I believe you have heard of the history of Wuhu Chaohua, which occurred during the reign of Emperor Hui of the Western Jin Dynasty, and in general, the crown of the south crossing, this is an era of wolf dancing, but also an era of turmoil and the collapse of lile, but also an era of Han chinese decline.
The history of the Sixteen Kingdoms of Wuhu Chaohua has always been more complicated, and it is also the Wei and Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties period referred to in the book, the situation of this period is extremely similar to the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period, but it is more chaotic than it is, many people only know what it is, but do not know why it is so, so the author wants to clarify this history for you.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="01" > han thieves are not opposed, Wang Ye is not biased! </h1>
The occurrence of historical events has never been empty, but there are real reasons, just like the Development of Wuhu Chaohua, although the development of this period of history is not particularly clear, but there is a very key main line that explains to us the reasons why Wuhu entered the Central Plains, and reveals the whole process of replacing the decline of the Western Jin Dynasty: using Hu - Embracing Hu - Hu Hu.
Wuhu is plainly the Five Great Hu people, referring to the ethnic minorities in the northern and southwestern regions of the Central Plains regime, including the Xiongnu, the fierce enemy of the Han Dynasty, and the four ethnic minorities of The Xiongnu, who were not sullen or emerging, and the four ethnic minorities of Qiang, Qiang, Qiang and Xianbei, who were collectively known as Wuhu by posterity.
The rulers of the Western Jin Dynasty have always pursued the strategy of using Hu, and there is almost no obstacle to their migration, while the Hu people have meritorious service to the Jin, have the privilege of living in the interior, and some have even crossed the Great Wall and mixed with the Han, but they still maintain the custom of nomadic hunting on horseback.
They coveted the central plains' dazzling array of gold and silver jewelry and rich grain and materials, but in the early days of the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, the world was reunified, the national strength was strong, and the Hu people did not dare to move, but just lurked in the Central Plains waiting for the arrival of heaven and place.
Emperor Hui of Jin
However, during the period from Emperor Taikang of the Jin Dynasty to Emperor Taixi of Jin, drought broke out all over the country, famine broke out in Guanzhong, many people were displaced, and the tragic situation of "white bones exposed in the wild, no chickens singing in thousands of miles" at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty was reproduced, and the imperial court was also facing the rebellion of the Eight Kings at that time, unable to relieve the disaster, and the Yu people used this opportunity to incite the people of Guanzhong to rise up, and the rule of the Western Jin Dynasty was in jeopardy.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="02" > the first shot fired by Liu Yuan, a Xiongnu. </h1>
Xiongnu since ancient times, since the return of the Southern Xiongnu to the Han, was placed in the Shuo County area suitable for the survival of nomadic peoples, the Eastern Han Dynasty Northern Xiongnu moved west, and the Eastern Han rulers in order to make up for the lack of troops, began to introduce some Hu people to join the army establishment, that is, from this time on, the ethnic minorities located in the north or west of the Central Plains began to have a certain degree of internal migration.
Later, Cao Cao unified the north, in order to break the threat of the Xiongnu to the Central Plains, divided the Xiongnu into five parts, and fundamentally disintegrated the internal structure of the Xiongnu, so that after the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, most of the Huns who migrated inward began to mix with the Han, and the scope of their lives is stated in the Zizhi Tongjian:
"Xiongnu and Jin people mixed residence, Pingyang, Xihe, Taiyuan, Xinxing, Shangdang, Leping, all without a yan."
But they still retained their national cohesion, so that liu yuan could go so smoothly when he later revolted.
In the first year of Emperor Yongxing of the Jin Dynasty, Sima Ying, the king of Chengdu, in order to strengthen his own power, paid tribute to the Xiongnu Liu Yuan as a general of Ning Shuo and garrisoned the area around Yicheng to resist and assassinate Sima Teng's attack.
Soon, Sima Teng, together with Xianbei and Wuhuan, led tens of thousands of troops to attack, and Sima Ying's fiefdom was greatly threatened, and in order to prompt Liu Yuan to sincerely give his life, Sima Ying overstepping his rank and promoting Liu Yuan to be the Minister of Northern Danyu and Counselor, giving Liu Yuan enough military power and status, and allowing him to return and mobilize five Xiongnu troops to come to his aid.
There were originally a large number of Xiongnu living in Hezhou, which coincided with the last year of the Western Jin Dynasty, the soldiers were in chaos, and most of the Han people moved to the Jiangnan region, which made the proportion of Han and Xiongnu people change dramatically again, and Liu Yuan happened to be a member of the Xiongnu, and was used by Sima Ying, and the powerful and powerful him soon gathered 50,000 soldiers and horses in Hezhou.
Portrait of Liu Yuan
After Liu Yuan returned to his territory, Liu Xuan and others who had been planning for a long time have elected Liu Yuan as a big single Yu, and Liu Yuan was deeply influenced by Han culture and also understood the principle of "rabbit and dog cooking", just at this time, the Western Jin Dynasty was about to run out of gas, and he was powerful and powerful, so why not support the army and stand on its own?
At the instigation of the Xiongnu, Liu Yuan decided to give up working for the Jin Dynasty and openly rebelled against the Jin Dynasty, but was later suppressed by Sima Teng's army and retreated to Zuo Guocheng to hold on, where Liu Yuan, in order to gain the legitimate dominance of the Hu people, proclaimed himself king of Han in 304 under the guise of a descendant of the Han Dynasty and established the Zhao regime.
As a far-sighted strategist and military strategist, Liu Yuan knew that there were still many remnants of the restoration of the Han Dynasty at this moment, so he pushed the boat along the water, and enshrined Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gaozu, and Liu Bei, the emperor of Han Zhaolie, as the orthodox, and his own surname was Liu, declaring himself a descendant of the Han Dynasty royal family, using this unique feature to win people's hearts and consolidate his political power.
Before Liu Yuan, almost no foreign tribes established complete political power in the land of China, Liu Yuan set a precedent and opened up the first regime for foreign tribes to enter the Central Plains, and the xiongnu people's desire to enter the Central Plains for hundreds of years was finally realized, and at the same time, the prelude to the Wuhu Chaohua was also unveiled.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="03" > In the same year of Liu Yuan's founding, Li Xiong, the leader of the Western Qi, also established the Chenghan regime. </h1>
The Qi people have a long history and a wide variety of species, the Three Kingdoms period mainly gathered between Longshu, Cao Cao moved the Yu people to Nei County in order to avoid "the enemy of the people and the strong thief Kou", after the Western Jin Dynasty, the Huan people in addition to living in Wudu, Yinping, but also formed longnan and Guanzhong two centers.
The Migration of the Hu people and the staggered residence of the Han People, learned to develop the agricultural economy, and the population grew very rapidly, and there is a record of "more than half of the Rong Di" in the "Jin Shu Jiang Tong Biography".
Until the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the king had no way, and encountered rare natural disasters, and the displaced people in the Guanzhong area were everywhere, and in order to survive, they could only go to Bashu and Shu, where there was a little grain storage.
A large number of refugees flocked to the area, which attracted the special attention of Yizhou's assassin Shi Zhao, who saw that at this time the counties under the rule of the Western Jin Dynasty were no longer prosperous and decayed, so he had the idea of mercenaries dividing Bashu, as for how to divide it? It is to buy people's hearts.
Zhao Liao's first thought was to open a warehouse to release grain, to appease the displaced people everywhere, to feed them, and to be loyal to themselves after they had a fixed residence, so Zhao Liao reported his ideas to the imperial court.
However, the imperial court was still short of food and could not support it, but the displaced people in Bashu and Bashu were a great threat to the imperial court, so the imperial court sent Li Mo to Bashu to evacuate the displaced people, at this time Zhao Liao intended to bribe Li Mo, let him lie about the number of people, and played the imperial court to allow the displaced people to enter the two cities of Bashu, the imperial court believed Li Mo's words and approved Zhao Liao's request to take in the displaced people.
After a large number of displaced people entered Bashu, Zhao Liao specially sent two brothers, Li Te and Li Li, of the Xian ethnic group, to manage them on their behalf, but they did not expect that the two were indeed talents, lived up to the expectations of the people, and managed the displaced people in an orderly manner, and Zhao Liao was very satisfied in his heart, so he promoted the two men to official positions.
Later, the political situation changed, and Sima Lun, the king of Zhao, deposed Jia and became emperor himself, and Zhao Liao, fearing that he would be implicated in Jia's case, simply attacked first, secretly killed the internal envoy Geng Teng, and declared himself king in Yizhou.
However, the reputation of the two brothers Li Te and Li Ku in the land of Bashu was really too strong, and the so-called "Gong Gao Zhen Lord" was nothing more than this, Zhao Liu had power, and his suspicions became more and more serious, so he sent someone to secretly get rid of Li Yu.
After Li Te learned that his brother Li Yu had been killed by Zhao Li, he was furious, mobilized the people of the land of Bashu, and rose up to drive away Zhao Liao, and the imperial court learned that Li Tezhu's "Zhao thief" had merit and gave him a very generous reward, how Li Tete was not satisfied with his current status and status, and also wanted to divide the land of Bashu, and then premeditated to take Chengdu.
A thief was not at peace, a thief rose again, the imperial court had to send Yizhou assassin Shi Luoshang to lead a large army to hold Chengdu, at the moment of a thousand guns Li Te fell in Luo Shang's ruse, died on the battlefield, his brother Li Liu continued to lead the displaced people to fight, the following year fell ill and died, and later succeeded Li Xiong was Li Te's son, which was a figure with both ambition and strength, and soon drove out Luo Shang, and established the Cheng han regime in Chengdu in 304.
After Li Xiong's death, the Chenghan regime, whose foundations were not yet fully stable, was immediately shaken, and Li Ban was Li Xiong's successor, the son of his brother, but after only four months as emperor, he was usurped by Li Xiong's son Li Qi.
Li Zhi was a person who did not have a big picture view, after succeeding to the throne, he only knew how to eat, drink and have fun, and did not know how to protect the interests of his clan, and his uncle Li Shou was dissatisfied, so he ousted Li Qi from the throne and replaced him.
However, Li Shou was not a fuel-saving lamp, he only knew how to play conspiracy and power, and during his succession, he was tortured and disturbed the people's hearts, and several cool officials appeared, which eventually brought the Chenghan regime into a state of perpetual disaster.
In the third year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, that is, in 347 AD, the imperial court sent troops to destroy Shu, completely ending the Chenghan regime.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="04" > former Cool regime</h1>
In the early days of the establishment of the Han Zhao regime, it can be said that the water was like a fish, the wind and water, Liu Yuan and his son Liu Cong, inheriting his father's aspirations, can be said to live up to the expectations of the people, attacking the Western Jin capital Luoyang, and the Han Zhao regime also reached its peak.
However, after Liu Cong's death, Han Zhao also repeated the same mistakes, there was a brotherly struggle in the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty, the political turmoil, liu Yao, who was then the state of Xiangguo, took the opportunity to take the throne, but the leader of the Qiang clan, Shi Le, took the opportunity to attack the Han Zhao capital pingyang, and Liu Yao was jealous of Shi Le's power and made Shi Le the King of Zhao.
At this time, the capital of Han Zhao, Pingyang, had become unrecognizable after the devastation of the war, and Liu Yao had the idea of moving the capital to Chang'an, but at that time Chang'an was the home of Sima Yi, the emperor of Jin, and in 316 AD, Liu Yao led his troops to attack Chang'an, hearing that Tianzi was dusted, and Zhang Yi, a descendant of Zhang Shi who was guarding Liangzhou, led an army to rescue him, but to no avail, and finally Sima Yi, the emperor of Jin, had already left the city and surrendered, and the Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed.
In 319, Liu Yao renamed the Han regime Zhao and officially proclaimed himself emperor in Chang'an, which was Former Zhao, and after Liu Yao succeeded to the throne, he killed Sima Yi, the emperor of Jin.
Zhang Yu was loyal to the Jin Dynasty, but loyal to the Western Jin Dynasty, after hearing that sima Yi, the emperor of Jin, was killed, Zhang Yu cried for three days and three nights, and even after Sima Rui established the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Zhang Yu's Liangzhou still used the Jianxing era name of Sima Yi, the emperor of Jin, and this also marked that Liangzhou had completely escaped the control of the Sima family and was established in Former Liang.
The Former Liang regime was finally destroyed by the Former Qin monarch Jian Jian and died in 376 AD, which is a relatively long-lasting regime in the Sixteen Kingdoms.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="05" > the Later Zhao regime</h1>
It is said that at the same time that Liu Yao was proclaimed emperor in 319, Shi Le, a member of the Qi people, also claimed the title of king of Xiangguo and established Later Zhao.
Portrait of Shi Le of the Qiang people
After Liu Yao became emperor, he did not think about the government and implemented a high-pressure policy for the people in his jurisdiction, which also led to the rapid collapse of the Former Zhao regime.
Later Zhao, who was equal to Former Zhao at that time, rose rapidly, and in 329, Later Zhao destroyed Former Zhao, and Shi Le proclaimed himself the Great Zhao Heavenly King, officially proclaiming himself emperor in 330.
At that time, the entire area north of the Central Plains was basically under the jurisdiction of Later Zhao, and in the south there was the lingering Eastern Jin Dynasty, and history entered a brief period of peace.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="06" > front bird's nest</h1>
When Later Zhao and the Eastern Jin Dynasty took Huaishui as the boundary, suspended their military campaigns, and rested with the people, a new ethnic group arose in the northeast of the Central Plains, called the Xianbei people.
The Xianbei people, the Eastern Hu clan, named after the mountains, replaced the Xiongnu to occupy the Mongolian plateau during the Eastern Han Dynasty, and later divided into five major factions, the eastern part was divided into the Yuwen Department, the Murong Department, and the western part was divided into the Tuoba Department, the Bald Hair Department, and the Beggar Department.
In 337, Murong Hao unified the entire Xianbei clan and established himself as the King of Yan, establishing the Former Yan regime.
Suddenly a new regime popped up and broke the current tranquility, and the Emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty had to recognize Former Yan, which although claimed to be a vassal state of a different surname in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was actually not under the jurisdiction of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and had a high degree of autonomy.
At that time, Later Zhao had changed hands many times, and it was during the reign of Shi Hu, who was one of the most famous tyrants in the Southern and Northern Dynasties of Wei and Jin, not only lived a luxurious and wasteful life, but also had an unusually short temper, and usually increased servitude and taxes on the people below for no reason, pressing the accelerated button for the demise of the Later Zhao regime.
Hearing of the establishment of Former Yan, Shi Hu, who was born as a general, began to show his muscles again, leading 200,000 troops to attack Former Yan, how to expect that Murong Hao was also a person with considerable military talent, Shi Hu's 200,000 troops not only failed to suppress Former Yan, but were beaten by Murong Hao and scattered everywhere.
Shi Hu was frustrated, suspended the foreign conquest, considering that he was old and frail, he focused his main energy on choosing his own heir, due to excessive sensitivity, during his reign, he killed the princes Shi Xuan and Shi Xuan, and re-established the ten-year-old Shi Shi as the crown prince, and it was very ironic that the empress Shi Hu found for Shi Shi was actually the daughter of the former Zhao Emperor Liu Yao.
In 349, Shi Hu died, and then there was civil unrest in Zhao, and Shi Hu's other son, Shi Zun, heard that his father had died, so he launched a change under the banner of returning to Beijing to guard the funeral, and took away Shi Shi's throne.
Taking advantage of the internal unrest in Later Zhao, Murong Juan, the King of Yan, attacked Later Zhao for revenge and occupied the later Zhao Youzhou area, and Former Yan was able to move the capital to Jicheng.
Shi Zun did not have the talent of a king, in fact, at that time, all the military power of Later Zhao was in the hands of Shi Min, and Shi Zun had no heirs, so he originally promised Shi Min to let him inherit the throne after a hundred years, however, Shi Zun changed his order and made his nephew Shi Yan the crown prince.
This incident made Shi Min very unhappy in his heart, and secretly he also had a heart of revenge, after Shi Yan succeeded to the throne, Shi Min sent troops to drive Shi Yan off the throne, and supported Shi Zun's brother Shi Jian to ascend to the throne, Shi Jian was an ambitious, ambitious but unschemic person, the first thing he did after he ascended the throne was to release the military power with a cup of wine, and wanted to take back the military power in Shi Min's hands, but was unexpectedly killed by Shi Min.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="07" >Ran Wei</h1>
Because of the Shi Jian incident, almost all of Shi Hu's twenty-eight heirs were solved by Shi Min, leaving only one Shi Zhen stationed in the Xiangguo area, at this time Later Zhao had no lord, in 350 AD, Shi Min established himself as king, and restored his original surname to Ran Min, and the Ran Wei regime was established.
In the same year, Shi Ling declared himself king in Xiangguo, and launched an attack on the Ran Wei regime under the banner of restoring the country, ran Min, who was not yet prepared, was defeated and escaped from Yicheng, Shi Ling took advantage of the victory to pursue, sent the general Liu Xian to pursue Ran Min, Liu Xian's greedy and aggressive, and soon fell into Ran Min's trap, in order to save his own life, Liu Xian promised Ran Min to return and get rid of Shi Zhen in an attempt to repay him, Ran Min believed in it, and released Liu Xian.
After the terrified Liu Xian returned to Xiangguo, he was scolded by Shi Zhen to the point of bloodshed, and when he heard that Shi Ling was going to use military law to deal with himself, Liu Xian took the initiative to be strong, secretly removed Shi Zhen, and gave his first-level hands to Ran Min, who took the opportunity to attack the later Zhao capital Xiangguo, and in 351 AD, Later Zhao perished.
In the same year after the fall of Later Zhao, that is, in 351 AD, in the area of Longxi, the old qin state, the leader of the Qi clan, Jian Jian, established a new regime in Former Qin, standing side by side with the Ran Wei regime.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="08" > at this time, the four major forces of Former Qin, Former Yan, Ran Wei and Eastern Jin appeared in the Central Plains. </h1>
After Ran Min destroyed Later Zhao established Ran Wei, the implementation of the policy of suppressing Hu caused the local Hu people to rebel, Former Yan took the opportunity to destroy Ran Wei, seize the Hebei region, so that its own strength was unprecedentedly strengthened, at this time Former Yan was no longer subordinate to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Murong Juan established himself as emperor.
Former Qin was in a corner of the country, and at this time the entire Central Plains region could directly confront the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Murong Juan not only changed his course, but also launched an attack on the Eastern Jin Dynasty, wanting to annex the entire Huaxia region, and at first it was smooth sailing, because Murong Juan, the King of Yan, had Murong Ke's assistance, Murong Ke was equivalent to Zhuge Liang by Liu Bei's side, but unfortunately he died young, and Murong Juan, who later took office, was a greedy and vulgar person, and under his care, Former Yan soon declined.
On the contrary, Former Qin, which had previously been in a quiet corner, immediately changed from an inconspicuous regime to a powerful state under the care of Jian Jian, and took advantage of Former Yan's serious injury in the war with the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Former Yan destroyed Former Yan in 370 AD.
Subsequently, the Central Plains region was replaced by Former Qin and Eastern Jin for confrontation, although the Eastern Jin Dynasty was not strong, but its tenacity, the Central Plains region has changed so many regimes, but the Eastern Jin Dynasty is still thunderously located in the southeast region, in 383 AD, Jian Jian attacked the Eastern Jin Dynasty with all its might, launched the so-called Battle of Feishui, although the Eastern Jin Dynasty suffered a heavy setback, but still maintained a tenacious posture, but Former Qin has been in a slump since then.
In 383, Murong Hong, the remnant of Former Yan's imperial family, broke away from Former Qin's control on the pretext of returning to Yecheng to worship his ancestors, and established himself as king in 384 AD, establishing Later Yan (destroyed by Northern Yan in 409 AD), and Murong Hong, the governor of Northern Qin, was so moved to hear that his uncle Murong Chui attacked Yecheng, and he followed the army to proclaim himself king and establish the Western Yan regime (which was destroyed by Later Yan in 394).
In 385, the Xianbei chieftain Qifu Guoren was called Da Dan Yu in Longxi, and Jian Jian made him the King of Yuanchuan, also known as Western Qin (destroyed by Hu Xia in 431) because his place was the old land of the Qin state.
Seeing that the Jiangshan he had worked so hard to build was now facing fragmentation, Jian Jian sent his son Zhi Rui to lead an army to attack Western Yan and promote the Qiang general Yao Cang as a staff officer, but unfortunately, Yao Rui defeated Hua Ze miserably, and Yao Cang, fearing implicated, absconded to the north of Weishui in fear of guilt.
North of Weishui was a place where the Qiang gathered, and soon Yao Cang was crowned by the local Qiang people and established Later Qin (Later Qin was destroyed by the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 417 AD).
In 386, when The Qiangjian army defeated Chang'an, how could he be surrounded by the Qiang leader Yao Cang on the way to the Five Generals Mountain, the Qin army collapsed, Yao Cang asked The whereabouts of the Jade Seal of the ChuanGuo, and Zhijian only told him that he had been handed over to the Jin State, and in the face of death, he still did not change the emperor's spirit and generously died.
The famous Former Qin general Lü Guang heard that Emperor Zhijian was dead, and was saddened, returned to the territory of Liangzhou, ordered all the generals to wear Ma Dai xiao for Jian Jian, in order to gather strength, Lü Guang established Houliang in Liangzhou, how to predict bad luck, in 398 AD Yang Rail and others took advantage of the situation to take the Lingnan region from Houliang and establish the Southern Liang regime, in the same year the Xianbei leader Murong De established the Southern Yan regime, and Houliang collapsed.
In 403 AD, Later Qin annexed Houliang, followed by The Establishment of Western Liang and Northern Liang in turn, and then it was the time when Later Qin was unfolding its grand plans, and how to expect retribution to soon come to Later Qin.
In 407 AD, the Southern Xiongnu slaughtered various Tiefu tribesmen Helian Bobo to kill their father-in-law, that is, the Duke of Gaoping of Later Qin, did not take charge and occupied his troops.
Helian Bobo was originally a Rongdi, and Rongdi was also known as the "Ghost Fang" during the Xia Dynasty, and Helian Bobo established the Great Xia Kingdom as a descendant of Xia, later known as Hu Xia, on the one hand, to maintain his orthodox status, on the other hand, to hope that his political power could be as long as the Xia Dynasty, but it was swallowed up by Tuguhun in 431.
When these small regimes were fighting each other, in the northeast of the Central Plains, the Xianbei Tuoba clan established a powerful Northern Wei regime, known historically as the Northern Dynasty, and later the Northern Wei was divided into Eastern Wei and Western Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou, and the tenacious Eastern Jin Dynasty in the south, due to the coup d'état launched by Liu Yu of the Song Dynasty, deposed Emperor Gong of Jin and established Liu Song, the Eastern Jin Dynasty collapsed, and Liu Song later experienced the Three Dynasties of Qi Liang and Chen.
It was not until 589 AD that the Sui Emperor Yang Jian led an army south to attack Southern Chen and unify China, which completely ended the turbulent history of nearly 300 years since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty.
Wuhu Chaohua, most of the Han people followed the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the south, also known as Yiguan Nandu, in fact, this history is also the embodiment of the great integration of nationalities, laying the foundation for the future unification of the dynasty.