the United States because of the Hong Kong issue.
In 1661, Zheng successfully recovered Taiwan
Dating back to 360 years, in the fifteenth year of the Southern Ming Dynasty (the eighteenth year of Qing Shunzhi, 1661), Zheng successfully recovered Taiwan. Taiwan has been china's inherent territory since ancient times, the Xia and Shang period belonged to Yangzhou, one of the nine prefectures, the Three Kingdoms period was Yizhou under the sun Wu regime, the Tang and Song dynasties began to formally establish Penghu, and the Song Dynasty came under the jurisdiction of Fujian Road until the end of the Ming Dynasty. In 1624, Dutch colonists belonging to the Dutch East India Company invaded Taiwan to establish a stronghold for trade with China and Japan, plundering Taiwan's resources.
At this time, at the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the inland chaos, the king Li Zicheng attacked Beijing, the Ming Chongzhen Emperor hanged, Wu Sangui surrendered to the Qing, and the Qing army entered the customs to establish political power. However, Zheng Chenggong refused to surrender to the Qing Dynasty, and was given the title of Zhengshuo (正朔) in the yongli calendar; in the third year of the Yongli calendar (1649), he was crowned "King of Yanping" (郡王). In the third month of the fifteenth lunar calendar of the Yong calendar (the eighteenth year of Qing Shunzhi, 1661), Zheng Chenggong personally led 25,000 soldiers to March to Taiwan in the name of the great general Guo Ye in the name of The Great Ming.
Nine months after the siege, on December 13, the fifteenth year of the Southern Ming Dynasty, the Dutch colonial leader Frederikcoyett, in isolation and helplessness, surrendered to Zheng Chenggong, signed the surrender treaty, and led five hundred remnants of the enemy to withdraw from Taiwan. Taiwan, which has fallen for 38 years, has since returned to the embrace of the motherland.
In 1421, Beijing was officially established as the capital
Dating back 600 years, Beijing was officially established as the capital. Although Beijing has a long history, dating back to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, as a capital city, it began in the first year of the Liao Taizong Huihui (938), when Liao Taizong Yelü Deguang upgraded the original Youzhou to YouduFu, and established the name Nanjing, also known as Yanjing, as the capital of Liao, when the capital of Liao was in Shangjing. Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, changed his name to Dadu in the ninth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1272). After Zhu Yuanzhang destroyed the Yuan Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty, in order to record the merits of pacifying the north, Hongwu Yuannian (1368) renamed the capital of Yuan dadu beiping, which was not a capital city.
After Emperor Ming Chengzu Zhu Di Yongle took the throne, he changed his fiefdom of Beiping Province when he was King of Yan into Shuntianfu, built the city of Beijing, and prepared to move the capital. The Ming Shi Benji Chengzu III records that "Yongle Eighteenth Year November Pengchen (December 8, 1420), to move the capital to Beijing Zhao Tianxia", "Nineteen years of spring and first month Jia Zishuo (February 2, 1421), Feng'an Five Temples God Lord at taimiao Temple." The Imperial Heavenly Temple was blessed with a great feast." Therefore, Beijing officially became the capital city, which should be the first day of the first lunar month of the Year of the Ugly Six Hundred Years ago.
In 881, Huang Chao invaded Chang'an
From now on, in the year 1140 onwards, a major event also broke out, that is, the Huangchao Rebellion at the end of the Tang Dynasty invaded Chang'an. In the last years of the Tang Dynasty, the feudal towns were divided, the eunuchs were in power, and after the war and chaos, the people did not have a good life. Huang Chao had a little poetic talent, and repeatedly tried to fail, so he rose up and joined the rebel army, which became the longest-lasting, most pervasive, and most far-reaching peasant uprising in the late Tang Dynasty.
In the first year of Emperor Zhongzong's reign (December 881, 881), Emperor Wuzong and his party fled to Chengdu, and Huang Chao's army entered Chang'an, and on January 16, 881, Huang Chao was located in The Hanyuan Hall and established the Daqi regime, with the era name Jin Tong. Huang Chao lacked strategic vision and did not send a large army to pursue Tang Shuzong, giving the Tang army a chance to breathe.
In April of the same year, Tang Zhuzhen soldiers gathered the Beijing Division from all directions, and Huang Chao failed to evacuate Chang'an. The rebel general Zhu Wen surrendered to the Tang Dynasty, was given the name "QuanZhong" by Emperor Tang, after the elimination of the Huangchao rebel army, Zhu Wen's power grew rapidly, and in the fourth year of Tianyou (907), Zhu Wen seized the throne of the Tang Emperor through the form of Zen Rang, called The Tang Emperor, founded the country liang, changed the era name to Kaiping, and the history called "Hou Liang", from then on the Tang Dynasty fell, and the five generations began.
And the tragedy of the war in the ugly years, the poet Wei Zhuang has a poem to describe:
"The Year of the Ugly"
[Tang] Wei Zhuang
The Nine Qu Drifting Pestle has become a river, stuffed with yellow clouds war horses idle.
But there are soldiers filling in the water, and there are no strangers out of the Shang Mountain.
There is no red dust in the countryside, and the younger sister meets in the white blade.
Looking west at Cuihua, the tear marks were empty and the sword was spotted.
VIII. Summary
The 60-year cycle of the year of the ugly year does not change by human will, the above is just some typical chronological examples of the ugly year in history, of course, limited in space, there are many major events in the ugly year that are not listed. However, it can be seen from the above that the year of Xin ugly is not all disaster years, there are good and bad, such as natural disasters, some man-made disasters, both Beijing Jiandu and Shuzong Benshu. However, taking history as a mirror, we can know the rise and fall; taking people as a mirror can clearly understand gains and losses. Therefore, we can learn a lot from historical events and worry about the mistakes of the past, so as not to repeat the mistakes of the past.
2021/1/10 Elm Wood Jai
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