Efficient cultivation technology of Hanyin yam No. 1 konjac
Bear Xiaofei
Konjac is a common understory cash crop in the Qinba Mountains. The new variety "Han Yin Taro No. 1" (Species Approval No.: Shaanxi Yao Deng zi 2013002, Shaanxi Province Science and Technology Chengguo Deng No.: 9612014Y1010) is introduced and bred from the Yunnan pearl bud konjac group, the growth period is about 138d, the seedlings are neat and grow strong, both can be planted through bulb seed taro, can also be planted through bead buds, bulb seed taro planting expansion coefficient of 4. ２２～６． 68 , the expansion coefficient of pearl bud planting is 10. ６８～１１． ２１ 。 According to the identification of anti-pathogenicity by Hanzhong Agricultural Science Institute, the incidence of soft rot disease is only 11. 2%, far lower than other varieties, its comprehensive disease resistance is significantly stronger than the control variety Qingjiang flower konjac and the local flower konjac planted by farmers in Qinba Mountain. Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Biology determined the dry matter content of fresh konjac "Hanyin Yao No. 1" 18. 28%, dry matter in glucomannan content 39. 67% protein content 4. 01%, many indicators are significantly better than other strains. After 5 consecutive small-scale promotion experiments, this variety has excellent comprehensive characteristics and is suitable for planting in the low altitude area below 920 meters in the Qinba Mountains.
1 taro choice
Choose a disease-free and harmless dried wound that is intact and full, has a heavy feeling, has a smooth surface, has a round or high round shape, the main bud is thick, the bud fossa is shallow, the umbilicus is small or inconspicuous. It is best to plant a single bulb with a weight of 50 to 500g, and the size is graded.
2 Planting site selection and land preparation
２． 1 Planting plot selection
The selection of soil layer is deep and fertile, moist, well-drained and does not accumulate water, rich in organic matter, loose and breathable, water retention and fertility of the slightly acidic field soil; according to the characteristics of konjac like shade and fear of sun, it should be preferred to have tree shade, half shade, half shade, half sun, and sunshine in the gentle slope plot of 8 to 10h; the pre-selection is the plot of grass crops, and the previous crop is eggplant, pepper, tomato, potato, cabbage, radish, tobacco, ginger, konjac continuous cropping and wind outlet.
２． 2 Land preparation
Deeply turn the frozen soil, and turn the selected plot more than 30 cm deep before winter to kill germs and mature the soil. In the spring, the land is turned deeply for the second time, and the whole rake is leveled, so that it is deep, broken, fine, flat, loose, consistent in depth and shallow, without impurities, and at the same time uniformly applied to quicklime disinfection.
3 Sowing
３． 1 Broadcast period
The main bud germination temperature of "Hanyin Yao No. 1" is above 10 °C, and the area above 700m above sea level can be sown and covered with grass before winter, and the seedlings can be produced 20 days earlier.
３． 2 Sowing density and depth
The row spacing is 6 times the diameter of the taro, and the plant spacing is 4 times the diameter of the taro. Generally, the seed taro is less than 50g, the plant spacing is 15~20cm, the row spacing is 20~25cm, and the planting density is 8. 250,000 ~11. 250,000 plants ·hm-2; 50~100g of taro, plant spacing of 30cm, row spacing of 45cm, planting density of 6. 750,000 ~7. 500,000 plants · hm-2; seed taro 100~200g, plant spacing 35cm, row spacing 55cm, planting density 4. 200,000 ~5. 700,000 plants · hm -2; seed taro 200~400g or more, plant spacing 40~45cm, row spacing 55~60cm, planting density 2. 400,000~4. 20 million plants · ｈｍ －２ 。 The cultivation of furrow ridges is implemented, the cultivation of flat land and gentle slopes is adopted in single rows and single ridges, and the plots with large slopes and good drainage are cultivated in double rows and wide ridges. When laying seeds, the main bud is placed obliquely upwards by 45°, and the soil is covered with 10 to 15 cm after sowing. The sowing depth is generally 15 to 25 cm, and the soil is sticky and shady slopes can be appropriately shallow.
３． 3 Cultivation methods
３． ３． 1 Planting: Mainly based on ridge planting, ridge width 50cm, ridge height 15~20cm, each ridge sown 2 rows. First open a ditch in the ridge, apply organic fertilizer and fertilizer in the ditch, then cover the soil with 3 cm thick, and then sow seeds on both sides of the fertilization ditch, and after sowing, level the ridge surface and cover the mulch film.
３． ３． 2 Fertilization General planting should be applied seed fertilizer, mainly organic fertilizer, the amount of fertilizer is decomposed manure 30. ０～４． ５ｔ · hm -2, ternary compound fertilizer 1. ５ｔ · hm-2、Nitrogen fertilizer 150~225kg · ｈｍ －２ 。 Special attention should be paid to the fact that the fertilizer cannot directly touch the seed taro to prevent the burning of the buds and rotten seeds.
３． ３． 3 Mulch cover After mulching, the seedling emergence period of konjac is generally 5 to 7 days in advance, and it is necessary to often go to the ground to observe and release seedlings in time to pick up the young shoots from the membrane before and after emergence, and cover the surrounding area with fine soil to prevent the high temperature at noon from burning the leaf buds.
4 Field management
４． 1 Weeding in medium tillage
Special herbicides can be sprayed to suppress weeds before emergence, and artificial cultivation weeding should choose sunny days and shallow tillage to avoid harming seedlings and roots.
４． 2 Medium tillage topdressing soil
After the taro seedlings are out, the medium tillage is carried out before the sealing, and the first topdressing is carried out in combination with the middle tillage. According to the seedling conditions, the thin fertilizer is applied to the seedlings, and then the soil is cultivated and increased by 7 to 10 cm.
４． 3 Surface coverage
Surface covering can preserve soil, protect soil structure, enhance fertility, protect root groups from exposure, regulate temperature and moisturize, and resist disease and yield. Cover with wheatgrass, straw, weeds and deciduous leaves. All covers should be sunburned or disinfected before use, otherwise it will aggravate the occurrence of disease. After the surface is covered with cultivated soil, it can also be covered with plantar fertilizer when sowing, and the coverage should be uniform, and the thickness should be 3 to 7cm.
４． 4 bead buds to collect
Since the growth cycle of "HanYin Yao No. 1" will produce 2 to 3 leaves, the leaves that grow first are aging first, and the bead buds are also matured first. The first 10 days before the mother plant is inverted is the optimal harvesting period for pearl buds. Therefore, when collecting bead buds, we should adhere to the principle of "harvesting in batches and centralized processing", harvest bead buds in a timely manner, and avoid difficult collection after shedding. The temperature of the storage room should be controlled at 5 ~ 10 °C after the pearl bud collection is dried, and the relative humidity should be maintained at about 70%.
5 Integrated pest control
Moyu's prevention of diseases and insect pests is mainly prevention, and cultivation measures conducive to the healthy growth of konjac are adopted, and the habitat conditions of diseases and insects are mainly worsened, and if necessary, comprehensive control measures are supplemented by pharmaceutical control. In addition to soil disinfection and selection of disease-free taro, starting from konjac leaf spread (usually from mid-June to early July), spraying every 10 to 16 days can not be stopped until early September. In the selection of agents, pay attention to the principles of multi-purpose, high efficiency and low toxicity, and rotational use.
Generally, the following agents can be used alternately: carbendazim 3200 times liquid; 72% agricultural streptomycin 1 500 times liquid + 75% bacillus 600 times liquid spray; Dijing 800 times liquid + Jinggangmycin or Daisen manganese zinc; Bixiudan 1 000 times liquid + 72% agricultural streptomycin 1 500 times liquid; methyl tolbuzin 500 times liquid or carbendazim 500 times liquid; can kill 800 times liquid + deflectionate 800 times liquid. If insect pests such as bean moth, sweet potato moth, twill moth and other insect pests are found, they can be diluted 500 to 700 times by crystal enemy 800 times liquid, acarpus or cyanobacteria (10 billion spores per gram).
Do a good job of clearing the garden every day. Remove the weeds and debris of the taro garden, straighten out the ditches, horizontal ditches and waist ditches of the taro garden, so that there is no water in the ground after the rain; find the central disease plant, immediately dig it out, take it out of the garden and burn it or bury it deeply; sprinkle the disease hole with lime or disinfectant powder, stomp on the fruit, and spray the surrounding plants for prevention.
6 kinds of taro storage
After the natural inverted seedlings on the ground of "HanYin Yao No. 1" for 7 to 10 days, choose a sunny day, dig in the morning, stop at noon, and dry on the spot. In the afternoon, according to the size of the grading, eliminate the disease, injury konjac, the whole process as far as possible to avoid mechanical damage.
After the seed taro is dug and graded, it is dried in the sun for 10 to 15 days, so that its epidermis is wrinkled, about 15 to 20% of the water is lost, the spray disinfection is sprayed 2 to 3 times when the seeds are dried, and the agent is selected 10 million units of agricultural streptomycin 1 000 times, 77% can kill 800 times the liquid, 64% alum 500 times the liquid.
Keep the storage temperature 5 ~ 10 °C, air humidity 60% ~ 80%. Below 780m above sea level, open field overwintering storage can be used, and after pouring seedlings, re-cultivation of soil, cover film, cover grass and other thermal insulation and antifreeze measures are taken; after digging and harvesting taro in mountains above 780m above sea level, indoor moisturizing storage can be taken, and the control temperature is not less than 5 °C, not higher than 15 °C; strengthen ventilation in spring, while picking up rotten taro and disinfection with quicklime.