1206 was an extraordinary year in the history of the world. In this year, Temujin unified the steppes and established the Mongol Khanate, and the entire 13th century will become the century of Mongolia. In this year, the Southern Song Dynasty also sensed the rise of the Mongols and predicted the imminent demise of the Jin Dynasty. As a result, the main war faction of the Southern Song Dynasty once again raised its head, seized great power, and planned a Northern Expedition War - the Kaixi Northern Expedition.
After the "Longxing Peace Conference" in 1164, the Song and Jin sides fought a truce for 40 years. In this 40 years, both song and Jin countries gradually went into decline. In the case of the Jin Dynasty, Kim Sejong reigned for 29 years and created the "Rule of Dading". In 1189, Kim Sejong died and Kim Jangjong took the throne. In the early days of Emperor Zhangzong's political clarity, there was a "rule of Mingchang", but in the later period, the politics were faint, and the Jin dynasty began to decline. In 1194, The Rebellion of the Five Kingdoms city of Guanyan and the rebellion of Yelü Deshou broke out in 1201, and the rule of the Jin State was in crisis.
The rise of Mongolia was also threatening the great rear of the Jin Dynasty. The first goal of the Mongol Khanate was to destroy the Jin Dynasty. In order to achieve this goal, Mongolia had not yet engaged in a direct conflict with the Jin Dynasty. In order to cut off the western flank of the Jin Dynasty, the Mongols chose to attack The Western Xia first. Through three wars of 1205, 1207, and 1209, the Mongols forced the Western Xia to submit.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, after the Longxing Peace Conference, Emperor Xiaozong of Song exerted great efforts to govern and recuperate, creating the "rule of Qianchun". In 1189, Emperor Xiaozong of Song abdicated and supported Emperor Guangzong to the throne. After Emperor Guangzong ascended the throne, her foreign relative Li Shi began to intervene in politics, and she not only did whatever she wanted in the harem, but also tried to interfere in the government and divide the relationship between Song Xiaozong and Song Guangzong. In 1191, Emperor Xiaozong of Song died, and under the obstruction of Li's conspiracy, Guangzong did not attend Emperor Xiaozong's funeral.
Lee hou got the power
In July of the same year, the Privy Council governor Zhao Ruyu contacted Guo Gao (the chief of the imperial court), Empress Wu (empress dowager during the reign of Emperor Xiaozong), Han Nongxu (Empress Wu's niece and son-in-law) and other important figures to launch a coup d'état, forcing Guangzong to abdicate and establish Zhao As emperor, known in history as "Song Ningzong". After experiencing the chaos of Guangzong and the Zhao clan, the Southern Song Dynasty began to decline, and the history said: "The palace is jealous, cannot be controlled internally, and is worried and sick." Since the political day is dim, filial piety is sluggish, and the karma of qianchun is decaying." Since then, the power of the Southern Song Dynasty has basically been held by the powerful ministers.
After this coup, Zhao Ruyu gradually grasped the power of the government, rose to the position of prime minister, and was the sole minister. During Zhao Ruyu's reign, he vigorously promoted Zhu Xi and other figures of the school of science. Here we must talk about Zhu Xi's academic school. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Ercheng founded the science of science, also known as Taoism. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the science of science developed rapidly, and soon became the first of all kinds of learning. The Rigaku school arose from the people, and they discussed the government of the dynasty.
Song Ningzong Lingtang ascended the throne
In the last year of Chunxi, the theoretician Zhou Bida became the prime minister, marking the beginning of the formation of a powerful force in the imperial court. The ideology of theologians is generally more conservative, and they demand that people should "save heavenly reason, destroy people's desires", and stick to the "three principles and five constants". They "rested on the vengeance of the king's father" and "bowed their heads to talk about their lives", believing that "they should straighten out the border defenses, enrich the treasury, and train the soldiers... None of them are worth considering." After the theologians entered the government, they merged with the Lord and the Faction, and Zhu Xi became the spokesman of the Peace Seekers.
However, Zhao Ruyu did not hold power for long. In 1195, Zhao Ruyu was expelled from the imperial court by Han Nongxu, and died in the next year, and the unfortunate nature was the theoretician who had been reused in the past. In 1198, Han Nongxin referred to Rigaku as "pseudoscience" and listed 59 people, including Zhu Xi, who had suppressed the pseudo-science rebellion against the party. The incident is known in history as the "Qingyuan Party Ban".
The "Qingyuan Party Ban" marked the end of the relaxed academic environment during the Song Dynasty, and the academic prosperity of the Southern Song Dynasty was gone. However, from another point of view, the "Qingyuan Party Ban" struck a blow to the peace-seeking ministers in the imperial court, so that the main war faction was reused and created conditions for the Northern Expedition of the Southern Song Dynasty.
After Han Nongxu took power, he began to reactivate the main war faction, and those who "intended to open the border and restore the good words of the scholars and doctors were also often promoted", so Xin Renjie and other benevolent people who were determined to recover the north began to be promoted. In order to gain more support, Han lifted the ban in 1202 and reinstated the detractors. In 1203, 100,000 taels of money were taken out from the national treasury to support the construction of warships by the temple front, and workshops for the manufacture of weapons were also established in various places.
However, in general, the preparation for the Northern Expedition is not sufficient, and this article will take Xin Qijie as an example. Shortly after the Battle of the Quarry, Xin abandoned the disease and went south to surrender to the Song. After returning to the Song Dynasty, although Xin abandoned the disease, although it was not reused, he wrote military papers such as the Nine Discussions, proposing that civil unrest would inevitably occur in the Jin Dynasty. In 1181, Xin abandoned his illness and chose to retire to Jiaxuan. After Han Nongxu came to power, the sixty-four-year-old Xin Shuyi was reactivated and appointed to the posts of prefect of Shaoxing and Zhenjiang, and wrote articles such as "Bingyin Huaihan Shukou Military Affairs" to analyze the situation in the Jin Kingdom and predict that the Jin Kingdom "will be chaotic and will perish."
During his time in Zhenjiang, Xin Shuyi deeply felt that the situation was not good, believing that the preparation for the Northern Expedition was insufficient, and Han Nongxu's employment of people had become a problem, so he wrote the ancient song "Yong Yu Le Jingkou Beiguting Huaigu", borrowing the example of Liu Yilong's rash Northern Expedition and being beaten to "Canghuang Beigu" to reflect reality. Things were indeed as Xin Abandoned Disease expected, and Han Nongxin's use of Xin Abandoned Disease was only to increase public opinion support for his Northern Expedition, rather than really wanting to reuse Xin Abandoned Disease. Soon, Xin was once again sidelined and no longer paid attention to the Northern Expedition. In 1207, a disappointed Xin abandoned his illness and died in regret.
In 1206, Han Nongxu hastily launched the Northern Expedition, and the Song army attacked one after another and advanced towards Huaibei. However, the Jin Dynasty had already made preparations, and all the Northern Expeditionary Forces had suffered defeats, and only the deputy governor of Zhenjiang, Bi Zai, had been victorious in successive battles, but could not reverse the situation. Soon, the Jin state launched a counterattack, and Wu Xi, the deputy envoy of Sichuan Xuanfu, also rebelled against the Song and surrendered Jin. Under such circumstances, Han Nongxin had no choice but to make peace. Wu Xi was assassinated, Sichuan was pacified, the Jin general was scattered and sick and died in the army, and Han Nongxin wanted to plan the Northern Expedition.
Wu Xi cast gold
At this time, the whole Song Dynasty no longer wanted to toss, so the rebbe Shi Miyuan contacted Empress Yang, Yang Cishan, and others to kill Han Nongxin, and reached a collegial agreement with the Jin Kingdom, restoring the border and increasing the number of coins, known in history as the "Jiading Peace Agreement" (1208). As a result, a huge Northern Expedition also came to an hasty end. Two years after the Jiading Peace Conference, that is, in 1210, the great patriotic poet Lu You of the Southern Song Dynasty died, and he wrote in the last poem: "Wang ShiBei ding Zhongyuan Day, the family sacrifice has not forgotten to tell Naiwong."
The Kaixi Northern Expedition, on the whole, was a northern expedition launched by Han Nongxu in order to gain the support of the main war faction, and Han Nongxin had the ambition of the Northern Expedition, but had no military ability. After Han Nongxin was killed, his school of science rose again, enveloping the political arena of the late Southern Song Dynasty, and Cheng Zhu Lixue gradually became the official philosophy of China. Under the influence of Zhu Cheng's theory, the "History of Song" specially established the "Biography of traitors", which included a large number of reformers and main war factions of the Song Dynasty, and Han Nongxin was also among them. Now it seems that Han Nongxu is not a traitor, but can only be regarded as a powerful minister.
Overall, the Kaixi Northern Expedition was not a national Northern Expedition. From the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, many Northern Expeditions were often just a means for careerists to seek great power, and the Kaixi Northern Expedition was exactly the case. This also indicates that the rule of the Southern Song Dynasty has gone into decline. In 1234, the Jin Dynasty collapsed, Mongolia and the Southern Song Dynasty directly bordered, and a full-scale crisis of the Southern Song Dynasty was imminent.