This work is a contribution to the column of the Museum of History, representing only the personal views of the author; this work is not a rigorous historical academic research, for reference only; unauthorized, prohibited second transmission, violators will be investigated.
This article is written by Jinfan Ranger
In addition to the Li Te brothers who controlled important military positions, the exiled military government also participated in the exile chiefs of the six counties, as well as Li Te's brother-in-law Li Han, Li Te's sons Li Shi, Li Dang, Li Xiong, and others. As a result, their identities and tasks are facing a transformation – from wandering in all directions to becoming the masters of Yizhou.
Therefore, they changed the previous practice of going to the four sides and plundering everywhere, and they agreed with the people on three chapters of the law, strictly enforced military discipline, and opened warehouses to release grain to help the people displaced by the war. Moreover, deeply influenced by Sinicization, they also imitated the official system of the Han and Jin Dynasties and initially established the prototype of the government.
In contrast to the greedy and unbridled greed of Luo Shang and Xin Ran, the people of Bashu developed more sympathy and support for the reorganized military-disciplined group of displaced people.
"Li Te Shangke, Luo Shang killed me", this is the song circulated by the people of Bashu, so it can be seen that even If Li Te, who snatched Chengdu, is still a slightly better party compared to Luo Shang, who has grabbed too much, the harsh rule suffered by the people of Bashu can be imagined.
For the yizhou land snakes, their feelings for Li Te are now more complicated. After the fall of the Shu Han Dynasty, the Jingzhou Gang and the Dongzhou Gang, which had strong military strength, were moved away from Yizhou, and these land snakes had never experienced the process of arming during the Shu Han Dynasty, although they united to form a Dock Fort, they still could not resist the continuous invasion of the displaced people, so they needed to rely on the strength of the imperial court to resist the displaced people, and many Bashu surnames became Luo Shang's subordinates, which is reflected.
But Luo Shang's initial battle was unfavorable, and they also had to think about the back road for themselves, so these ground snakes also played a superficial kung fu with Li Te and bet at both ends.
To put it bluntly, whoever wins, they help.
In order to further win the hearts and minds of the people, and in order to find the legitimacy of the regime for the exiled military government, and also to reduce the imperial court's conquest of the exile army, Li Te instructed the Han people in the six counties to join forces and write a letter, citing the example of the warlord Dou Rong in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, saying that the exile army only defended itself according to Shouyi Prefecture, and when the world was stable, it would submit to the imperial court like Dou Rong.
Having said that, the exile army did not stop the pace of the attack, and they first targeted Guanghan, who was stationed by Xin Ran. Luo Shang sent Li Yuan and Fei Yuan to rescue Xin Ran, but they were all afraid of Li Te and did not dare to enter the army, and Xin Ran could only fight alone. After several battles, Xin Ran was defeated by Li Te, and simply did not stop, threw the pot of defeat to his subordinates, and fled to Deyang himself.
A few years later, the greedy Xin Ran transferred to the governor of Jingzhou, Liu Hong, as an official, and he regarded Liu Hong as a selfish and selfish person like Luo Shang, and persuaded Liu Hong to divide Jingzhou, which made Liu Hong furious and put him to death.
There is indeed a difference between the human realm and the human realm.
After taking Guanghan, Li Te appointed Li Chao as the new Guanghan Taishou and declared himself Yizhou Mu and The Governor of Yiliang, and began to march toward Chengdu. Luo Shang could not fight the war, so he wrote to Yan Shi in anger, saying that I did not agree to your request for an extension? How do you talk without counting?
Yan Shiyizheng refuted Luo Shang's face in words, saying: "I told you before that Xin Ran, Zeng Yuan, and Li Mo were authoritarian and self-respecting and untrustworthy, and you did not listen, and you also told you about the correct way to dispose of the displaced people, to understand their difficulties, to spare time, you still do not listen." Now the displaced people are forced to have no way to live, which is why such chaos has occurred. If I had accepted my opinion and relaxed the deadline so that the displaced people could calmly prepare, they could all gather after September, and they could go on the road to return home in October. ”
[1] November 301 AD
In the battle with Li Te, Luo Shang was gradually defeated, but as Luo Xian's nephew, although he did not learn the essence of Luo Xian's defensive tactics, he was also educated to a certain extent. He found that the biggest weakness of the displaced people's army was that there was no water army, so he deployed along the Pi River on the east side of Chengdu, established a military defense line that stretched for hundreds of miles, confronted Li Tejiajiang, and asked for help from neighboring Liangzhou and Ningzhou.
Liang Prefecture sent an army led by Zhang Wei, the former Guanghan Taishou, to garrison Deyang, while Sima Yong of Guanzhong also sent an army led by Ya Bo to Zitong, and the army of Luo Shang's subordinate Zhang Gui stationed at Fancheng formed a siege of Li Te.
Li Te sent his son Li Dang to deal with Ya Bo and personally deal with Zhang Gui, both armies won a great victory, Zi Tong Taishou fled, the rest of the troops all surrendered, Li Dang even drove Ya Bo through Ye Meng Pass, and then the two displaced people's armies turned their heads to deal with Zhang Wei in Deyang.
Compared with the first two straw bales, Zhang Wei did not give in vain, he relied on the steep terrain and Li Te for a long time, and observed that Li Te's camp was empty, so he sent a small group of infantry around the mountain beam to sneak up on Li Te.
Li Te was caught off guard, surrounded by steep mountains, there was nowhere to escape, and everyone did not know what to do.
Some people advised Li Te to retreat first, but Li Te understood that the mountain road was narrow, and even if he retreated, he could not escape far, and when the morale of the army collapsed, only one of them would die. He put his hopes on his son Li Dang, believing that Li Dang would definitely come to save him, and decided to resolutely resist.
Li Dang did come to save his father, but Zhang Wei's troops were more and more numerous, the mountain road was very narrow, and could only accommodate one or two people to pass, Li Dang's army was blocked at the intersection by death, Li Dang made up his mind, and said to Sima Wang Xin on the side: "Father is under siege by the enemy, today I am desperate to save him!" So he put on his double armor and held a spear, and shouted forward, and wherever he went, those who stood in his way would surely die.
After Li Dang killed more than a dozen people in a row, Zhang Wei's army finally could not hold up and collapsed, and Li Te was spared.
Li Te, who had escaped from the day, prepared to retreat back to Fucheng, and at the strong insistence of Li Dang and Wang Xin, the exile army continued to bite its teeth and attack Zhang Wei, completely defeating and killing him, and after the exile army captured Deyang.
Seeing that Li Te had placed his main forces in Deyang, Luo Shang launched an attack on Li Jun's army stationed at Biqiao (in present-day Xindu District, Chengdu), intending to steal a chicken. But Luo Shang's defense was OK, the attack was really difficult to say, even Li Jun, who was a partial division, could not take it down, Li Jun even cooperated with Li Liu, after defeating Luo Shang's attack, he also pushed back to the north of Chengdu, thanks to the new LiangZhou assassin Shi Xuxiong continued to send reinforcements to Yizhou, pinning down Li Te's strength, so that Luo Shang stabilized the defense line.
[2] 302 CE
However, Liangzhou also undertook a lot of pressure, and the two counties of Brazil and Zitong fell into the hands of the displaced people, and Liangzhou gradually could not organize enough forces to counterattack. Luo Shang could only put his hopes on the Ningzhou side, but he didn't know that the contradictions faced by the Ningzhou Assassins were even more troublesome than him.
Ningzhou is the southern central region, from the beginning of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Central Plains imperial court will be a part of the haoqiang migration to nanzhong, the formation of Cuan, Meng, Li, Dong, Yong, Mao, Zhu, Lü and other surnames. These large surnames and ethnic minority leaders in the South Central region intermarried with each other, forming a central government in which local forces in south central China resisted the growing oppression. During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang's pacification of Nanzhong was actually a community of battles with the local Han people and ethnic minority leaders, in view of the long-term oppressive policy of the Central Plains Dynasty against the Yi people caused repeated rebellions in Nanzhong, Zhuge Liang adopted the Huairou policy to collect materials and people's hearts in the southern central region, providing a lot of support for the Northern Expedition.
By the time of the Western Jin Dynasty, the southern central region was once again under the oppression of the Central Plains Dynasty. In addition to the annual fixed tributes, the local Han and Yi people had to make offerings to officials at all levels, and even the privileges in the local career were stripped away.
Just when Li Te took Guanghan, the oppressed Nanzhong surnames organized an uprising of tens of thousands of people, echoing Li Te.
The suppressed Lieutenant Colonel Nan had a hard time cleaning up the situation, but he short-circuited his head and killed the surrendered Nanzhong Han people Haoqiang, which provoked a larger anti-Jin movement of Yi Shuai.
Naturally, Ningzhou could not pull out the strength to support Luo Shang. Not only that, Nanzhong also suffered from famine and plague, and more than 100,000 people died in this large-scale natural disaster and man-made disaster, and the turbulent Nanzhong also became one of the factors of instability in the Jin Dynasty.
Liang Prefecture and Ning Prefecture could not be counted on, Luo Shang could only rely on himself, the Pi River Defense Line he established resisted Li Te for nearly a year, and finally it was not strong enough, it was attacked by Li Te, and the army came to Chengdu.
Seeing that the situation was not good, Shaocheng's military commander Shu Commandery Taishou led the crowd to surrender, and Luo Shang could only retreat to Taicheng.
Unlike the last capture of Chengdu, Li Te only ordered the acquisition of horses for military funds, and did not take the method of plundering other materials, which won a wave of popularity. At this time, the group of displaced people had begun to change from a purely military group with the attributes of a rogue to a separatist and nation-building group with political goals.
Seeing that Li Te did not show any flaws, Roshan could only send emissaries to discuss peace talks to win respite.
The situation has developed here, Li Te's situation can not be said to be a good, but it is definitely a bright, Yizhou haoqiang have sent down the watch, shouting Li Te gangster bull, take us!
[3] Litw asked Roshan
His son Li Liu, however, believed that the situation was not so simple: these displaced people were nothing more than rudders in the wind, and they could not fully trust them, so it was better to take their sons in the camp as hostages.
But Li Te has already swelled up a bit, and he thinks that the hostage-taking shows distrust of these people, and it is better to divide the troops into the dock forts of these powerful people, to deter them militarily at close range, and to solve the problem of insufficient military food by taking food on the spot.
The so-called "local food" is obviously not a literal guest at the Dock Fort, and people are in charge of food. After all, a few mouths and a dozen mouths are easy to say, and a few hundred more mouths are not so easy to manage, and if there is no food to eat, the displaced people will not give up, they have a strong military force in their hands, if they do not give, they will directly grab.
This completely intensified the contradiction between the exile army and the natives of Yizhou. Originally it was to match the meaning of the meaning, but also kicked the nose on the face? What are you counting? The natives of Yizhou were very dissatisfied.
Li Te's move to buy people's hearts and minds only eased the contradiction between the displaced people and the natives, and did not fundamentally solve the problem, because the exclusivity of the exile army is very strong, so far, the main official positions of the military government are held by the displaced people in the six counties, the indigenous people of Yizhou have not been included in the ruling group, and they naturally do not have a sense of recognition of the exile military government.
The imperial court was not prepared to let Luo Shang insist alone, they soon sent reinforcements, this time, the reinforcements came from Jingzhou, led by Jingzhou Assassin Shi Zongdai and Jianping Taishou Sun Fu, leading the army was Jingzhou's strong water army, a total of 30,000 people. This army soon reached Deyang, and Li Te sent Li Dang and the new Shu Commandery Taishou Li Huang to support Deyang Taishou, and the two sides were deadlocked at Deyang.
Seeing the strength of the imperial court, the powerful people of Yizhou were again active, and this movement was detected by Luo Shang's subordinate Ren Rui, who proposed to Luo Shang: "Li Te let the people scatter and eat on the spot, these people must be proud and sluggish and defenseless, this is the heavens to let him perish." We can secretly make a time with the various dock forts, and when the time comes, we will be able to defeat him by attacking inside and outside at the same time. ”
Roshan took his advice.
In the middle of the night, Ren Rui slipped down the city with a rope to Go to Li Te's camp to pretend to surrender, on the one hand, to ensure that he maintained contact with the villages, and on the other hand, to spy on Li Te's military intelligence. Little asked him, "What's going on in town?" Ren Rui replied falsely, "The grain in the city is almost finished, and only some money and cloth are left." ”
Li Te was very happy, Ren Rui took the opportunity to request to go out of the camp to visit his family, and after getting permission, Ren Rui was able to conveniently go to the various dock forts, secretly consulted with them, and agreed to launch a joint attack on February 10, with the secret code: At Piyang Water.
On the night of February 10, as the secret code of "In The Water of Piyang" spread in the various Forts, the mighty men raised their troops according to the agreement and killed the displaced soldiers who came to eat in their respective Forts, and Roshan also sent troops to attack Li te's barracks.
In this long dark night, the Yizhou heroes finally found an opportunity to vent and launch a bloody purge against these hateful outsiders. Many of the displaced soldiers lost their lives in such a vacuum, and all the forts were covered with corpses. Two days later, Li Te and his eldest brother Li Fu and others died in the rebellion, and the displaced soldiers were defeated and forced to evacuate Shaocheng, and even Li Te's body was too late to take away.
Luo Shang found Li Te's body, cut off his head, sent it to Luoyang, and then burned the body clean, which could be regarded as solving a difficult opponent.
The remnants of the exile army were taken in by Li Te's sons Li Dang and Li Xiong, retreated to Chizu, and organized as the North Battalion, while the main force was commanded by Li Te's fourth brother Li Liu, organized as the East Battalion, waiting for the next move.
With the death of Li Te, the many contradictions that had previously accumulated within the exile army became prominent one by one, first of all, the ethnic contradictions within the exile army.
From the very beginning of its establishment, the exile military government was a regime controlled by the six counties, and the core leaders of the regime were mostly the six counties, and there were no leaders of the Six Counties and Qiang. Although the Li clan is a Squatter, they have been Sinicized for a long time, and they are no different from the general Han people.
In terms of contribution, the Qiang and Qiang people are not less than the Han people, such as Zhi Cheng and Kui Bo, who followed Li Te to fight the world from the beginning, but they were not reused in the exile military government, and the seeds of dissatisfaction were thus planted. During His lifetime, Li Te was able to suppress these contradictions with his ability to lead and prestige. After Li Te's death, the military was unstable and the people's hearts were moving, and the contradiction between these Qiang chiefs and the six counties became more and more obvious.
The joint attack of Luo Shang and the Jingzhou Army exposed all the contradictions between the exile army. Just two months after Li Te's death, Luo Shang sent Zhang Gui, He Chong, Chang Shen and others to garrison Fancheng, forced the surrender of Mianzhu, the stronghold of the displaced people's army, and then attacked Li Liu's northern camp. Chang Shen defeated Li Jun and beheaded Li Pan, and the exile army fell into chaos. At this time, Fuling's powerful medicine gentry and Dua also took the opportunity to attack Li Liu, and Li Liu asked Li Lang and Li Xiong to resist the medicine gentry, while he and his brother Li Jun sent troops to deal with Chang Shen, and the northern camp was vacated. He Chong saw this opportunity to attack the North Camp, and the Qiang leaders in the battalion, Gong Cheng and Kui Bo, were already dissatisfied and took the opportunity to defect in the camp and surrender to He Chong.
Just when the situation was extremely severe, a female war god stood up, and she was Li Dang's mother Luo Shi. She wore armor to meet the rebellious Kui Bo, Kui Bo slashed her in the eye, the female god of war was not frightened, but the more courageous and more powerful. Just when the camp was about to be breached, the attacking displaced people's army defeated Chang Shen and Yao Shen, returned to the camp in time, and broke the He Chong army, which saved the situation.
Xiang Cheng and Kui Bo led their men to break out and defect to Luo Shang, Li Liu took advantage of the victory to pursue and directly reached the city of Chengdu, Luo Shang was forced to hold on behind closed doors, and just as the displaced people's army reversed the situation, they learned a bad news: the heroic general Li Dang was accidentally hit by a spear and died because he was chasing the fleeing enemy. In order to calm people's minds, Li Xiong and Luo Shi secretly brought back Li Dang's body, at this time, the imperial court once again sent Liu Shen to command Luo Shang, Xu Xiong's Yi, and Liang Erzhou's troops to coordinate the crusade against Li Liu, but because Liu Shen was left behind by Sima Hao, he sent another person.
As the situation deteriorates, another major contradiction within the exile army becomes more and more prominent, and that is the contradiction about leadership. This contradiction mainly focuses on one question: Is it to continue to fight? Or surrender?
Due to the huge strength of the Jingzhou army, the new leader Li Liu, under the persuasion of his brother-in-law Li Han, planned to surrender before the arrival of the Jingzhou army, but Li Jun and Li Teh's son Li Xiong did not think it was possible, and finally Li Liu decided to send his son Li Shi and Li Han's son Li Hu to Sun Fu's army as hostages.
Li Han's son Li Li was serving as the Taishou of Zi Tong at this time, and he did not approve of the idea of surrendering, so he set out from Zi Tong to Li Liu's camp to persuade him, but he was still one step too late.
So Li Li turned to Li Xiong to discuss how to solve the current crisis, and after discussion, the two men thought that sneaking attack on Sun Fu was the best way.
But Li Xiong raised a question: "Li Liu and Li Han disagree, what to do?" ”
Li Li is Li Liu's nephew and li Han's son, and Li Xiong's question is to take the opportunity to observe Li Li's attitude.
Li Li replied very firmly: "If they don't agree, kidnap them to make a big deal out of it!" ”
[4] Li Xiong
Li Xiong was very happy: What you want is your attitude! They then said to the displaced people together: "We used to brutally treat the people of Yizhou, and now once we surrender, we will become the fish and meat they will slaughter, and only by attacking Sun Fu with one heart and one mind can we ensure our wealth!" ”
"Makes sense!" Many of the displaced people gave up the idea of surrender, listened to their opinions, and under their leadership launched a surprise attack on Sun Fu and destroyed Sun Fu's army. At this time, Zong Dai also died of illness in Matjiang on the way to the march, and the Jingzhou army retreated here, and the crisis of the displaced people was also lifted.
After this war, Li Xiong's reputation was greatly enhanced, and Li Liu also knew very well that he had actually been overshadowed by Li Xiong, and he had actually lost the possibility of continuing to rule the displaced people. He then went down the slope and proposed to hand over the main power to Li Xiong, and at this point, the exile army completed a smooth transfer of power.
[5] May 303 AD
The displaced people's army has ushered in a new leader, they continue to move forward in the midst of many contradictions, and they will continue to grow in many contradictions, what will they become in the end?
[6] The situation at the time of Lee's death
Resources
[1] Fang Xuanling (Tang) et al. Book of Jin
[2] Chang Xuan (Jin) • Huayang Guozhi
[3] Wang Zhongji, History of the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei and Jin Dynasties
[4] Cui Hong (Northern Wei) · Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms
[5] Sima Guang (Song) · Zizhi Tongjian
[6] Zhao Chenyun, "Research on the Construction of Political Power in Chenghan"
[7] Gao Ran, Fan Shuangshuang, History of the Chenghan Kingdom