The State of Shu (221-263), also known as shu han, also known as Ji Han. It was a regime in the southwest during the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the world was in turmoil, and the crowds were chasing deer, and Liu Bei, a relative of the Han Dynasty, rose in the warlord melee. In the second year of the Wei Dynasty (221), Liu Bei was proclaimed emperor in Chengdu, Sichuan (Shu), and continued the unification of the Han Dynasty, with the national name "Han", and the historical name was Shu Han or Ji Han. The Shu Han Dynasty began with Emperor Zhaolie Liu Bei, and finally succeeded Liu Chan, the second emperor, for a total of forty-three years. In its heyday, it occupied Jingzhou and Yizhou, and the national strength was strong, but after Guan Yu lost Jingzhou and Liu Bei defeated Yiling, his vitality was seriously injured, and later Zhuge Liang ruled the country and resumed production, which enabled him to compete with Wei Wu. One of the Three Kingdoms, it mainly owned Yizhou, Hanzhong, Nanman and other places (present-day Sichuan and Yunnan, northern Guizhou, Shaanxi around the old HanzhongFu).
Shu Guo, another name for Shu Han, is strictly a wrong title. In 221, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, Sichuan (Shu), and Liu Bei called the state "Han" in order to continue the Han dynasty, and the history was called Shu Han, also known as Ji Han. In history, in order to distinguish between the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty, it was called "Shu Han" and "Ji Han", and because Cao Wei and the Western Jin Dynasty did not recognize their national name as "Han", and Chen Shou was an official in the Jin Dynasty when he wrote the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", and the Jin Dynasty was usurped by Wei, so Chen Shou had to use Wei as the orthodox in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". Although the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" takes Shu Han as the orthodox, it is often similar to the mistakes of the "Shu Army", and it is misleading, resulting in posterity calling it "Shu", and "Shu" has become its common name, but because the Shu Han regime is actively enterprising, it has made more than a dozen Northern Expeditions, trying to revive the Han Dynasty, and many later generations have taken Shu Han as orthodox. [1]
The Shu Han Dynasty (221--263) began with Liu Bei, the Emperor of Zhaolie, and ended with Liu Chan, the Second Emperor, for a total of forty-three years. In its heyday, it occupied Jingzhou and Yizhou. One of the Three Kingdoms, it mainly owned Yizhou, Hanzhong, Nanman and other places (present-day Sichuan and Yunnan, northern Guizhou, Shaanxi around the old HanzhongFu).
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Bei became brothers with Guan Yu in Hedong and Zhang Fei in Zhuo county, and recruited troops to participate in the suppression of the Yellow Turban. He successively served as An XiWei, Gao Tang Ling, Pingyuan County Ling, Pingyuan Xiang, Xuzhou Mu, Zhendong General, Fengyi Chengting Marquis, etc., and later Feng Zuo General and Yuzhou Mu. At the Battle of Guandu, he was defeated by Cao Cao and fled to Xinye. In 208 CE, Sangu Maolu, assisted by Zhuge Liang (Kong Ming), united with Sun Quan, defeated Cao Cao at Chibi, and took the four counties of Jingzhou in the south. Later, he accepted Liu Zhang's invitation to enter Sichuan to resist Zhang Lu and later annexed Yizhou. In the 24th year of Jian'an (219 AD), Liu Bei established himself as the King of Hanzhong, and became a strong player with Cao Cao and Sun Quan. Later Guan Yu led an army to conquer northern Jingzhou, but was defeated by Lü Meng's sneak attack on southern Jingzhou, while Liu Bei also lost Jingzhou territory. Emperor Xian's First Year Gengzi (220 AD), Cao Pi usurped the Han title of Emperor, Liu Bei officially declared himself Emperor in Wudan (221 AD) in April of the second year of the Wei Dynasty (221 AD), with the state name "Han", the historical name "Shu Han", and the era name "Zhang Wu". In the second year of Shu Zhangwu (222 AD), Liu Bei led an army to recruit Sun Quan, but Lu Xun was defeated at Yiling, and soon died of illness, and was taken by his eldest son Liu Chan, who was known as the Later Lord. During the Later Lord's reign, Zhuge Liang had five Northern Expeditions (see Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition for details), but repeatedly to no avail; Jiang Wei's Nine Expeditions to the Central Plains (see Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition for details) failed again and again. After the death of the four phases of shu and Han, the inner court was gradually controlled by eunuchs, so that the front war was not known to Liu Chan, and eventually it was destroyed by the Wei generals Zhong Hui and Deng Ai, Liu Chan surrendered on his own, and the Shu state perished. Later, Jiang Wei intended to restore the country with the help of Zhong Hui's power, but the plan failed.
The Shu Han dynasty mainly occupied Yizhou, divided into twenty-two counties, with one hundred and thirty-one counties, the following are the counties set up by the Shu Han in about 262. It is generally divided into three areas:
Shuzhong
Gained by Liu Bei's defeat of Liu Zhang in 214, it was the main county of Shu Han, including:
Shu County, Qin has been set up, leading five counties Chengdu County (Shu Han capital), Fan County, Jiangyuan County, Linqi County, Pi County Zitong County, Liu Bei divided into Guanghan County, leading five counties Zitong County, Fu County, Hande County, Hanshou County, Baishui County, Guanghan County, Western Han Set, leading five counties Luo County, Shifang County, Mianzhu County, Xindu County, Yangquan County (Shufen Mianzhu County) Dongguang Han County, Shu Han Shi Divided Guanghan County, leading four counties Yi County, Deyang County, Wucheng County, Guanghan County Wenshan County, Eastern Han Dynasty set, leading eight counties Wenshan County, Xiangyi County, Du'an County, Mianyu County, Pingkang County, Silkworm County, Guangrou County, Baima County (Shuzhi) Ba County, Qin has been set up, Liu Zhang in 201 divided Ba County to set yongning County, Shu Han retained, leading the four counties of Jiangzhou County, Matjiang County, Linjiang County, Yu County, Bashi County, originally separated by Liu Zhang in 201 from Ba County, leading seven counties Langzhong County, XichongGuo, NanchongGuo, Hanchang County, Xuanhan County, Anhan County, Tangqu County Badong County, in 216, the Eastern Han County set up Guling County, Shu Han shi changed to Badong County, In 201, the Eastern Han Dynasty was set up, leading five counties, Hanfu County, Fuling County, Hanfu County, Fuling County, Hanfu County, Hanfu County, Five Counties Hanfu County, Fuling County, Hanping County, Hanye County, Wanning County, Qianwei County, Western Han Set, five counties Wuyang County, Nan'an County, Wudao County, Zizhong County, Niuwei County, Jiangyang County, in 221, Shu han county set up, leading three counties Jiangyang County, Fu County, Han'an County Hanjia County, The Eastern Han Set, originally Shu County, in 221, Shu Han changed its name to Hanjia County, with four counties, Hanjia County, Yi County, Yandao County, and Xuniu County
Hanzhong area
Gained for the northern defensive positions of shu Han mainland and attacking Cao Wei, including:
Hanzhong Commandery, Qin has been set up, in 219 Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao in the Battle of Hanzhong, leading the five counties of Nanzheng County, Baozhong County, Qiuyang County, Chenggu County, Nanxiang County Wudu County, Western Han Set, Zhuge Liang's Third Northern Expedition was taken from Cao Wei, leading the six counties Xiajie County, Hechi County, Frustrated County, Wudu County, Gudao County, Qiangdao County Yinping County, Eastern Han Set, formerly known as Guanghan County, Cao Wei changed to Yinping County, Zhuge Liang's third Northern Expedition was taken from Cao Wei, leading the two counties Yinping County and Pingguang County
The Land of the South
The native south is called the Land of the South, and the governor of the prefecture includes:
In 221, Shu Han changed its name to Zhu Ti County, leading five counties Zhu Ti County, Nanguang County, Hanyang County, Nanchang County, Tangwolf County Yuewei County, Western Han Set, leading eleven counties Huiwu County, Qiongdu County, Beishui County, Dingping County, Taideng County, Anshang County, Xindao County, Qianjie County, Sansui County, Suqi County, Yanxian Muke County, Western Han Set, leading seven counties and Lan County, Tanzhi County, Yelang County, Wuxi County, Qiong County, Pingyi County, Guangtan County, Yunnan County, after Zhuge Liang's southern expedition, divided into Jianning County, Yongchang County, with seven counties of Yunnan County, Yongdong County, Qingjing County, Gufu County, Evil Dragon County, Yuyu County, Suijiu County Xinggu County, after Zhuge Liang's Southern Expedition, divided into Jianning County, Muke County, leading nine counties, Guchang County, Lianran County, Qinzang County, Shuangbai County, Yuyuan County, Xiuyun County, Dianchi County, Tonglao County, Tongjing County, Shengxiu County, Jianling County, Yongchang County, eastern Han Dynasty, including seven counties Buwei County, Yongshou County, Bisu County, Nanfu County, Weitang County, Ailao County, bonan county
Turbulent and tortuous
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Bei recruited troops to participate in the suppression of the Yellow Turban, and several military achievements were made, successively serving as An Xi Wei, Gao Tang Ling, Pingyuan County Ling, and Pingyuan Xiang. Cao Cao attacked Tao Qian and wanted to capture Xuzhou, and Tao Qian asked Liu Bei for help. Liu Bei stepped forward and went to the rescue, Cao Cao's soldiers retreated, under the repeated concessions of Tao Qian and others, Liu Bei resigned on the grounds of talent and shallowness, and after Tao Qian died of illness, Chen Deng and others greeted Liu Bei and asked him to lead Xuzhou Mu, Liu Bei had to accept out of great righteousness. Later, Xuzhou was taken by Lü Bu again, liu Bei had no choice but to attach himself to Cao Cao, and together with Cao Cao captured Lü Bu in Xia Pi, and later Cao Cao played the role of Emperor Xian of Han and was given the title of General of Zuo and Yuzhou Mu, but Liu Beizhi was not small, took the opportunity to escape Cao Cao's control, beheaded Xuzhou's assassin Shi Che, and reoccupied Xuzhou. However, Cao Cao personally led a large army to attack, Liu Bei was defeated, the power group was scattered, Guan Yu was captured, and Liu Bei attached himself to Yuan Shao. Later, Liu Bei retreated to Xinye to attach himself to Liu Biao, and most of the talents in Jingzhou were attached to Liu Bei, and Cao Cao's generals Xiahou Huan and Cao Ren led a large army to attack, and Liu Bei, with his extraordinary military ability, burned Bowangpo and defeated Cao's army several times. Later, he looked at Maolu three times and was loyally assisted by Zhuge Liang. After Cao Cao marched south to Jingzhou, Liu Bei was defeated by Changsaka of Dangyang.
Across the Jingyi, hegemony has just emerged
In the thirteenth year of Jian'an (208 AD), Liu Bei united with Sun Quan and led a coalition army with Zhou Yu to defeat Cao Cao at Chibi, and after Cao Cao's army was defeated, the north returned to Baobei. Liu Bei took advantage of the situation to capture the four southern counties of Jingzhou, Changsha, Lingling, Guiyang, and Wuling, and occupied the four counties in the south of Jingzhou. Liu Bei then borrowed Nan Commandery (mainly Jiangling, the seat of nan commandery) from Eastern Wu, and Liu Bei occupied the five counties of Jingzhou at this time.
Liu Bei also took advantage of the fact that "Liu Zhang was weak" and Shu Chuan was "a wise man who thought of the Lord" and captured Liu Zhang's Yizhou. In the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219 AD), Liu Bei, under the planning of Fazheng, Huang Quan and others, attacked Hanzhong in the north, killed Cao Cao's famous general Xiahou Yuan at the Battle of Hanzhong, forced Cao Cao to retreat, completely occupied Cao Cao's Hanzhong, and entered the throne of Hanzhong in the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219), making the Shu Han regime reach its peak.
Lost Jingzhou, from prosperity to decline
However, Liu Bei's clique miscalculated the form at that time, and Longzhong's decision-making said: "If there is a change in the world, then order the general to take the army of Jingzhou to Xiang Wan and Luo, and the general to lead the people of Yizhou out of Qinchuan," The situation at that time did not "change in the world", Guan Yu was anxious to succeed, and the northern expedition of the lone army, although the flooded Seventh Army, captured in the forbidden, beheaded Pound, Wei Zhen Huaxia, and encircled Cao Ren in Xiangyang, reaching the highest peak in the military, but the rear of Jingzhou was empty, and Eastern Wu Lü Meng took the opportunity to sneak into Jingzhou with a white-clothed record, and Mi Fang and Fu Shiren surrendered to Eastern Wu. The rear base of Jingzhou had been lost, Guan Yu could not attack Xiangyang for a long time, and could not repel Xu Huang's reinforcements, the army was scattered, Guan Yu had to lead the army to retreat, but at this time, the people's hearts were scattered, most of the soldiers and soldiers fled, and finally Guan Yu was captured by the Wu army and killed.
Guan Yu lost Jingzhou, resulting in the decline of Shu Han's national strength, the loss of a large base to advance into the Central Plains, in vain, Longzhong decision-making also died, after, Shu Han attacked the Central Plains, had to march from Longxi, the result was decades of Northern Expedition, once without success.
The fiasco was destroyed and the vitality was greatly damaged
In October of the first year of Yankang (220), Cao Pi deposed Emperor Xian of Han and established the state of Wei, with the capital luoyang, and Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu after Cao Pi usurped Han as Wei, re-established the Han Dynasty as a relative of the Han Dynasty, continued the unification of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and changed the yuan to Zhang Wu in the first year. In the same year, Liu Bei, in the name of Revenge on Guan Yu, sent an army to attack Eastern Wu with the intention of retaking Jingzhou, but in the summer of Zhang Wu's second year (222), he was defeated by the Wu general Lu Xun at the Battle of Yiling, and finally retreated to the White Emperor's City, and the Shu Han army was almost completely destroyed, and Liu Bei regretted and hated and fell ill. In April of the third year of Zhang Wu (223), Liu Bei died, and his posthumous title was Emperor Zhaolie.
Support the crisis, powerless to return to heaven
Liu Chan was incompetent. In the early period of his reign, he mainly relied on Zhuge Liang to govern the country, and there was a brief revival of the Shu Han Dynasty. However, Zhuge Liang sent troops to the Northern Expedition several times to attack the State of Wei, but they were all defeated and depleted of national strength, and Zhuge Liang eventually died of illness in Wuzhangyuan.
After Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Huan and Fei Yi assisted the government, and they followed Zhuge Liang's established policy and ruled the country "saltily inheriting Zhuge Zhuge 's rules, following the rules and not reforming", uniting internally, and not easily using troops, which once enabled Shu Han to maintain a relatively stable situation and maintain the stability of Shu Han. After Jiang Wei and Fei Yi, the general Jiang Wei came to power and repeatedly northernly attacked Cao Wei, but the Strength of Shu Han was weak, and Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition did not succeed once, but consumed national strength.
Confused by Yan Zhu, he will eventually perish the country
Since Zhuge Liang's death, Liu Chan had become even more dim-witted, coveting pleasures, and ignoring the government, and the eunuch Huang Hao took the opportunity to gain favor and power, form a party for personal gain, and the government was not in power, and even Jiang Wei, fearing being killed, invited himself to plant wheat in Puzhong (northwest of Zhouqu, present-day Gannan Prefecture, Gansu) to avoid disaster. At this point, the foundation of the Shu Han Dynasty had been greatly shaken.
In 263, the State of Wei attacked Shu Han in three ways, Wei attacked Deng Ai by copying a small road into Shuzhong, and Liu Chan sent Zhuge Liang's son Zhuge Zhan to block Deng Ai. Zhuge Zhan was killed in battle at Mianzhu, and the Wei army approached Chengdu. At this time, the main force of the Shu army led by Jiang Wei was still stationed in the Sword Pavilion without any damage. When the lord heard that the enemy army was approaching, he panicked and was overwhelmed. Hurriedly summoned the minister for consultation. It was suggested that houzhong flee to the southern central region (present-day southern Sichuan and parts of Yunnan and Guizhou), but the situation there was complicated and it was uncertain whether it would be able to stand firm. Some people suggested that Sun Wu be invested in the east, but Sun Wu was also weakening day by day, and it was difficult to protect himself. Guanglu Dafu zhou li advocated the surrender of Wei, and the later lord actually accepted the suggestion of surrendering Wei, tied his hands, went out of the city to surrender to Deng Ai, and according to Deng Ai's orders, ordered all the Shu troops to surrender.