Peppercorn is no stranger to us, it is not only an essential condiment for daily cooking, but also has the effect of appetizing and strengthening the spleen. It is also a chinese herbal medicine, which has a good bacteriostatic and insect repellent effect. There are many factors in the yellow leaves of pepper trees, mainly starting from the three aspects of disease, insect pest and management, common diseases are yellow leaf disease, root rot, common insect pests are giddings, mesozoites, red spiders, and the management is mainly a problem of fertilizer and water. No matter what the problem is caused by the yellow leaf, once it appears, it has a serious impact on the yield and quality of the later stage of the pepper, so it is necessary to find the cause and prescribe the right medicine in time.
Xueyan's hometown is in a small mountain village in the north of Enshi, there are many wild pepper trees on the hillside behind the house, every August we will take a small basket up the mountain to pick, dry and spare, convenient for future cooking, so that there is no need to buy peppercorns for a year. Due to the low quality, some excellent varieties were later planted, among which yellow leaves occurred from time to time. So why do peppercorn trees have yellow leaves? How will we prevent it once it appears? With doubts, let's continue to watch the experience of Snow Rock!
Peppercorn trees have strong adaptability and are not strict with soil requirements, not only drought-tolerant, hardy, but also strong infertile thinness, but thrive in deep and fertile and loose sandy loam soils. April, May, is our local pepper budding flowering period, until the end of July to the beginning of August harvest period, the need for nutrients in this period of time increased, especially the pepper puffing stage, the fruit and branches are in the growth period, most of the nutrients absorbed by the root system are distributed to the fruit, the leaf nutrient supply will be reduced, at this time the leaves are prone to yellowing, especially when the nitrogen fertilizer is insufficient.
Workaround:
(1) Heavy application of base fertilizer in autumn, best application after autumn harvest. At this time, the post-application tree body has enough time to store nutrients, which is more conducive to spring germination, flowering, and new shoot growth. Base fertilizer can generally use biological bacterial fertilizer, compost, circle fertilizer, our family because of long-term pig raising, so generally will choose decomposed circle fertilizer with calcium superphosphate as the bottom fertilizer, topdressing should be based on the size of the tree and the growth of reasonable control.
(2) Topdressing should be balanced many times, and different growth periods should be topdressed according to the actual situation. For the yellow leaf situation, it is necessary to increase the topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer, and the topdressing period with large fertilizer demand is roughly divided into four key periods of topdressing before germination, before flower bud distribution, before flowering, and after flowering.
Topdressing before germination: After the end of the spring frost, the fast-acting fertilizer is applied in the hole after the rain, and the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are focused on topdressing at this time, and the amount of fertilizer needs to be appropriately increased or decreased according to the age of the tree. For example, nitrogen fertilizer is applied to large trees with 0.8 kg of nitrogen fertilizer and 0.75 to 1.00 kg of phosphate fertilizer; elderly trees should be appropriately increased, and young trees with hanging fruits should be appropriately reduced. After fertilization, it needs to be covered with mature soil.
Topdressing before flower bud differentiation: It is mainly to promote the differentiation of flower buds, which is conducive to the development of peppercorn fruits, and is the key topdressing to reduce the size of peppercorns. At this stage, the topdressing elements should be balanced, and the amount of topdressing should be mainly nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, and the appropriate amount of potassium fertilizer.
Topdressing before flowering: At this time, topdressing is mainly to promote the development of young fruits, which has obvious effects on the increase of fruit ears and the improvement of fruit set rate.
Topdressing after flowering: The types of topdressing elements in this period should be determined according to the specific growth situation, if the tree is strong, it can reduce nitrogen fertilizer topdressing, on the contrary, it is necessary to apply nitrogen fertilizer in sufficient quantities. At the same time, it is necessary to reasonably control the topdressing of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, so as to ensure the good growth of fruits and effectively improve yields.
Peppercorn trees are hardy and drought-tolerant, but not waterlogged, if the root system of peppercorn trees is damaged for a long time, yellow leaves will appear, poor growth, and dead trees will appear in severe cases. In particular, we have more rainwater, and we must do a good job in drainage.
(1) Once there is waterlogging, drainage should be drained in time to prevent poor breathing of the root system of the pepper tree.
(2) After the storm, after the weather is clear, it is necessary to cultivate the soil reasonably, increase the permeability, and make the root system of the pepper tree breathe better.
Pepper yellow leaf disease, also known as iron deficiency green loss disease, intuitive understanding is the disease caused by iron deficiency, but also belongs to the physiological disease, generally in the calcareous soil and saline alkali land incidence is more common. When artificially planted, long-term application of a large number of partial chemical fertilizers can also cause xanthophyll disease.
Prevention and control measures:
(1), pepper trees are drought-tolerant and not flood-tolerant, saline-alkali land should be planted with reasonable irrigation, so that the salinity in the soil can sink sufficiently, and watering is easy to take a small number of times, according to the soil moisture appropriately increase or decrease the frequency of watering, to ensure that the soil is wet and not waterlogged.
(2) In order to improve the soil, the topdressing of organic fertilizer should be increased to promote the decomposition of soil salt, so that the growth environment of peppercorn trees can be well improved.
(3), combined with the application of organic fertilizer appropriately add soil regulators, we often use ferrous sulfate, according to the size of the tree mixed with about 500 grams per plant.
(4) It is the initial flowering period of pepper trees, at this time, the foliar fertilizer containing iron should be sprayed in time, and the brassica enzyme inner fat should be used to effectively prevent the yellow leaf phenomenon.
(5) If the soil salinity component is particularly high, it is best to choose a salinity-tolerant, disease-resistant rootstock for grafting, which can effectively reduce the incidence. For plants that have already fallen ill, they can be re-pruned to clean up the diseased part and excess branches in time, which can effectively improve the yellow leaf condition.
Root rot should be mainly prevented, it is difficult to achieve the desired effect after the onset of treatment, and June and July are the peak periods of the disease. There are already diseased plants in our Enshi area, mainly because there is more rain in the Enshi area, the drainage is not timely, and the root system is soaked by rainwater for a long time, which is easy to cause root rot. Especially older peppercorn trees, more likely to develop diseases. Once the disease occurs, the plant's ability to absorb water and nutrients decreases, the leaves turn yellow, wilt, and if left untreated, the entire plant eventually dies.
(1) Spring rains occur frequently, and it is necessary to do a good job in drainage system management, dredge drainage ditches in time after heavy rainfall, and try to stop rain without accumulated water. Summer temperatures are high, do not water at noon, more medium tillage, provide soil breathability. The depth of cultivation is not easy to be too deep, so as not to hurt the root system and cause secondary damage.
(2) Increase the application of organic fertilizer, generally after the harvest of peppercorns, for the purpose of improving the organic matter in the soil and fundamentally improving the permeability of the soil. Note that the organic fertilizer applied should be fully decomposed, and if it is not decomposed, it may accelerate the occurrence of root rot. The amount used should be based on the size of the tree, and an appropriate amount of trace elements can be added to meet the nutritional needs of the strong tree.
(3) When the spring plant recovers and resumes growth, the root can be irrigated in advance to improve the disease resistance of the pepper tree. If the disease has become ill, the dead pepper tree should be dug up in time for destruction, and the tree pit and surroundings should be disinfected with quicklime and dried. For those who do not have the disease, they should also be prevented by irrigating roots. Our commonly used root irrigation agents are root rot spirit, evil mold spirit, powder embroidery and so on.
Peppercorns have relatively few diseases due to their own special odor, but they are not nothing, and gidding insects, red spiders, mesophores, willow-dried wood beetle moths, etc. will also cause different degrees of yellow leaves in peppercorn trees.
Gidding insect is a particularly common pest of pepper trees, from larvae to adults have a harmful effect on pepper trees, larvae destroy the bark phloem, as the larva grows, gradually moth to the xylem, and finally form a pupa pore, adults after eating pepper leaves. A large amount of dribbling gum will appear in the trunk of the victim, and the bark will rot and dry off in the later stage, which will have a serious impact on nutrient transportation, resulting in yellowing of leaves, and the dead branches and canopy in severe cases.
(1), Qingyuan disinfection: this is a very critical measure, in the winter should be thoroughly cleaned up the pepper garden, the dead branches, diseased insect branches, fallen leaves concentrated burning or deep burial, while using stone sulfur compound spray, effectively kill red spiders, aphids, but also to prevent some diseases of peppercorns.
(2), reasonable pruning of branches, on the one hand, pruning can constitute an ideal tree shape, is the foundation of abundant production. On the other hand, timely pruning of diseased and insect branches can maintain the robustness of the tree, which is conducive to achieving the purpose of high quality and high yield.
(3), pharmaceutical prevention: mainly prevention- mainly, before the germination of pepper trees, use 40% oxidized leguo in accordance with the ratio of 1:50 plus diesel fuel, evenly coat the base of the trunk. Clean the gum disease area thoroughly, scrape to the edge of the skin and apply a layer of branch rot protection agent.
Peppercorn mesozoans rely on their own stinging mouth organs to treat the sap of the young buds, young leaves, and young branches of the peppercorn tree. The appearance of dead shoots, yellow leaves, and weak tree strength in the tree body, which causes plant death when serious, is a more difficult insect pest to eradicate.
(1) The focus of insect pests is also to do a good job in clearing the garden in winter. In addition, the focus of drug control is in the nymph stage, adult insects generally have a layer of wax or shell, the drug penetration is poor, the control effect is not obvious. Nymph stage generally with mesocarin spraying and irrigation, medication can be appropriately increased dose, generally using the specified dose of 2 times the best, spraying pay attention to the foliar surface is not easy to accumulate water, not easy to apply at noon high temperature or rainy day, in order to achieve the ideal effect, can be used continuously 2 to 3 times, each interval of about 10 days.
(2), generally in winter and early spring, use a brush to brush the main stem and branches of the peppercorn, which can kill the female insects and male pupae in the cocoon that overwinter, and the effect is better in winter than in spring.
(3), wipe the insecticide with vinegar, alcohol, salt water, etc., wipe the insect pest site with cotton balls or clean cloth strips dipped in vinegar, you can brush off the shell insects to kill, and also restore the oily green light of the affected leaves. In contrast, vinegar is convenient, safe, and effective in pest control.
(4) The use of natural enemies is also a very good method. There are many natural enemies of the shell, such as: ladybugs, grasshoppers, strange bees and so on.
Red spiders are also a common pest of pepper trees, and the disease is severe during high temperatures and droughts. Mainly harmful to flower buds, new leaves, inflorescences, young fruits and other young parts, if the flowering and fruit stage encounters dry weather, red spiders are not only prone to outbreak, but also serious harm, easy to cause a large number of flowers and fruits, seriously affecting the later production.
(1) I personally do not advocate drug prevention and control, if you have to apply drugs, you must seize the peak period of red spider breeding, that is, the current April to May, with 25% mite net 500 times liquid, Da mite 1500 times liquid and other drugs for spraying.
(2), my common method is pepper water spraying method, the pepper is mashed with 20 times the water soaked for 5 hours or directly boiled for 20 minutes, and then filter out the slag, spray with pepper water, can effectively control aphids, red spiders, silkworms, etc., pay attention not to spray too much at a time, you can increase the number of sprays, each interval of about 3 to 5 days.
(3) You can also use the natural enemies of red spider larvae, ladybugs, small flower bugs, etc., to treat insects with insects. Therefore, the field should use less broad-spectrum insecticides to reasonably protect natural enemies.
Willow dry wood beetle moth is mainly larvae in the subcutaneous harm, generally like to eat in the root of the pepper tree, the cortex of the branch and the xylem, and eventually form an irregular tunnel, prompting the tree nutrients can not be transported normally, directly weakening the tree potential, when the branches die in severe cases.
(1) For insect pests that have already occurred, it is necessary to clean up dead wood and serious insect pest wood in time, and bring out the pepper garden for treatment to reduce the source of insects.
(2) The focus is on whitening the tree body in autumn and winter to prevent adult insects from laying eggs. At the beginning of the larval harm, it is necessary to use scraping measures to dig out the subcutaneous cluster larvae, and you can also use 20 times the solution of oxidized Leguo to apply squeegee on the branches to poison the first infested larvae.
(3) At the peak of adult feathering and spawning, 3% potassium vitamin acetamine microemulsion can be sprayed, and the drug is about 45 grams per mu. It is also possible to kill 50% borer pine.
In order to reduce the occurrence of yellow leaves in peppercorn trees, in autumn and winter we focus on the topdressing of organic fertilizer, reasonable pruning of branches, and thorough cleaning of the pepper garden. This can effectively reduce the source of diseases and insects, enhance the accumulation of nutrients in the plant, and promote the healthy growth of the plant. In addition, it is necessary to add field management, reasonable water control, timely drainage, agricultural control and use of natural enemies for diseases and insect pests, try to avoid or reduce the use of drugs for prevention and control, reduce drug residues while also better protecting natural enemies of insect pests, but also an effective measure of high quality and high yield.