One thing was round and round, growing sweet and sweet on the tree, and one was in the middle, with red skin on the outside
Guess what it is?
I tell you, it is the protagonist of today- the fresh date
Fresh dates (also known as fresh dates) refer to jujube fruits that are picked directly from the jujube tree without processing. There are many ways to classify jujube varieties, which are divided into five categories according to their use: dried, fresh food, combined use, dates and ornamental. Fresh jujube varieties refer to jujube varieties whose fruits are suitable for fresh food. It is characterized by crisp flesh, juicy juice, sweet or sour taste, and strong palatability. Among the 700 jujube varieties recorded in the "Chinese Fruit Tree Chronicles and Jujube Volumes", 261 are fresh jujube varieties, accounting for more than one-third of all jujube varieties. In recent years, the new varieties of fresh dates that have passed the identification include Early Crisp King, Milk Fragrant Jujube, July Fresh, Beijing Jujube 39, Sunshine, Moonlight and so on.
The origin of fresh dates
Although there are many varieties of fresh dates in China, fresh dates have not developed in the past few thousand years, mainly due to the lack of storage and transportation conditions in the past, fresh dates are prone to water wilting, rotting and deteriorating, and cannot be stored for a long time. At present, fresh dates are distributed in several major production areas in China: Shaanxi Dali, Shandong Zhuanhua, Shanxi Linyi, Ningxia Lingwu, Yunnan and so on
At present, the domestic fresh jujube varieties
Winter jujube: also known as dip winter jujube, Lubei winter jujube. The fruit is medium and large, nearly round; the average single fruit weighs 14g, the maximum fruit weight is 23.2g, the size is more neat; the skin is thin and crisp, ochre red, the flesh is crisp and juicy, extremely sweet, slightly sour and grass spicy, no residue, fresh food sugar content of 40%, edible rate of 96.9%, the quality is extremely high. The fruit enters the white ripening stage in late September and is fully ripe in mid-October.
Changhong jujube: also known as lying jujube, is a traditional main cultivar distributed in Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province, and is a variety of fresh food and dry use. The fruit is medium-sized and oblong-cylindrical. The average single fruit weighs 16.7g, the maximum fruit weighs 31.7g, the size is relatively neat, the skin is thin, ochre red, the flesh is thick, the juice content is less, the sugar content of fresh dates is 36%, the edible rate is 94.2%, and the quality is superior.
JinsiXin No. 4: The average fruit weight is 10g, which is the largest fruit in the group of jujube varieties. The peel is thin, light brownish red, the flesh is dense, the fresh dates contain 45% sugar, the edible rate is 97.3%, the quality is extremely high, and it is ripe at the end of September and the beginning of October. The tree is strong, the young trees have developed needles, the fruit set is stable, and the yield is high and stable.
Fu crisp honey: large, short cylindrical fruit weight 40--60g, maximum fruit weight 83g, neatness is average; the skin is medium thick, ochre red, flesh is thick, the core is medium large, the juice content is small, the sugar content of fresh dates is 33%, the edible rate is 92%, and the quality is superior.
Pear jujube: Also known as Shanxi pear jujube. Originated in Yuncheng area of Shanxi. It is a fresh date variety. The fruit is large, oblong, the fruit weighs 25--30g, the maximum fruit weight is 50g, the fruit surface is not very flat, the skin is thick, the reddish, the flesh is thick, white, the flesh is crunchy, the juice is sweet, the fresh dates contain 27.9% sugar, the edible rate is 97%, and the fresh food quality is superior. The flesh is soft, the storage and transportability are average, and the fruit ripens in late September.
Daxue jujube: native to the Lunan Mountains, it is a special late ripening fresh food species. The fruit is flat and round, the single fruit weighs 27-42g, and the maximum fruit weighs 80g; the fruit surface is flat and smooth, ochre red. The flesh is thick, greenish white, fresh dates contain 30% sugar, edible rate of 95%, ripe in mid-October, the fruit is more resistant to storage and transportation, no cracking fruit.
Large white jujube: the fruit is large, not very neat, most of them are nearly spherical or oval, and a few are steamed bun-shaped; the average fruit weight is 26.8g, the maximum fruit weight is 42g; the peel is medium thick, brownish red, beautiful, and the fruit surface has inconspicuous bumps and undulations. The flesh is crunchy, the juice is more, the taste is sweet, the fresh dates contain 33% sugar, the edible rate is 96%, and the quality is medium. The fruit ripens in early September and does not crack.
The main producer of fresh dates
Shaanxi Dali winter jujube
Dali winter jujube is 15 days earlier than other winter dates at the same latitude in China, and greenhouse winter dates are listed more than a month earlier than Shandong Dipping, and the advantages of early ripening are prominent in the country. Jujube is the main fruit in the Shayuan area of Dali County. Its characteristics: strong elasticity, easy to float, resistant to storage and transportation. According to the old chronicle of Dali County: During the Western Han Dynasty, jujube trees were planted in the area of Dalishayuan, and the jujube produced was famous throughout the country for its large, thin skin, small core, thick flesh, rich elasticity, crisp and sweet taste, and juicy juice. Enjoy the reputation of "South Lychee, North Winter Jujube, Hundred Fruit King". Dali County also put forward the goal of building "the first county of high-quality jujube in the country", building "the largest base for fresh red dates in the country" and "the largest processing base for jujubes in the country".
The average single fruit weighs 17.5g, and the largest single fruit weighs up to 25g, which is like an apple and is known as a "small apple". The peel is bright red, the skin is thin and crisp, sweet and fragrant, rich in nutrients, and the edible rate is 95%.
Shandong dips winter dates
"Dipped winter jujube" is produced in the territory of the zhuanhua area and is a precious and rare fresh fruit. Ripening in early October (none of the dates that ripen before late September are really dipped). The average single fruit weighs about 20g; the color is bright and ochre; the taste is excellent, the skin is thin and crispy, the tender and juicy, the sweetness and fragrance are rich in nutrients, and the edible rate is 93.8%
Ningxia Lingwu long jujube
Lingwu long jujube, a unique variety in Lingwu City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, has a long history of cultivation, excellent varieties, and the fresh fruits produced are delicious, the texture is crisp, the juice is more, the flesh is white and green, and the edible rate and nutritional value are high. Lingwu jujube has excellent commercial characteristics. The fruit ripens from late September to early October. The fruit is large, oblong or cylindrical, with an average single fruit weight of 14.5 to 24 g (the largest in Ningxia) and a maximum of 40 g (the most in Ningxia). The longitudinal diameter is 4.34 to 4.80 cm, and the transverse diameter is 2.57 to 3.36 cm. The size is relatively neat; the Lingwu jujube fresh fruit taste is delicious, the texture is crisp, the juice is more, the flesh is white and green, and the edible rate is 94.6%; the functional food and nutritional value are high.
Shanxi pear jujube
Among the existing fresh jujube fruits in China, the single fruit is the largest and the best flavor variety, which belongs to the "comprehensive excellent jujube resources". The average fruit weight is 31.6 grams, the maximum can reach 107 grams, and in 1997 the pear jujube king reached 92.5 grams. It has strong early fruit, good early abundance, crisp flesh, tender and refreshing, vitamin C content of 300-600 mg / g, vitamin B content in the top of hundreds of fruits, vitamin content than apples, peaches, citrus 70-100 times higher, known as "live vitamin pills".
Taiwanese jujube
Taiwan jujube is made by improving indian jujube over the years. Although Taiwanese jujube is of the same species as Vietnamese jujube, Thai jujube and Chinese wild jujube, it has different varieties and obvious differences in its characteristics. The single fruit weighs 70 to 120 g, the fruit is long and oval, the skin is bright and the meat is juicy, the skin is thin, and the flesh is milky white and crispy and juicy. Taiwan jujube is highly adaptable and can be planted in Taiwan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and other provinces in China.
How to store fresh dates and preserve freshness
There are many varieties of fresh jujube cultivated in China, and the storage properties vary according to different varieties. Early and medium-ripe varieties have poor storage resistance, which is not suitable for long-term storage, and it is advisable to collect and sell with them to avoid losses. For some late-maturing varieties, such as winter dates, snow dates, etc., they can be stored to extend the market sales time and seize the market gap sales, increase the selling price, and increase revenue. Generally, late-maturing varieties can be stored for 5 to 7 days under natural conditions at room temperature. Under the conditions of improving scientific management and low temperature, some varieties (such as Xuecheng winter jujube and dipped winter jujube) can have a freshness period of more than September.
Picking: The ripeness of fresh jujube fruit is closely related to the thickening of the skin waxy membrane and cornea, and the weakening of air permeability, which leads to an increase in respiratory quotient and the formation of anaerobic respiration, resulting in ethanol fermentation and ripening and aging of jujube fruit. Therefore, fresh dates that are generally required for storage should be harvested in the reddish period. Retaining the fruit stalk during harvesting is an important measure to improve the shelf life of fresh dates. According to the preservation test of winter jujube, the winter jujube without fruit stalk loses water and wilts quickly, the stem is prone to mildew, and the storage resistance is greatly reduced. Therefore, fresh dates need to be stored, emphasizing picking with fruit stalks.
Pre-cooling before storage: The pre-cooling link of the fresh jujube fruit preservation chain is pre-cooling treatment, which is the premise of ensuring the fresh quality of jujube fruit, with the purpose of quickly dissipating a large amount of field heat and reducing the cold load of storage. In addition, pre-cooling treatment can also avoid the cold damage phenomenon that is easy to occur due to the immediate entry into the cold storage state. Jujube fruit is pre-cooled to 3~5 °C in the short term after harvesting, which can appropriately inhibit the physiological activity of jujube fruit, and is an effective method to prevent and control pulp browning and softening.
Scientific storage: Among the many storage methods, the best effect is to store in modified atmosphere, and the shelf life retention is strong after leaving the warehouse.
(1) Storage temperature, humidity conditions: storage temperature, humidity is the main factor affecting the storage effect of jujube fruit, take temperature of 0 ~ 1 ° C, relative humidity of 90% ~ 95% is appropriate, after storage of the fruit hardness and deoxidase activity changes smoothly, good taste, its flavor is maintained.
(2) Gas conditions: modified atmosphere storage, high carbon dioxide, can cause fruit poisoning or anaerobic respiration, accelerate the softening browning of fresh dates. The appropriate gas index should be 2% to 4% of carbon dioxide and 3% to 6% of oxygen.
(3) Auxiliary measures: preservation packaging and drug treatment are necessary auxiliary measures for preservation, and the ideal effect can be obtained by combining freshness packaging, preservative treatment and low temperature. Such as PVC perforated bag packaging, calcium chloride solution treatment, etc., are effective preservation measures in the storage of fresh dates and fruits.