Between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago, when sea levels were much lower than it is now, and the climate changed repeatedly in and out of the ice age, who lived here. It was a very harsh period, when some populations, including birds, migrated to the warmer south could not escape extinction. Among the large mammals that have survived are lions, wolves, and at least two groups of humans: our ancestors as "modern humans," and our last surviving close relative, neanderthals.
39,000 years ago, Neanderthals were also in a very difficult situation. Genetically, inbreeding has led to weaker genetic diversity and a smaller population, in part because of intense and continuous climate change that has kept them away from their homeland. Many of the forests on which they depended were gradually disappearing, and while they were smart enough to constantly improve their tools and techniques, their bodies could not adapt to the hunting methods required by this new climate and geography.
Most modern humans (including European, Asian, American, and Oceanian) typically have 1-4% Neanderthal genes and 2.6% in the normal range. Related studies have shown that this part of the gene may affect traits such as hair color, curl, and height in modern humans.
Neanderthal DNA can in some cases influence the presence of the gene adamatsl3 – a risk factor for schizophrenia. In addition, dna from Neanderthal offspring can also make a person grow taller.
Neanderthal hair was red. Presumably these differences in appearance were seen by our ancestors as attractive, or sexually superior, or with tougher skin that could prevail in the cold, dark European environment.
The Neanderthal gene improves our immune system, just as we boost it today with travel vaccines, which may benefit our survival in the New World. Many genes are associated with keratin, a protein found in the skin and hair, and some of them are associated with grains.
Some Neanderthal genes are unfavorable, such as making us more susceptible to type 2 diabetes, lupus, urinary incontinence, depression, allergies, skin damage, thrombosis, nutritional imbalances, bladder pain, and urethral dysfunction. Other genes change the way we metabolize fat, making us more at risk of obesity or even making people more susceptible to smoking addiction (nicotine addiction).
In addition, the Nepalese have a set of genes that can enhance immunity against viruses, bacteria and parasites, which can effectively fight pathogens in the case of extremely poor living environments.
The Neanderthals have larger heads, shorter legs, and larger bodies, but their fertility is very average. They have thick hair and smooth skin, with "anti-bone" behind their heads.