First, the basic information of oil pine
Pinus tabulaeformis is a pine of the pinaceae family, also known as: Pinus breve, Pinus breve, Pinus rubra, and Pinus nigricans. Oil pine is a good shade tree, street tree, can be planted alone, opposite planted or clustered. Can be mixed with fast-growing trees on the side of the road, such as using willow as a background tree, planting oil pine with a straight trunk and curved branches along the road, the tree is different in short layers, and the color of the tree varies a lot, which can enrich the street scene. Planted in the inner side of the sidewalk component belt, along the side of the road to plant fast-growing trees, can make the soil avoid car, human damage and trampling.
Second, the morphological characteristics of oil pine
Oil pine is a large evergreen tree, up to 30 m tall and up to 1 m in diameter. The crown in the primers is tower-shaped or broadly ovate, the old crown is disc-shaped and umbrella-shaped, and the lower part of the bark is gray-brown, split into irregular scales, and the cracks and upper bark are reddish-brown. The large branches are flattened or obliquely upwards, and the old trees are flat-topped. The twigs are thick, yellowish brown, shiny, no white powder; the winter buds are oblong, pointed at the apex, slightly resinous, and the bud scales are reddish brown. Conifers 2 needles and 1 bunch, dark green, coarse and hard, 10-20 cm long, 1.3-1.5 mm in diameter, fine serrations at the edges, stomata lines on both sides, semicircular cross-sectional surface, subcutaneous cells are intermittent two layers, resin channels 3 to 11, marginal, horns and dorsal occasionally mesophytic. The leaf sheath is initially pale brown and later pale blackish brown. Flowering in May, male bulbous flowers are columnar, 1.2 to 1 .8cm long, and clustered in the lower part of new branches in the form of spikes. In early and mid-October of the following year, the fruit ripens, ovate or oval, 4 to 7 cm long, with a short stalk, yellow-green, standing, yellow-brown after ripening, often staying for several years. The seeds are 6 to 8 mm long, the wings are 5 to 2 cm long, and the wings are 2 to 3 times the length of the seeds.
Third, the growth habit of oil pine
Oil pine prefers positive trees, young trees are tolerant of lateral shade, have strong cold resistance, prefer slight acid and medium soil, are not tolerant of salinity and alkali, are deep-rooted, and have developed main lateral roots. It is resistant to barrenness and does not have strict soil nutrient and moisture requirements, but requires good soil aeration and good growth in loose soil. If the soil is cohesive or too much moisture, poor ventilation, it will not grow well. It cannot grow on flat lands where the groundwater table is too high or where there is seasonal water accumulation. There are symbiotic mycorrhizae on the absorbed roots, which have certain requirements for cultivation conditions.
Fourth, oil pine seedling breeding
Soil water and fertilizer conditions: good drainage, convenient watering, deep soil layer, slightly acidic or neutral sandy loam or loam soil (preferably continuous cropping), deep turning and leveling, application of both fertilizer, compost and other base fertilizer per mu mixed with calcium superphosphate 15kg and ferrous sulfate 5kg.
Seedbed cleaning: early spring or autumn according to the sowing width of 3 ~ 7cm, the distance between the center of the strips 20cm strip sowing, sowing amount of 15 ~ 20kg / mu.
Seed disinfection and germination: The seedbed is filled with plantar water before sowing, and then soaked in 0.5% formalin solution for 5 to 30 minutes or soaked with 0.5% potassium permanganate solution for 2 hours for seed disinfection, and then germinated by snow storage method or water immersion method.
Sowing and medium-tillage: No watering or covering before seedlings are sown. After excavation to the seed shell before falling off, we should pay attention to bird pest prevention, 6 to 7 months of growth period according to the retention of 150,000 to 200,000 plants / mu for seedling replenishment, seedling stage diligent loosening of soil weeding, appropriate control of watering, watering or rain after the silt off the "mud pants", straight wood out of 1 week to July every 7 to 10 days spray 0.5% ~ 1% equivalent Bordeaux liquid or 0.5% ~ 1.5% ferrous sulfate solution to prevent and control blax disease.
Fifth, oil pine seedling cultivation
Seedling digging treatment: select 2 to 3 years old seedlings, dig up the soil ball when the soil water holding water is 45% to 55%, cut the thick root with pruning shear, wrap the grass rope around the root of the seedling and knot it, leave a 30cm rope head, and then wrap it evenly around the circumference of the soil ball in the direction perpendicular to the outward direction of the trunk, and each winding circle comes around the rhizome at 90 degrees and then wraps it around, depending on the size of the soil ball, so wrap 4-8 circles, and then roll the soil ball horizontally around 3 to 5 times, and tie the rope head to the rhizome.
Large seedling transplanting: March to May, July to August, October to November planting, 24h after transport to the planting ground in time to plant in advance according to the design of the planting hole, the packaged grass rope can be lifted or a piece of rationalization, after correcting the seedlings to fill the soil layer by layer, so that the seedling soil ball and the country filled in close contact, planting depth to the topsoil on the ball and the design of the planting ground is equal to the appropriate, after filling in the planting hole around the perimeter, to ensure that the water depth of 20cm, in order to facilitate the water around the water.
Large seedling protection watering: after planting, set up a triangular bracket to fix the trunk, water once on the day after planting, water the second time in 10 days, and then water once every 10 days within 3 to 4 months, and after the wind, you should step on and water in time.
Pruning and fertilization: remove redundant branches, diseased and insect branches in time after survival, in addition to the long branches with inappropriate growth direction, properly ensure the top advantage of the central trunk, and also take technical measures such as pulling branches and picking hearts to cultivate tower-like tree shapes. In the 1 year after survival, in the growing season, on average, once a month once a month, plants with a height of 3.5 m are fertilized in the tree tray in 2 to 3 times after the soil thawing in early spring, the long-term spring shoots and the autumn essence growth period: plants with a height of more than 3.5 m can take the above fertilization method within 1 to 2 years after survival, and it is better to use a motorized sprayer once a month in the growing season to fertilize once a month.
Sixth, oil pine disease and pest control
What are the diseases of Pinus tabulaeformis:
1. Cataplexy
Seedlings infected with the disease will appear brown cotyledons as soon as they emerge from the soil, and due to the weak resistance of oil pine in the seedling stage, the infection is easy to die.
Control methods: First of all, the garden where the oil pine seedlings are planted should be flat, the surrounding drainage system is good, the soil is fertile for the growth of seedlings, and the seedlings of good quality grow and develop faster in such an environment, and the ability to resist pests and diseases is stronger. Secondly, before sowing seedlings, take appropriate agents to prepare soil layers that are conducive to the growth of young seeds, and mix and prepare more liquids such as Sunong 6401 and Pentachloronitrobenzene with soil; after the seedlings are infected, they are often sprayed with Bordeaux solution and Dixon and other agents, sprayed once every 10 days or so, which can significantly inhibit the spread of the disease.
2. Powdery mildew
The disease will cover the newly germinated pine needles with a layer of white powder, making the pine needles become brittle and hard, and then become yellowish brown until death, which seriously affects the new shoots and fruits of the pine.
Prevention and control methods: First of all, clean the oil pine more to cut off the infection of pathogenic bacteria from the source. Secondly, chemical agents such as methyltobuzin and belept can be sprayed in an appropriate amount.
3. Standing blight.
Such conditions can easily cause large-scale infection and death of pine seedlings in the garden. Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings are very susceptible to this disease, and seedlings infected with Pinus tabulaeforma form long stripes of brown markings some time after excavation, and gradually increase with age, eventually causing the root cortex lesions of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings to rot into a reddish-brown color. The causes of oleifera infection are mainly divided into two aspects. On the one hand, it is due to the invasion of invasive fungi, such as Fusarium, Filaria, Putresia and other pathogens working together; on the other hand, it is the influence of environmental factors, such as excessive soil viscosity, defects in the drainage system around the saplings, and excessive soil layers covering the saplings or tree species.
Prevention and control methods: Seedlings can be sprayed with 20% methyl liquifoss emulsion 1200 times liquid, 40% pentachloronitrobenzene suspension 500 times liquid, 75% bacillus clear wettable powder 600 times liquid at the beginning of the disease, and after the seedlings are unearthed, they can be sprayed with 1:1:100 portol solution or 1:200 sodium dystilb solution.
4. Pine needle rust
The pine needles of the oil pine infected by the bacteria are easy to wither and fall off, which will slow down the growth rate of the newly germinated tooth tips of the oil pine and even gradually wither away from the lower part of the canopy. The pathogens of pinus rust are mainly berberian rust bacteria, and the spores of mature pathogens rely on wind and rain for transmission. Spores can invade the stomata of the pine needle and gradually multiply, a small number of daughters will overwinter on the diseased pine needle, germinate in large numbers in the following spring into spores, and sporangia appear, spread by wind and rain to infect barberry, and finally form a winter spore pile.
Prevention and control methods: spray 1 agent every 15 days, such as 1:1:100 Bordeaux solution, 0.3 ~ 0.5 ° be stone sulfur compound, 1:200 sodium of dimetryl, 1:800 times powder embroidery, 1:500 times dentist special liquid. Pine is usually sprayed in mid-August, when illness is prone to outbreaks, but in late June, berberine should be sprayed to prevent cross-infection.
What are the infestations of oil pine:
1. Red fat sized beetle
Red fat beetles are often found in the piles, logging, and main lateral roots of fresh oil pines, as well as in the main trunk and main lateral roots of oil pines. The large density of insect infestations can cause the infected parts of the trunk to form a ring peeling shape, resulting in the death of the pine tree.
Control methods: First of all, the planting method of oil pine should be reasonably planned, more than other tree species that are not susceptible to disease and insect infestation; secondly, because the pests often gather in the trunk, as well as the main root and side roots of the pile, the wood left in place after the pile is cut or cut in time, and the large and small beetles can be cut down before entering the dormant period or adult feathering, and the trees that are infected by insect infestation and withering or dying can be cut down, but the area where the large and small beetles are high-density concentrated cannot be harvested. And the first time the pile is covered with plastic sheets and phosphated aluminum fumigation, killing the pests hidden inside the pile; in addition, the peeled bark will be burned or sprayed with 2.5% permethrin pesticide 1500 times liquid, mass fraction of 40% oxidized Leguo emulsion 500 ~ 800 times liquid and other agents.
2. Oil pine caterpillar
In late March in spring, when the larvae begin to active, the larvae of about 3 to 4 years old overwinter in the bottom of the tree, in the low grass, the deciduous layer and in the crevices of the bark, at which time the upper canopy of the oil pine is susceptible to moths from overwintering caterpillars. Most of the larvae of pinus tabula are seriously harmful to the conifers of trees in August and September, and because the caterpillars are widely dispersed and have a large area of activity, they are prone to moth trees in a large area.
Control methods: First of all, timely eliminate the overwintering caterpillars, remove the deciduous shallow soil layer and weeds that the overwintering caterpillars often inhabit, etc., and reduce the possibility of overwintering caterpillar reproduction from the source. The barrier method can also be used to bundle the trunk in multiple circles before the autumn larvae overwinter the tree or before the spring larvae return to the trunk, which is good and simple to operate. Secondly, spraying 1% Andrea powder according to the specifications of 15 kg/hm2 can effectively prevent larval growth.
3. Pine wood nematodes
The length of only 1mm of pine wood nematode to the harm of oil pine can not be underestimated, the insect body is a worm type, often inhabited by the tianniu body and spread with the help of the tianniu, the reproductive speed is amazing, it is easy to lead to the death of oil pine. Because pine trees are difficult to detect only by appearance in the early stages of infection, it is difficult to prevent and control them at the beginning of infection. After infection, the transpiration of pine trees will decrease with the decrease of resin secretion inside the trunk, eventually making the branches brittle and easy to fold, the pine needles appear reddish brown, and the epidermis to the inner layer becomes dark red, and eventually dies.
Prevention and control method: At the beginning of the infection of seedlings, although there is no obvious change in appearance, a careful observation of the trunk will find obvious traces of beetle erosion such as tianniu. At this time, the spread of pine wood nematodes should be prevented from the source in time by removing the host medium, and a certain dose of insecticide can be watered at the root soil of the pine tree or the beetles on the trunk can be removed by manual removal. In addition, after the infection of oil pine, the use of insecticides can be changed, often based on the injection of internal insecticides into the stems of oil pine branches.