Loquat taste delicious, when eating loquat remember to peel yo, eat loquat fruit has the effect of moisturizing the lungs, cough, thirst. Loquat is full of treasures, loquat in addition to fresh eating, loquat meat canned sugar water, or wine.
Therefore, the prospect of planting loquat in rural areas is very good, the general average annual temperature is above 12 °C-15 °C, winter is not less than -6 °C, and loquat can be planted in areas with annual rainfall of more than 1000 mm. Today, the village small farmer network from the establishment of orchards, fertilizer management, orchard management, plastic pruning, loquat fruit stage management, pests and diseases and other aspects, from zero to teach everyone to grow high-yield loquat!
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > orchards are established</h1>
1. Selection of orchard land
First of all, you should choose a place with convenient transportation to build a garden, loquat is very adaptable to the soil, but still with deep fertility, H value of about 6-6.5 slightly acidic soil is the best.
2. Orchards are rehabilitated
Because the root distribution of loquat is shallow, the expansion force is weak, and the wind resistance is poor, we must deeply turn the soil or trench to press green or large hole to press green, plant seedlings on the ditch or large hole (the soil layer is less than 50 cm should be blasted and changed soil), and then expand the hole outward every year to improve soil permeability and fertility, lead the roots deep into the soil, enhance root growth, expand the distribution of root groups, make the plant grow robust, and increase wind resistance. For flat or cohesive soils, ditches 40 cm wide and 50-60 cm deep should be opened every 2-4 rows for drainage.
3. Seedling colonization
(1) Planting time
Loquat is planted in spring in areas where winters are colder and should be planted in the spring to avoid frost damage. Winters are warm in most parts of the south and can be colonized from September to March, but October to November is the best.
(2) Seedling treatment
Seedlings must be soaked with fungicides such as carbendazim for 15-30 minutes before planting, and soak seedlings to more than 10 cm of grafting interface, which is one of the key measures to improve the survival rate. Beat the mud for planting. Loquat leaves have a large amount of transpiration, and 1/2-2/3 of all leaves should be cut off when planting, and all young shoots should be cut off. Spray water on the foliar surface 3-4 times a day.
(3) Planting density
For dwarf early orchards, they can be planted according to the row spacing of 13 meters or 1.52 meters (planting 222 plants) and 23 meters (111 plants per acre).
(4) Planting method
When planting, the root system should be evenly distributed, layered into the soil, just covered to the root neck is appropriate, and the root neck part should be 10-20 cm above the surrounding ground. Then build an earthen mound around the plant, water the root water in the mound, water 20-25 kg per plant, must be watered thoroughly, which is the key to improving the survival rate of seedlings. After the water penetrates the soil, it is covered with a layer of fine soil, and finally the area of the tree tray is covered with a film of 1 square meter to maintain soil moisture and increase the ground temperature. If there is a prolonged drought after planting, it should continue to be watered.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > fertilization management</h1>
Loquat is an evergreen fruit tree with lush leaves and flowers, and requires more fertilizer than deciduous fruit trees. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be used in combination. Young trees are dominated by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and adult trees are combined with potassium fertilizers. Fertilization time must be determined in conjunction with branch and root growth. The branches of loquat have four peaks a year, mainly spring shoots (February-April), summer shoots (May-June), autumn shoots (August-September), winter shoots (November to December), mainly spring, summer and autumn shoots.
The root activity of loquat and the growth of aboveground branches have obvious alternating phenomena, generally the root system grows about 2 weeks earlier than the branches, there are 3-4 growth peaks a year, that is, from the end of January to the beginning of March for the first time, this growth is the largest, mid-May to mid-June for the second time, mid-August to September for the third time, october 11 for the fourth time. Combined with the growth characteristics of root system and branches, adult orchards can generally be fertilized three times a year.
1. The first application of spring shoot fertilizer, application in early to mid-February, when the root system is at the first growth peak, it is convenient to absorb nutrients, and the main role is to promote spring shoots and enlarge the fruit. Since the spring shoots can become the fruit branches of the year and the base branches of the summer and autumn shoots, the fertilization is more important, accounting for about 30% of the year, mainly fast-acting fertilizers, and potassium fertilizers are applied together in this time to promote the expansion of young fruits. Each mu can be applied 30 kg of urea, 15 kg of calcium superphosphate (phosphate fertilizer), 30 kg of potassium sulfate (potassium fertilizer), and about 1000 kg of human and animal manure water.
2. The second application of summer shoot fertilizer is applied after fruit picking from mid-May to early June (late ripening varieties are applied before fruit picking). At this time, it is the second growth peak of the root system, which mainly promotes the development of summer shoots and promotes the differentiation of flower buds in July and August. Because the summer shoots are more and more neat, and the year can form more fruiting mother branches, promoting the summer shoots is the main measure to ensure the annual yield, therefore, the amount of fertilizer is very large, accounting for about 50% of the year, with fast-acting fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer application, phosphorus fertilizer is all applied (to facilitate the differentiation of flower buds). Generally, 100 kg of urea, 30 kg of phosphate fertilizer (calcium superphosphate), and 2000 kg-3000 kg of organic fertilizer are applied per mu.
4, the third application of autumn fertilizer or pre-flower fertilizer, in September to early October, after the ear before flowering application, accounting for about 20% of the year, mainly to promote good flowering, improve the fruit and increase the ability to prevent cold overwintering, mainly late-acting fertilizer, mu application of urea 10 kg, organic fertilizer 1000-1500 kg.
5. The fertilization of young trees adopts the principle of thin application and diligent application. The first fertilizer was applied from planting to germination, and the fast-available nitrogen fertilizer accelerated phosphorus fertilizer and clear water fertilizer were the mainstays. Fertilize every month thereafter until October. The first application of urea 2.5 kg, calcium superphosphate 5 kg, and clear water feces 250 kg per mu increased month by month. Fertilize once in February, April, June, August and October of the following year. After the seedlings are planted in the spring and germinate, every 10 days or so in April-May, potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus cloud large 120 or cloud mossin, plus insecticidal bactericidal insecticide spray once, continuous spray 4-5 times, taking this technical measure is extremely critical to improve the survival rate of seedlings.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > orchard management</h1>
1, orchard intercropping: juvenile loquat garden row can be intercropping beans crops and vegetables, strawberries, etc. However, it is best to plant green manure, and cut it off and cover it in the tree tray in April and August. Adult orchards can cover the tree tray with weeds or crop poles in April and September, and press them into the garden when fertilizing or expanding the soil in the autumn, which can not only fertilize the soil, but also keep the soil moist in the summer, reduce the ground temperature, and facilitate plant growth. Covering the tree tray in winter is conducive to overwintering of loquats. In winter, the whole garden is ploughed once, and it is advisable to be 10-20 cm deep.
2. Orchard deep turning: Orchards that have been soiled and colonized in large holes should be expanded in autumn to add weeds, rods, phosphate fertilizers, etc. The whole park should be completed within 3-5 years. It is conducive to guiding the downward growth of the root system and increasing the ability to absorb fertilizer.
3, drainage and irrigation: loquat in the fruit ripening period if too much rainfall, easy to cause poor fruit coloring and fruit splitting, so in rainy areas, should pay attention to drainage. The spring drought period is during the development period of young fruits (March to April) and should be properly irrigated. Summer drought has a serious impact on flower bud differentiation and flower ear growth and development, especially in August to September, such as dry weather should be irrigated to fight drought.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > trimming</h1>
Plastic pruning is the key to the success or failure of loquat dense plantations, and it is the most important link technology.
1. Plastic surgery
Loquat branches have obvious regularity, the top bud growth potential is strong, the axillary bud is small and inconspicuous, the growth potential is weak, the top bud at the time of budding and several nearby axillary buds are extracted branches, while the lower axillary buds become hidden buds, the top bud extends upwards from the central branch, and the axillary bud expands to the four sides for the side branches. Therefore, the central stem of loquat is very obvious, and the tree body is obviously layered, in order to adapt to this characteristic, dense plantations often use small crown trunk layered (32 m) and fan-shaped (21.5 m). The shape is as follows:
(1) Small crown trunk layered shape: evolved from the trunk layering, the tree shape has high yield and large load, and is suitable for loquat dense plantations with a row spacing of 32 meters (111 plants per mu). The height of the main trunk is 30-40 cm, the four main branches in the first layer are at an angle of 60 degrees to 70 degrees with the central stem, and the three main branches in the second layer are at an angle of 45 degrees with the central stem. The two main branches of the third layer are at a 30-degree angle to the center. 3-4 years to complete the shape, after the formation of the tree height of about 2.5 meters, and then with the increase of the age of the tree should be happy, reduce the number of main branch layers. Its shaping method is: select 30-40 cm of seedlings for colonization, do not do any pruning after planting, wait for them to produce top buds and side buds (axillary buds), top buds allow them to grow naturally upwards, select 4 axillary bud branches as the first layer of main branches, stretch out in 4 directions, so that they are at a 70-degree angle with the center (can be fixed by bamboo poles), and the rest of the branches are twisted and circumvented when the branches stop growing in early and mid-July, and flattened to promote flowering. The lateral branches of the central stem that germinate for the second time, if the distance from the first layer is less than 40 cm, twist at 30 cm, if the branch is more than 40 cm from the first layer, the second layer of the main branch is selected, and the central stem is 50 degrees to 60 degrees, and the third and fourth layer main branches (30 degrees to 45 degrees angle with the center) are selected according to the same method. After the fourth layer of main branches is left, the central stem is pruned, and the rest of the branches except for the top buds of the main branch grow according to it, and the branches on the back of the other lateral branches are twisted in mid-July, circumcising and promoting flowers.
(2) Fan-shaped: Fan-shaped ventilation is good, the early output is high, the yield is good, the quality is excellent, and the effect is fast. Suitable for dense orchards. Suitable row spacing of 2 meters, plant spacing of 1.5 meters, planting 222 plants per mu. The main shaping method steps are: in the first year of planting seedlings, planted in a north-south direction, the first layer of branches obliquely between the rows in the southeast and northwest directions, and between the rows at a 45-degree angle, all the branches extended to the inter-plant pruning and removal. The spacing between the second layer of branches and the first layer of branches is 50-60 cm, the direction is the same as that of the first layer of branches, and the height of the tree body is controlled at about 2 meters.
2. Trim
For young trees (1-3 years old, during plastic surgery), they are generally not cut, let them have multiple branches, except for the main branch to maintain a predetermined angle of growth, the rest of the branches are twisted and circumcised when the new shoots stop growing in July. The non-main branches emanating from the central stem are flattened to promote early flowering, and the over-dense branches can be properly removed in the second and third years.
Adult trees are mainly pruned twice in spring and summer, and spring pruning is carried out in February and March in combination with fruit thinning, mainly to remove weak branches, dense branches and long branches, etc., to increase the amount of spring shoots and reduce the size of the year. Summer pruning is carried out after fruit picking, mainly deleting dense branches, delicate, diseased and insect branches to improve light, retracting the center of the overly high plant, and falling happily. And some of the outwardly moved branches are retracted, so that the distance between the rows is maintained by 0.8-1 meters, the inter-plant is not excessively crossed, and the fruit shafts of the fruit piles or fruit branches are removed to promote the summer shoots and achieve annual harvests.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > loquat fruit stage management</h1>
1. Adjustment of the amount of fruit
The adjustment of the amount of fruits is mainly to take measures such as fruit thinning or flower preservation, so that the orchard can achieve a reasonable yield, produce high-quality commercial fruits, and produce abundant annually.
(1) Thinning flowers and fruits
Loquat spring, summer shoots are easy to become flowers, each flower spike generally has 60-100 flowers, and only 5% of the flowers form a yield, so it is necessary to remove too many flowers, especially the large five-star loquat In order to produce high-quality commercial fruits, a considerable part of the flowers and young fruits must be removed. Flowering is carried out from late October to November, and some panicles should be removed from the base for trees with too many panicles; medium trees can remove some panicles by 1/2. In short, according to the amount of flowers, determine the amount of sparse flowers. After proper flower thinning, the flower spikes can get sufficient nutrients, increase the resistance to the adverse environment, and improve the fruit set rate. Fruit thinning is best carried out after the warm spring in February and March. Remove some small fruits and diseased fruits, and leave about 1-3 fruits per panicle according to the situation.
(2) Keep flowers and fruits
For some varieties with low fruit set rate and plants with low flower volume, as well as areas with frost damage in winter, flower preservation and fruit preservation should be implemented, and excess fruits should be removed after mid-March to ensure good yields.
In early November of the first year (before flowering), in late December (after flowering), and in mid-January of the following year, spray 0.8% loquat fruit (see instructions for use).
Foliar spraying of 10mg/L (10PPM) of 920 during the flowering period can increase the fruit set rate by 38.5%.
Foliar spraying with 0.25% potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2P degree 4) plus 0.2% urea and 0.1% borax foliar spraying at the time of flowering can increase the fruit set rate by 34%.
(3) Flower promotion measures
Loquat dense plantations in the summer shoots stopped growing that year, the trees with stronger tree strength, especially the plants that extracted the spring and summer secondary shoots, should take measures to promote the differentiation of flower buds in July and August, so that they can flower and bear fruit in autumn and winter, the main methods are:
In early July and early August, spray 15% paclobutrazol or 350-fold PB of 500 PPM each.
In early July, when the summer shoots stop growing, the branches are flattened, twisted, circumcised (cut 3 times, each circle is 1 cm apart) and the ring is peeled and pasted.
Pay attention to drainage work from July to September and maintain appropriate drought.
2. Fruit management
(1) Measures to increase the fruit
At the end of February, the end of March and the middle of April, spray young fruits with 30PPM pyropridol (CPPV) + 500PPM 920 (GA) to enlarge the fruit.
At the end of March and the beginning of April, soak the fruit twice (once in 10 days) with loquat big fruit spirit 100 times liquid.
At the end of flowering (5 days after flowering), and in the young fruit stage (within 10-15 days after flowering), most of the fruits are sprayed once each (50 kg of water is added to each packet). It can increase the fruit set rate and increase the fruit.
In mid-March, too many young fruits and small fruits were removed.
(2) Fruit bagging
Fruit bagging can control purple spot disease, fruit-sucking moths and bird hazards, and reduce fruit splitting caused by sun exposure after rain. At the same time, it can avoid spraying the liquid on the fruit surface, and can also make the fruit coloring good, beautiful appearance, and improve the quality of the fruit and the value of the product. The bagging time is appropriate after the last fruit thinning, generally from late March to early April, and a mixture of broad-spectrum insecticides and fungicides must be sprayed before bagging. The bagged paper used can be used with old newspapers and special fruit bags. Large fruits can be one bag per fruit, and small fruits can be one bag per spike. Start with the top of the tree, then down, and cover outward. The mouth of the bag is tied tightly with thread, and it can also be booked with a stapler.
(3) Fruit harvesting
Loquat fruit is best harvested in batches when the peel is fully colored and ripe, the first colored is harvested, and if it is for long-distance transportation, it is appropriate to harvest early. Because the loquat fruit skin is thin, the meat is tender and juicy, and there is a layer of fluff on the skin, so be particularly careful when picking, it is advisable to take the fruit spike or fruit stem by hand, carefully cut it, do not scratch the fruit surface fluff, and touch the fruit. Gently place in a fruit basket cushioned with brown flakes or grass after harvesting. Harvesting time is as good as morning, afternoon or cloudy. It must not be harvested in heavy rain or hot suns.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" ></h1> loquat disease control
1. Cancerous disease
【Symptoms】Cancerous disease, also known as bud blight, occurs in March and April. Black ulcers are produced on the new shoots, showing the symptoms of bud withering, often causing lateral buds to grow, and the disease spots on the leaves are black and have a distinct yellow halo. The affected fruit, the fruit surface ulcer is rough, and the surface of the fruit stem is longitudinally lobed. The initial damage to the branches is a yellow-brown irregular spot, the surface is rough, and the posterior ring-like ridge is raised and cracked, revealing a black-brown xylem, which is cancerous and swollen, causing the branches to die. It is a bacterial disease in which the pathogen overwinters in the diseased part of the trunk.
【Prevention and control methods】 (1) Strengthen orchard management, pay attention to drainage, enhance the disease resistance of fruit trees, cut off diseased branches in time, collect diseased leaves and fruits in time and burn them with fire, and remove the source of disease. (2) At the beginning of the disease (early March), spray 8000 times Dasheng M-45 or 1200-1500 times multi-mold 1-2 times.
2. Other diseases
【Disease category】 (1) Leaf spot disease: harmful leaves, spots are polygonal, russet, yellow halo on the outside, late black mold is dotted, overwintering with hyphal blocks and conidia, warm areas, annual onset. (2) Gray spot disease: harmful leaves, round spots or irregular shape after healing, russet, enlarged center is grayish yellow, the outer edge is grayish brown, and black dots are produced on the later spots, sometimes arranged in a circular pattern, and overwinter on the diseased leaves with conidia and hyphae. (3) Stain leaf disease: more occurs on the reverse side of the leaf, the initial is a dirty brown round spot or irregular, and then grows soot mold, which can be covered with the whole leaf, and overwinters on the diseased leaf with conidia and hyphae. (4) Red rust: harmful to leaves, resulting in orange-yellow to yellowish-brown rust spots, granular, with an outer membrane, not flying. Removing fallen leaves and spraying protection works for this. (5) Purple spot disease: only on the fruit of the purple red rust spots, only affect the appearance, almost do not affect the meat quality, in the loquat fruit ripening late symptoms suddenly appear, related to sunlight exposure. The most effective control measure is fruit bagging.
【Prevention and control methods】 (1) Pay attention to the removal of fallen leaves, combined with pruning, remove diseased branches and diseased leaves, do a good job in drainage work in the rainy season, strengthen management, and enhance tree potential. (2) Spray 1:1:160 Bordeaux liquid after the new leaf grows or spray 1200-1500 times multi-mold at the beginning of the disease.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > loquat pest control</h1>
1. Yellow caterpillar
【Symptom occurrence】 The larvae eat the young leaves of the loquat buds, the leaves are almost eaten away for a long time, the loss is more serious when the young trees are damaged, the pupa is attached to the bark crack depression in the cocoon or the back of the old leaves overwinters, the adult insects appear in May, lay eggs on the leaf back, the first generation endangers the leaves in June and July, the second generation occurs in mid-July to mid-August, and the third generation occurs from mid-August to mid-September, coinciding with the growth period of the young leaves of loquat, and the new shoots are endangered by the 1.2-year-old larvae clustering. The larvae are yellow, later orange blossom yellow, and the old mature larvae are about 20 cm long.
【Control measures】 The key is in the larval stage, which can be used 20% permethrin 4000-5000 times liquid or 2.5% bromopeniper 3000 times liquid, 2.5% urine 3 suspension 1500-2000 times. Wintering cocoons are cleared during the clearance of the garden, combined with manual hunting of 1-2 instar larvae.
2. Boat moth
【Symptoms】The boat moth, also known as the boat-shaped caterpillar, is the main pest that harms the loquat leaves, specializes in eating old mature leaves, and begins to nibble on the leaf flesh, leaving only the epidermis and only the main vein. Occurs 1 generation a year, overwintering in the soil near the trunk, diverging in July, and active in the evening. Laying eggs on the back of the leaves, 10 grains lined up in a piece, hatched in late August, 1-2 year old larvae cluster hazard, head outward neatly arranged on the back of one or more leaves of harm, the damaged leaves into a yarn mesh, a tree occurs in a very large number of insect mouths, morning and evening feeding, soon the leaves of the whole tree will be eaten, the larvae have spit when frightened, suspended death phenomenon. From September to October, the old mature larvae overwinter in the soil, and the larvae are initially yellow-brown and later purple-brown.
【Control measures】Cultivate in winter, dig up the pupa cocoon in the soil around the trunk, and concentrate on killing the young larvae in the group in late August. If the larvae have dispersed for feeding, a 20% solution of 5000 times of permethrin or a solution of 3000 times of verpoxide can be selected.
3. Mulberry Cow
【Symptoms】The main harm is the loquat branches, the larvae first eat along the bark, and then enter the xylem to harm, causing the branches to die.
【Prevention and control measures】You can use 40% dichlorvos and other 50 times solution to dip into cotton, stuff it into the cavity, and then seal the hole with yellow mud.
4. Thorn moth
【Occurrence of symptoms】Commonly known as hot seeds, star anise. There are many kinds, and the main hazards of loquat are flat moth, yellow thorn moth and so on.
【Control measures】 1-2 generations per year, the first generation from mid-July to mid-August, the second generation from the beginning of September to the end of October, and the 5000-fold solution of 20% amyglin can be used to control other pests together. Other pests such as heart-eating insects, aphids, leaf mites, bag moths, etc. It can be treated in conjunction with the control of major pests. It can be controlled by killing saury, mites, mites and other agents.
The above is the cultivation technology of loquat with high yield, you can collect it for backup!
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