The four major gardens of Lingnan, also known as the "four gardens of Guangdong" or the "four gardens of Central Guangdong", are the representatives of Lingnan gardens. These four gardens refer to the Qinghui Garden in Shunde District of Foshan City, the Liang Garden in Chancheng District of Foshan City, the Yuyin Mountain House in Panyu and the Keyuan Garden in Dongguan.
Qinghui Garden
Located in Daliang Qinghui Road, Shunde District, Foshan, Qinghui Garden is in the city center. China's top ten famous gardens, ranking first among the four famous gardens in Guangdong. It is a provincial key cultural relics protection unit. Qinghui Garden was founded in the fifth year of Jiaqing (1800) and expanded to more than 22,000 square meters in 1996. In Qinghui Park, the water and trees are Qinghua, the scenery is elegant and beautiful, the Former Residence of the Long family is integrated with the new scenery of the expansion, and the use of clear water, green trees, ancient walls, leaky windows, stone mountains, small bridges, curved corridors, etc. are integrated with the pavilions and buildings. It brings together ancient Chinese architecture, gardens, sculptures, poetry books, gray sculpture and other arts in one.
The cultural relics of Qinghui Garden include the calligraphy of Li Zhaoluo, Li Wentian, He Shaoji and others. It highlights the characteristics of male, strange, dangerous, quiet, beautiful and open in China's courtyard architecture. The main attractions are the Boat Hall, Bixi Caotang, Hongrui Book house, Chengyi Pavilion, Xiyin Book House, Zhuwan, Gui ji Lu, Pen Sheng Flower Hall, DouDong, Reading Yunxuan, Mu Yingjian, Liufen Feed, etc. The shape and construction are unique, each has its own mood, dexterous and elegant, the doors and windows are simple and exquisite, and the taste is endless. The garden is full of trees, varieties and colours, and the antique pavilions and pavilions are intertwined, and if you look at them, the scenery is different and fascinating. In January 1984, Comrade Deng Xiaoping visited Qinghui Garden.
Huang Shijun (1570-1661), the Ming Dynasty Wanli Dingwei (1607), built the Huang Clan Ancestral Hall, the Tianzhang Pavilion and the Ling'a Pavilion in the first year of the Ming Dynasty (1621). During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty (1711-1799), Daliang Jinshi Longyingshi (1716-1800) purchased the old site, repaired and expanded, planted flowers and grasses, and gradually became a scale. In 1805, Long Tinghuai (1749-1827) built Xiaofang Garden. In 1806, his son Long Yuanren expanded and called it "Qinghui Garden". Later, his son Long Yuanyuan (1809-1884) built the Long Taichang Garden and the Chu Qian Garden, and after several twists and turns, the Long Taichang Garden was renamed "Guangda Garden". After years of refinement, this ancient garden has gradually become rich in Lingnan characteristics.
In 1959, Tao Zhu, secretary of the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee, approved special funds for restoration and key protection, and merged the Chu Qian Garden, Guangda Garden, Jiemei Hall and Jingqin Hall to collectively call it "Qinghui Garden", which was later set up as the first guest house of the Shunde County Party Committee. After the reform and opening up, restaurants, hotels and parking lots have been added to provide comprehensive service units for tourism, catering and accommodation. In the 1990s, the Shunde government allocated funds to restore and expand Qinghui Garden. At the end of the twentieth century, the government expanded again to add many attractions. Today, Qinghui Garden, which covers an area of 22,500 square meters, is known as the four famous gardens of the Qing Dynasty in Guangdong, together with Foshan Liang Garden, Panyu Yuyin Mountain House and Dongguan Keyuan.
Qinghui Garden, Water and Wood Tsinghua, the scenery is elegant and beautiful, the Longjia former residence and the expansion of the new scenery are integrated, using clear water, green trees, ancient walls, leaky windows, stone mountains, small bridges, curved corridors, etc. to interact with the pavilions and pavilions. It integrates ancient architecture, gardens, sculptures, poetry books, gray sculptures and other arts in one. It highlights the characteristics of male, strange, dangerous, quiet, beautiful and open in China's courtyard architecture. The main attractions of the boat hall, Bixi Caotang, Chengyi Pavilion, Flower Pavilion, Xiyin Bookhouse, Zhuwan, Guijilu, Pen Sheng Flower Hall, Doudong, Hongruo Bookhouse, Fenglaifeng, Reading Yunxuan, Moyingjian, Liufen Pavilion, etc., the shape construction is unique, each has a mood, dexterous and elegant, the carved and painted decorations of the building, mostly with Lingnan Jiamu flowers and birds as the theme, ancient and modern celebrities inscribed with the Plaque of The Yanglian plaque abounds, most of the door and window glass is imported from Europe in the Qing Dynasty and etched and processed chromatic glass products, simple and exquisite, with endless taste. There are more than 100 kinds of flowers and fruits in the garden.
In addition to the fruit trees commonly used in Lingnan gardens, it has also planted purple bamboo, wolfbone, wisteria, five-needle pine, money pine, seven melon maple, feather maple, etc. unique to Suzhou and Hangzhou gardens, and deliberately collected Beijing tree species such as Longshun jujube and dragon melon locust from Shandong and other places, with rich varieties and colorful colors, among which ginkgo biloba, sand willow, wisteria, longan, water pine and other ancient trees have been more than a hundred years old, all year round, full of verdant eyes, and antique pavilion pavilions, if you look at each other, step by step, people will linger.
The architecture of Qinghui Garden is quite high and spectacular. The garden winds and paths, and the scenery is full of fun. The park is deep and empty, the layout is compact, and the scenery changes step by step; the building form is light and flexible, and the elegant reading is simple. There are a large number of decorative and appreciative ceramics, stucco, wood carvings, and glass in the park. In the park, the wonderful sentences can be picked up, the celebrities and gentlemen still rhyme, and the artistic masterpieces abound, which makes people linger. The garden art treatment is quite ingenious. In the park, there are rockeries and meandering waters. Ginkgo Chiaki, Ballantine Longan, Yutang Chunrui, Sand Willow Fluttering. Idly walking on the quqiao bridge likes to watch the golden carp playing in the blue waves; Xu xing flower path, so as to enjoy the flowers when the green trees are full of flowers. From time to time, there are strings and strings in the garden, and listening to a Cantonese song will make your heart clear and pleasant, as if you were drunk. [2]
Liang Garden
Liang Garden is the general name of Foshan Liang's Residence Garden, which is mainly composed of the essence of multiple groups in different locations such as "Twelve Stone Zhai", "Qunxing Caotang", "Fenjiang Caolu", "HanxiangGuan" and so on, with a grand scale, and the main body is located on the Pioneer Ancient Road of Songfeng Road. Liang Garden was built by local poets and calligraphers Liang Qiru, Liang Jiuzhang, Liang Jiuhua and Liang Jiutu's uncles and nephews, and was built in the Qing Jiaqing and Daoguang years (1796-1850 AD) and lasted more than 40 years. By the beginning of the people, a generation of famous gardens had been on the verge of annihilation.
In view of its historical, artistic and ornamental value, in 1982, the Foshan Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government first rescued and protected the existing Qunxing Caotang group, and in 1990, it was designated as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit. Then, in 1994, a large-scale comprehensive restoration began, with a total area of 21,260 square meters, according to the principle of "repairing the old as old" in cultural relics restoration, recreating the essence of the famous garden.
Liang Garden is one of the typical representatives of the Lingnan literati garden in the Qing Dynasty, its layout is exquisite, the mansion, ancestral hall and the garden are integrated, the Lingnan-style "garden" space changes one after another, the style is elegant; the gardening group scenery is eclectic, the pursuit of elegant nature, picturesque pastoral charm; the garden architecture style is complete and light and transparent; the garden is full of fruit trees, flowers are brocade, plus the curved water loop, pine embankment willow bank, forming a unique Lingnan water town charm; especially the thousands of large and small strange stones, The combination of settings is ingenious and unique, and it is one of the four famous gardens in Guangdong.
Its overall layout is the most characteristic of the local large-scale mansion garden with the integration of residences, ancestral halls and gardens, which are quite rare in ancient gardens in China; the gardening of large-scale lakes and ponds and rare water network ponds in China is the most characteristic of the Pearl River Delta water town garden, especially the strange peaks and stones as an important landscaping means, which is unique in Lingnan gardens. Among them, the four groups of gardens have different styles due to their different conceptual orientations, and various Lingnan-specific group scenery means such as "Pingting", "Mountain Garden", "Water Garden", "Stone Garden" and "Water Stone Garden" have their own unique group scenery methods, and the changes are repeated. The cultural connotations of poetry, calligraphy and painting, which are closely integrated with the themes of various buildings and scenic spots, are rich and colorful, and the poetic and picturesque meanings abound, and the four scenes of spring, summer, autumn and winter such as "Caolu Spring", "Pillow Lake Summer", "Autumn Colors of the Stars", "Hanxiang Proud Snow" and so on are well conceived in the park, with different interests; the four scenes of "Shi Zhai Sending Feelings", "Yan Mo Yan Zhi", "Secluded Xianglan", and "ZhuangZhai Relics" that show the characteristics of the literati garden are all different, and the four scenes of the Lingnan ancient gardens, such as Yaji Singing, Reading and Writing, And Teaching at Home School, The pursuit of a variety of literati cultural life such as seclusion and leisure is vividly expressed and endlessly evocative.
After the completion of the comprehensive restoration project of the second phase of Liangyuan, the total area will be expanded to 35,000 meters, with eight large-scale garden scenic spots, and 35 groups of large and small garden buildings, including pavilions and lofts, halls and halls, bridge pavilions and pavilions, etc., which are beautiful. In particular, the two- and three-storey terrace-style large-scale buildings on the top of the mountain, which are rare in Lingnan gardens, and the waterfront and water surface buildings with unique Liang Garden personality are the most local characteristics. Coupled with the various wood carving decorations in the interior of each building, such as partition fans, screens, Manchurian windows, hangings, flower teeth, floor coverings, and all kinds of exquisite Qing Dynasty Cantonese furniture, they all have high ornamental value, and are a garden group that can display the characteristics of lingnan ancient literati gardens from multiple angles, aspects and levels, and will become a veritable "Lingnan First Garden".
Liang Garden is a rare typical example of studying the local characteristics, conceptual layout, gardening scenery, cultural connotation and other issues of the ancient literati garden in Lingnan, and the pursuit of the ancient Foshan literati in the metropolis far away from the hustle and bustle and the joy of forests and springs also reflects the yearning for garden-style mansions and natural spatial environment in the "Cantonese culture"; its typical rich historical and cultural connotation is also an important physical example of Foshan's celebrity gathering and literary style. Its high historical, artistic and scientific value is not only the highlight of the cultural tourism project with rich historical and cultural connotations in the old city, but also the ideal place for the old city to use its large-scale garden architecture as an ancient garden in Lingnan, a historical material of a famous ancient garden in China, a physical display, a long scroll display of "Chinese Scenic Spots" with the characteristics of Foshan's ceramic tile ridge, and an ideal place for the "Garden Art Museum".
Yuyin Mountain House, also known as "Yuyin Garden", was built in the sixth year of Qing Tongzhi, with a history of more than 140 years. The garden part of The Yuyin Mountain House has four main buildings, including the WoluLu, Linchi Annex, Shenliu Hall and Linglong Water Pavilion, with a small rainbow bridge lying in the middle, dividing the garden into east and west parts. [3] Although the Yuyin Mountain House Garden is less than 2,000 square meters, it is readily available in the Pavilion Bridge Pavilion, the Winding Path Back Rail, the Lotus Pond Stone Mountain, and the Famous Flowers and Flowers. The sandalwood carving screen of the Deep Willow Hall in the Yuyin Mountain House is engraved with poems by the three great talents of the late Qing Dynasty, such as Liang Shanzhou, Zhang Chuanshan, Weng Fanggang and others, and the calligraphy handwriting of Liu Yong, a scholar of Qianlong University.
The Yuyin Mountain House is exquisitely laid out. With the techniques of "hiding without revealing" and "shrinking the dragon into inches", it incorporates the terrace of the painting museum and the Stone Pavilion Bridge of Xuanxie Mountain into three acres of land, and forms a mountain forest within easy reach, resulting in a garden in the garden, a scenery in the scenery, and a wonderful and vast environment. Through the exquisite carving of famous craftsmen, the literary decorations of the whole garden are rich and exquisite, plain and elegant, giving people a sense of tranquility and elegance, such as being in the "warm dust fragrance". After entering the main entrance with the inscription "Yuyin Mountain House", go through the hall, walk through the bamboo path, and go to the garden door of the mountain house. There is a couplet next to the door: "Three bows of red rain feet in the left land, green clouds in the corner of the shade of the sky", which is the sentence of this garden.
The garden can be divided into two halves, the western half is centered on the rectangular stone lotus pond, the south of the pond has a simple linchi annex, and the north of the pond is the main hall, deep willow hall. On both sides of the courtyard in front of the hall, there are two vigorous cannon flower vines, and when the flowers are in full bloom, they are like a red rain, which is very gorgeous. Shenliu Hall is the theme building in the garden, is the essence of decorative arts and cultural relics, the two walls of the hall Manchurian windows are antique, the two flowers and birds in the hall are vivid, the side compartment of thirty-two peach wood fan grid painting cabinets, several rosewood screens of the bisha cabinet, are famous wood carving treasures, treasure the poetry and painting calligraphy of the celebrities at that time. Across the lotus pond, there is a "Linchi Annex" echo, summer by the railing, the wind sends lotus incense, intoxicating.
The center of the eastern half is an octagonal pool, there is an octagonal pavilion in the pool, named "Linglong Water Pavilion", which was originally a place where fushi put wine and yinfeng into the moon, and there are Dangui welcoming the rising sun, Yangliu Loutaiqing, La plum blossoms, stone forest, Hongqiao Qinghuiying, lying down to listen to the sound of the piano, fruit altar orchid path, peacock open screen of the octagonal exquisite. The southeast of the water pavilion is arranged along the garden wall with rockeries; the northeast of the water pavilion is dotted with beautiful peacock pavilions and half-sided pavilions (Lai Kaoru Pavilion). There are also many precious ancient trees such as pineapple, plum blossom tree, and Nanyang Metasequoia around. "Lai Kaoru Pavilion" is built halfway against the wall, "Lying Scoop Lu" is in the north corner, "Yangliu Loutai" communicates inside and outside, close to the first peak of The South Mountain, and far away from the shadow of the lotus ancient tower. The scenery of the east and west halves is organically combined by an arch bridge called "HuanHong Across Green". In addition, there is a slightly smaller Yu Garden to the south of the Yuyin Mountain House. YuYuan is a residential courtyard, built in 1922, is the fourth generation of the owner of the garden Sun Wu Zhongyu built, the ground floor has a boat hall, there is a small square pond outside the hall, the second floor has a glass hall, can overlook the mountain house courtyard view, has now belonged to the Yuyin Mountain House. The two gardens are joined together and play a supporting role.
Dongguan Keyuan is located in Dongguan City, Bosha, the former praised as "can envy the blessed land on earth, the garden praises the heavenly immortal palace". It was built in the 30th year of Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty (1850 AD), built by Zhang Jingxiu, a native of Guancheng, who was sent to Guangxi as an official for his meritorious service in repairing forts in Dongguan, and then resigned from his official position and retired to build a garden, which was completed three years later.
The earliest predecessor of Keyuan was the Mao Family House, but unfortunately due to its age, there is no record of it. Legend has it that before Zhang Jing built the garden, his heart was named Yi Garden, that is, satisfied, the meaning of the heart. After the completion of the construction, Zhang Jingxiu invited the literati to a large banquet to celebrate and let people appreciate and appreciate. Zhang Jingxiu led this group of troublemakers to tour the whole park and solicited people's opinions at the gate. I don't know if I was drunk by the wine, or if this garden is really too good? The guests could not find the right words to praise for a while, and it was not easy to express their position first, so they all replied: "Yes!" Yes!"
Although the word "can" is a general and empty word to cope with and prevaricate, the speaker has no intention, and the listener has a heart. Zhang Jingxiu saw that everyone agreed that "can", "to" and "meaning" are close to each other, "can" before "meaning" (to), "can" is more important than "meaning". It was renamed "Keyuan". Therefore, the name of Keyuan is the meaning of can garden, which is Zhang Jingxiu's self-effacing title.
Keyuan covers an area of about 2200 square meters, the outer edge is triangular, the park has the first floor, six pavilions, five pavilions, six platforms, five pools, three bridges, nineteen halls, fifteen rooms, its name is mostly named after the word "ke", such as Ke Lou, Ke Xuan, Ke Tang, Ke Zhou, etc., there are grass grass hall, Red Xiao Xie, Double Qing Room, Qing Hua Courtyard, Bo Xi Yu Yin and other scenery. Its building is a water-milled green brick structure. The tallest building, 15.6 meters high, along the side of the stone steps can reach the top floor of the Invitation Stone Pavilion, four sides of the windows, cornices spread wings, with the window can overlook the view of Wancheng.
Keyuan uses the art of Jiangnan gardening, and creates a group of architectural systems with rich layers, staggered, rhythmic colors and spatial contrasts in a small area with architectural structures, which are small and large, secretly bright, high and low, and endlessly interesting.
The reason for the real fame of Keyuan may not be how luxurious the architecture is, but it is to occupy a place in the history of modern calligraphy and painting. Keyuan collects works of art by Zhang Jingxiu, the founder of Keyuan, and Juchao and Julian, representative figures of the Lingnan School of Painting [6]. Although Yuan advocated that Jing xiu was a warrior, he was proficient in Jinshi calligraphy and painting, piano and chess poetry, and during his retirement, he invited him to paint the home nest and Ju Lian to paint here for many years, bought a large number of exotic flowers, flowers, melons, fruits and vegetables for sketching, and Ju Chao Ju Lian's powder painting method and water collision painting method had a very great impact on the production and development of the Later Lingnan School.
The reason why the Lingnan School has had a wide influence on the history of modern Chinese art is affirmed by the support of progressives, mainly because it represents an advanced artistic trend in the historical period of alternating between the old and the new. It advocates a new scientific perspective on the transformation of old Chinese paintings that have been stagnant and stagnant. It advocates breaking the view of the portal, boldly absorbing foreign nourishment, so that Chinese painting with thousands of years of ancient tradition has been reborn, and it emphasizes that this new Chinese painting is not to express itself and only satisfy personal intoxication and appreciation, nor is it to serve a small number of people in a narrow sense, but to allow more people to accept it, that is, to pursue a popular, elegant and popular beauty art for the needs of the times.
Visiting information
Address: Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, Guancheng Keyuan Road No. 32