1． Reunification
In 1271, Kublai Khan took the meaning of "Dazai, Qianyuan" in the I Ching, and the founding name "Dayuan". In 1276, Lin'an of the Southern Song Dynasty fell, and the 6-year-old Emperor Gongzong Zhao (xiǎn) and Empress Dowager Xie surrendered to the Yuan commander Boyan and were escorted north. In 1279, the most tragic subjugation in Chinese history was sung on The Cliff Mountain: because the ship of Emperor Zhao Fu (bǐng) was under siege, the 43-year-old Xiang Lu Xiufu did not want to humiliate Tianzi, so he made a shocking decision——— carrying the 8-year-old young emperor to commit suicide by throwing himself into the sea. Nearly 100,000 people accompanied the monarch, and a few days later, the number of floating corpses on the sea was 100,000...
At the Battle of Yashan, the last resistance force of the Southern Song Dynasty was wiped out in the terrifying waves, ending the long-term coexistence of several ethnic regimes since the division of the town at the end of the Tang Dynasty.
Picture below (Figure 1) - The decisive battle of Song Mengya Mountain
2． In the middle of the dynasty, the government was turbulent
In the 31st year of the Yuan Dynasty (1294), Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, died. In the 39 years from then until Emperor Huizong ascended the throne (1333), the political situation of the Yuan Dynasty was turbulent, and the throne changed 9 times, the longest reign was 11 years, and the shortest was only a month. The process of imperial succession is often accompanied by conspiracies, killings, and even large-scale civil wars, the most serious of which are the dispute between the two capitals and the explicit text.
1) The battle between the two
In July of the first year of Zhihe (1328), Emperor Taiding's grandson Timur died of illness in Shangdu (present-day northeast of Zhenglanqi, Inner Mongolia). The chancellor poured out the throne and did not establish a new monarch for more than a month. On September 13, Timur, the second son of Emperor Wuzong, who was in Gangneung, was admitted to the throne as Emperor Wenzong. In the same month, Emperor Taiding's 9-year-old crown prince Asokil Eight was proclaimed emperor by Shangdu, and the Yuan Tianshun was proclaimed. One mountain does not tolerate two tigers, one country does not tolerate two kings, and the "war of two capitals" is about to erupt.
On October 13, after the rest of the month, the empty Shangdu was besieged, and the emperor of Tianshun, Asokji, disappeared, and the Wu clan finally entered the throne and commanded the world.
2) The controversy over the explicit text
At the same time that Yan Timur welcomed Tu Timu'er, "the declaration had sent the envoys to the north to welcome" Emperor Wuzong's eldest son and Shi Zhen (lá) to the fiefdom of Therasal Clan in the northwest. Later Yan Timur, on the grounds that "the people's hearts are turned to the back, and there is no room for hair in between", the schematic map Timur preemptively ascended the throne. After the victory of the Battle of the Two Capitals, Emperor Wenzong Tu timur decided to abdicate and give way to his brother in the face of Emperor Mingzong and Shi Yao, who had ascended the throne in the northern steppes of the desert on February 27, 1329. (Emperor Mingzong was the eldest brother of Emperor Wenzong and was the legal heir to the throne.) At that time, his uncle Renzong broke the promise of "uncle and nephew succession" and established his parent Shuode Bala to the throne instead, and Mingzong and Shi Yao, who were exiled to the extreme, gained the universal sympathy of the world.)
In April 1329, Emperor Wenzong sent envoys to dedicate the imperial seal. On the second day of the first month of August, the two emperors met at Wangwu Chadu (元中都) and feasted on the kings, ministers, and the palace. On the sixth day of the first month, Emperor Mingzong "collapsed", and Tu Timu'er "drove away" and was restored. The battle over the explicit text is over.
3． The Yuan court collapsed
In 1333, the year 13-year-old Toshi Timur ascended the throne as Emperor Huizong. In the early days, his "intention of tuzhi was very sharp", and with the help of detachment, he revived the three histories of the Imperial Examination, daxing guozijian, and repaired the three histories of song and Liaojin, and then opened horses and banned horses, reduced the amount of salt... In the eleventh year of Zhengzheng (1351), the great peasant revolt at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, which swept across the land of China, broke out.
Pictured below (Figure 3) – Yuan Huizong
In October 1367, after destroying Chen Youyu and promoting Zhang Shicheng, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Xu Da to be the general of the conquest and led the Northern Expedition of 250,000 soldiers. (Zhu Yuanzhang's northern expedition strategy was: first take Shandong and remove its shielding; rotate henan and break its wings.) According to its household sills, the situation under the world is in my control. Then enter the Yuan capital, then the other side is alone and does not fight Keke. ）
On the second day of August in the first year of Hongwu (1368), the Ming army entered the capital, and the Yuan Dynasty, which was a unified national power, collapsed. However, Huizong Toumu'er had already fled north in a hurry and disappeared. The 11th Emperor, the Yuan Dynasty, which lasted for 98 years, came to an end, and had to look for its former glory and hegemony in the rolls of history.