The tomatoes we usually eat are red, have you ever seen a black tomato? Although this tomato is not very sweet, and even a little sour, it is extremely popular with the market. The name of this tomato is "black tomato".
Black tomatoes are native to South America and are a treasure of the tomato family, so named because their fruit color and fruit are red and black. Its fruit is used medicinally and medicinally, with a strong fruit aroma, a moderate taste of sweet and sour, high nutritional value, especially suitable for fresh food; it also contains a large amount of lycopene and rich in vitamin c and antioxidants.
Although the current varieties of tomatoes in China have such as red, yellow, green, white and other colorful tomatoes in the color, black tomatoes are still blank in the market and growers, with a very broad space for development and huge market demand, with higher economic value, the current part of China's cities imported from abroad, resulting in extremely high supermarket prices, up to 36-45 yuan per kilogram, jumping into the ranks of high-grade fruits.
It is understood that the planting profit of black tomatoes per mu is more than 100,000 yuan. In Luoshe Town, Huishan District, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, farmers have introduced this "black tomato" since 2016, and they mainly grow two varieties of "black pearl" and "black diamond". These black tomatoes are small, just held in one palm, and are nearly twice as small as the ordinary large tomatoes on the market.
Black tomatoes are sold at a high price in the market
Farmers in Luoshe Town, Huishan District, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, have an annual output of black tomatoes at about 5,000 kilograms per mu, and the price per kilogram in the market is as high as 30 yuan.
The seeds of black tomatoes are more expensive
The reason why black tomatoes are so "expensive" is that on the one hand, things are rare and expensive, and on the other hand, the cost is high. The cost of a seed costs 5 yuan.
Planting techniques
(1) Sowing period
The sowing period of black tomatoes in the southern region is divided into early August and early and mid-January, and the northern region should be cultivated in greenhouse protected areas, which is most suitable in mid-to-late August;
The high and cold land in the south should be sown in the summer, or planted in the high cold land after the seedlings are raised on the flat land, which can solve the problem of balanced supply of the annual year. In late autumn, cultivation should be carried out in protected areas or greenhouse facilities for the best quality.
(2) Seedlings
Black tomatoes generally use seedbed seedlings first, when the seedlings grow to the true leaves and two leaves and one heart, they can be transplanted into a nutritional bowl of 8×8cm to continue to breed seedlings to four leaves and one heart or five leaves and one heart, and then transplanted to the field for planting. After the seedbed base fertilizer is spread, it is mixed into the bed soil within 5 cm deep, made into a high bed, the seeds are sown, the soil is about 1 cm thick, covered with straw and watered.
After germination, cover the grass, pluck the weeds and topdress once every other star, a total of twice, the seedlings grow in the nutrient bowl to 4 true leaves and settle early, with soil transplantation is the best.
The nursery period is about 20 to 25 days. The two cotyledons are unfolded without soil excavation and transplanted into a nutrient bowl, which is the best effect. The soil for seedbeds and nutrient bowls is best achieved by adding decomposed organic fertilizer to the original soil.
(3) Do furrow planting
After the land is ploughed and broken, according to the local furrow preparation habits, according to the width and narrow ditch of the row spacing, the soil is covered with high furrows, and the furrow is oriented to the north and south, and the width and narrowness of the furrow have considerable elasticity according to the variety and cultivation method, as follows:
1. Furrow width of 120cm, double row 45cm, 2000 pillar vine cultivation
2. Furrow furrow width 130cm, double row 45cm, 1800 pillar vine cultivation
3. Furrow width of 140cm, double row 45cm, 1600 pillar vine cultivation
Select neat seedlings to plant on the side rows with base fertilizer on the furrow surface, plant one plant at each planting distance, and water the roots after planting to ensure that the tomato seedlings have no rejuvenation period.
(4) Cutting pillars and whole branches
Whole branch cultivation must be inserted into the pillar, with the advantages of the whole branch cultivation:
(1) The ripening period is earlier and the effect is good.
(2) The shape of the fruit is large and neat, and the gloss is high.
(3) The ventilation and light transmission are relatively good, there are fewer pests and diseases, and the spraying effect is better.
(4) It can also be cultivated in the wet season to improve the utilization rate.
(5) Harvesting is more labor-saving and reduces costs.
(6) The yield per unit area is higher.
(7) The fruit is clean.
Black tomato pillar whole branch cultivation usually uses single-dried black tomatoes or double-dried whole branches, leaving only one top bud on the main branch to continue to grow, and all the other side buds that occur between the leaf axillaries are all plucked at a young age.
When the whole branch is double-dried, except for one top bud on the main branch and one side bud below the first inflorescence, all other side buds are removed early. In places where the growth period is short, in order to complete the harvest early, leaving a leaf on top of the 7th to 10th flower spike can not only promote the early ripening of the fruits on the inflorescences, but also have a neater shape.
If there are leaf buds on the flower spikes, they should also be removed, and the fruits with deformities and pests and diseases should also be removed as soon as possible after the results to avoid consuming nutrients. The insertion of pillars should be carried out after the first cultivation and fertilization to before the first flower, and the pillar insertion method can be divided into upright, furrow and furrow cross. When the stem is elongated, it is tied to the pillar at any time.
(5) Fertilizer and fertilization
Black tomato fertilizer to nitrogen fertilizer effect is the most significant, potassium fertilizer is also indispensable, nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer dosage is a multiple of ordinary tomato, which is conducive to the production of melanin.
When the application is insufficient, the plant growth is weak and thin, and the yield is low; when the application is too much, the stem is thick and the leaves are large, which is easy to cause long growth, flowering, calcium deficiency and disease, and the fruit is relatively flat and deformed.
Phosphate fertilizer can promote the development of new roots, increase pollination rate, and is more important in the early stage of growth. Due to the lack of calcium (lime) and boron, black tomatoes cause quality degradation and are prone to diseases and insect pests, so attention should be paid to rational application. It should be applied with reference to soil fertility, cultivation methods, fertilizer sources and prices, and local fertilization experience.
Generally, organic fertilizer is the mainstay, composting mu with more than 2000 kg, nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium fertilizer ratio of 22: 10: 19 is the best. Compost is mainly deep application, early application, in order to increase the quality of black tomatoes and rapidly improve the sugar content, mu can be applied 100 kg of vegetable cake fertilizer.
When cultivating the whole branch of black tomato, the base fertilizer is furrowed and applied to the deep soil, and the first time after the topdressing is alive (10 days after the agreed planting), the ring is applied at 10 cm of the plant circumference; the second time before the pillar is inserted, applied to the edge of the furrow, and then cultivated; the third time, 20 to 30 days after the second time, is applied to the edge of the furrow ditch, and the water is irrigated after topdressing.
(6) Other management
Before the first and second fertilization, weeding is cultivated in the middle, and by the late stage of growth, the roots are already covered with soil surface, and it is not suitable for further ploughing. Black tomato field weeding can be used as a herbicide, you can refer to the vegetable garden herbicide use method.
Although tomatoes are more resistant to drying, but too dry when the growth is inhibited; the soil should not be dried after colonization, but the irrigation should not be too much after living, otherwise it is easy to cause diseases of soil infection, and when it rains, attention should be paid to drainage, do not make there is water in the furrow ditch.
Applying grass to the furrows during the high temperature, rainy season and dry period can prevent excessive soil temperature, soil erosion, soil surface stiffness and soil moisture evaporation. When cultivating whole branches, it is necessary to choose a sunny day for operation, and deformed fruits and diseased and pest fruits should be picked as soon as possible. If possible, the furrow surface is covered with two-color or black mulch film, which is the best effect.
(7) Pest control
The main diseases of black tomatoes are umbilical rot, green blight, late blight and leaf spot disease. Powdery mildew, viral diseases, etc.; insect pests mainly include phylloxera nematodes, nocturnal moths, aphids, eggplant borers and so on.
Physiological diseases mainly include the phenomenon of malformation of the top bud caused by boron deficiency or symmetrical juxtaposition of the two buds. Pests and diseases and physiological diseases are mainly based on the implementation of the policy of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control". According to the local production situation, effective prevention and control.
(8) Harvesting, grading and packaging
Black tomatoes begin to flower after colonization after 20 to 30 days, and begin to mature after 30 to 35 days after flowering. Flowering matures earlier in warmth, and melanin changes color the fastest. Flowering matures later in the cold and changes color more slowly.
(1) Unripe period: The fruit cannot be recooked after harvesting during this period and is colorless.
(2) Green ripening period: the fruit shape has developed to a fixed size, the fruit color has turned white, and colloidal matter has occurred around the seeds in the sub-chamber, which can be re-matured after harvesting, but cannot turn black and purple.
(3) Initial ripening period: the top of the fruit turns red and shifts to reddish-purple.
(4) Medium ripening period: Most of the fruit surface is red and has a purple-black phenomenon.
(5) Maturity period: full purple-black, but the flesh is still hard.
(6) Over-ripening period: the flesh begins to soften, and the fruit will be cracked severely.
Black tomatoes used as fruits or vegetables in the local market, should be harvested at the end of the ripening period, most of the fruit surface is harvested at the end of the ripening period; the fruit is easy to split during the high temperature and rainy period, and the market should be picked from the separation of the fruit stem and the small fruit stem, and then leave the sepals to cut the short fruit stems, and some markets can not have fruit stems and calyxes; processing without fruit stems.
Exported to distant areas, it is advisable to transport at a low temperature of 10 to 15 °C to inhibit its post-ripening effect, but if the temperature is lower than 5 °C, frostbite cannot be recooked.
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