What is the pufferfish toxin that poisons executives?
Text/XIII
Pufferfish toxin is highly toxic.
How poisonous is it?
It is 1250 times that of potassium cyanide.
Today, some pufferfish varieties are allowed to be eaten
So is it safe for pufferfish in the end
How to eat safely
What a breed of pufferfish
Must recommend to everyone.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >1, pufferfish is a fish</h1>
Last year, writing about the north of the big river, encountered a problem, when reviewing, the pufferfish breeding enterprise Li Zong proposed that the pufferfish character is a pufferfish, not a dolphin. But in the Sogou Font Library, pufferfish and pufferfish coexist. Strange, most of the data out of Baidu is also pufferfish, is it a pufferfish or a pufferfish?
In order to figure it out, it is really a little difficult, after all, the things that are taken out have to meet people. It was eventually confirmed that pufferfish were pufferfish, not dolphins.
In fact, in the earliest, the Chinese people said that the pufferfish was a pufferfish.
There are two points in it, one is a river and the other is a dolphin.
Most pufferfish live in the sea, which raises the question, why are the creatures in the sea called pufferfish? On this issue, let's run astray, shichahai does not have a sea, right?
China's pufferfish culture originated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, especially near Yangzhong in Jiangsu Province. Some believe that this is related to the early settlement of humans along the river.
The ancients may not have known about the migratory habits of this species, but when they caught pufferfish, they were mostly in rivers. Pufferfish are creatures that migrate between the sea and rivers. Pufferfish living in the sea migrate retroactively into rivers or at the junction of fresh water and seawater to spawn during each spring. Juveniles are fattened in rivers or lakes, then enter the sea, and grow and develop in the sea until sexual maturity before entering freshwater to spawn. Cycle.
This is the prettiest pufferfish I have ever turned out: the corolla flat-backed pufferfish
According to what I learned when interviewing marine life, brackish water junctions are often areas with abundant bait and suitable water temperatures, especially for the survival of young animals of various organisms. For example, the dark eastern can be traced along the Yangtze River to Dongting Lake to spawn, and can also be settled in the Yangtze River and Tongjiang Lakes.
There is also a version that says that the earliest pufferfish was called a finless porpoise, and later renamed the pufferfish. Anyway, the edible culture of pufferfish originated in rivers rather than seas, that's for sure. In the eyes of the ancients, pufferfish looked like dolphins and made pig-like calls, and the meaning of the word dolphin also referred to piglets, so it was called a dolphin.
The renaming of pufferfish is a matter of recent years. Modern biological science classification is becoming more and more clear, and the word porpoise is generally used in mammals, such as porpoises, etc.; the word porpoise is used for pufferfish.
Knocking on the blackboard: The pufferfish is a fish that belongs to the family Pufferidae.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >2, Oriental. Pufferfish</h1>
Pufferfish is a fish, no controversy, right?
Next, let's talk about what kind of fish the pufferfish are.
Pufferfish belong to the order Pufferfish, which is divided into the suborder Lepidoptera and the suborder Sturgeon. The suborder Pufferfish family, the Prickly Pufferidae, the Tridentidae and the Tiptoon family, the Rabbit-headed Puffer, the Ventral Stingray and the Oriental Pufferfish have greater economic value (I don't understand it, so do I).
Family chart
As you may have noticed, there is a reference to a taxonomy called the Eastern Pufferfish, which is generally taken literally, mostly because this species is active in Asia and even China.
And that's true. Oriental pufferfish were confused with tetradon before the 19th century and mixed with round puffer species since the 20th century, until 1952, when Abe (who I do not know this) adopted the redfin oriental pufferfish as a new genus model species, based on the number of skulls, vertebrae and dorsal fins, etc., to form the oriental pufferfish genus to distinguish it from the Atlantic ocean.
Some experts at the Institute of Oceanography of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have found in the study of the taxonomy of the genus Oriental Pufferfish that the skull morphology as the main feature has great enlightenment for illustrating interspecific relationships.
According to the different shapes of its skull, it is divided into 7 types: insect-striped oriental pufferfish, star-spotted oriental pufferfish, arch-spotted oriental pufferfish, redfin oriental pufferfish, dark-veined oriental pufferfish, yellowfin oriental pufferfish, and transverse oriental pufferfish.
Insect-striped oriental pufferfish
In particular, the study of fish bones has always been an important basis for judging the race of fish (think of it).
Fish have no eyelids and cannot close their eyes. But there are many skin wrinkles around the eyes of the pufferfish, and by moving back and forth, these skin wrinkles allow the pufferfish to blink slowly (think about it very much).
If you come across a pufferfish that winks at you with big twinkling eyes, don't be stunned. You know, so far, only one fish has been found in nature to have such a function.
Pufferfish like to bury themselves "alive". In fact, this is its sand drilling habit, it likes to face down, "sit" on the bottom of the sea, shake the body violently from side to side, pull away the sand on the seabed, and use the tail to sprinkle the sand on the body, the eyes and dorsal fin are exposed.
Don't ask me why, I just knew.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >3, pufferfish</h1>
After talking for half a day, just like introducing you to Zhang San, you will ask, what does this zhang san look like?
Pufferfish, a little rounded, even if the stomach does not swell, it is a spindle shape. The eyes are a little small, the nostrils are a little large, and what's even funnier is that there will be 4 large plates of teeth.
The pattern and body color of the pufferfish vary depending on the species, with no scales on the surface and fins on the back. More people have three impressions of pufferfish: thorns, bulging bellies, and poison.
In Tangshan, I touched a fanatical pufferfish, the thorns on the belly did not feel much, soft and slippery, I heard that the broken thorns of the pufferfish would tingle.
The stroked pufferfish was obviously unhappy, and in an instant its stomach swelled to a spherical shape.
This one is called the spotted pufferfish
Many people also have an impression of the balloon belly of the pufferfish, and some people say that it is the pufferfish that is angry, and as soon as it is touched, it bulges its belly. This little balloon, knocking will have a muffled sound.
This is the special esophagus structure of the pufferfish, when it feels dangerous, it inhales water and air, making the chest and abdomen swell like a ball, on the one hand, to intimidate the opponent, you see, I can get bigger, the bad fish quickly walk away; on the other hand, the rapid inflation can make the pufferfish quickly rise from the bottom of the water to the surface of the water, completing the escape.
Let's describe the escape process of the pufferfish: small thorns stand up, the stomach is swollen, and it rises from the bottom of the water to the surface in an instant, and then pretends to be dead.
As mentioned above, pufferfish will bark. Most of the fish in the water are silent little creatures, and when the pufferfish is lifted out of the water, it will make a movement similar to the humming of a pig.
Pufferfish are carnivores that feed mainly on shellfish, small fish and crustaceans.
Here, we focus on the dark-striped oriental pufferfish. This guy is ferocious and timid, and when the living environment is harsh, it often happens to kill each other.
Interesting is the eating characteristics of the dark-striped oriental pufferfish: while pulling the food into the mouth while retreating, while tasting the food in the mouth, the taste is good, swallowing, the taste is poor spit out and retreating.
Isn't that picky eating...
Another self-preservation of pufferfish is pufferfish toxin. Poisonous pufferfish do not attack people with venom like venomous snakes. The professionals say that snake venom is an aggressive toxin, while pufferfish is a defensive toxin.
How to talk about this defensive type... That is, until you eat eight pieces of it into your stomach, just touch it, you will not be poisoned.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >4, poison of pufferfish</h1>
When I touched the fish, I refused inside.
Is this a work injury in case of poisoning?
The poison of pufferfish is hidden in different parts of the ovaries, liver, spleen, blood tendons, gills, skin, sperm nests, etc. Different species of pufferfish have different toxicity content, and the toxicity of different parts is actually different. On the contrary, in the meat of the pufferfish in the mouth, the toxin is the smallest.
Japanese people have a habit of eating pufferfish, and the study of pufferfish should be studied earlier. Pufferfish toxin was first extracted by the Japanese and named pufferfish toxin. This is also called TTX toxin, very toxic, its toxicity is potassium cyanide 1250 times, sodium cyanide 1000 times, but not unique to pufferfish, has been confirmed in nature frogs, salamanders and many other biological weights contain pufferfish toxin.
(The salamander said: It is really evil, why is the name of the crowned pufferfish in Lao Tzu's body... ）
If potassium cyanide is a three-step inversion, then pufferfish poisoning is simply seeing blood and sealing the throat. It only takes 0.5 mg to kill people.
What is the unit of measurement of 0.5mg? It is 0.0005g, which is about equal to invisible to the naked eye.
There is also an interesting point of knowledge here - there is a unit of measurement for pufferfish toxin, called the rat unit (MU/g).
The virulence of pufferfish toxin is expressed in this rat unit (MU/g). It comes from the number of grams that can kill mice with 1 g of toxic raw materials.
According to the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare's 2005 Guidelines for Food Hygiene Inspection, foods with a virulence of 10MU/(1MU≈0.22u, i.e. 10MU of about 2.2mg/kg) will not pose a health hazard even if they are consumed. China's Agricultural Office and Fishery also stipulates that "the toxin content of pufferfish products shall not exceed 2.2mg/kg (in terms of fresh products)."
It is actually called leopard print oriental pufferfish
As far as I know, wild pufferfish, no matter what species, are still very toxic. However, the cultured pufferfish, especially the redfin oriental pufferfish and the dark-striped oriental pufferfish, have gradually decreased in toxicity from generation to generation. This can also be seen from the country's liberalization of these two kinds of pufferfish into the market, although they are still poisonous, but they belong to the safety level with a toxic content below the national standard.
Chinese know that pufferfish are poisonous, dating back 3,000 years. The ancients knew that eating pufferfish was dangerous, and they also knew which parts of the pufferfish were the most dangerous, but so far, why pufferfish can produce pufferfish toxins has not yet been studied.
There are two views in the academic community, one is that the pufferfish contains poison in the food chain, and the pufferfish accumulates its toxins to form a highly toxic; the other believes that the pufferfish contain bacteria in the body that can convert external food into toxins. More views suggest that the two work together. But at the moment, there is a lack of sufficient evidence for either claim.
What is certain is that pufferfish toxins are very toxic.
After people are poisoned by pufferfish, they are also paralyzed first, followed by the nerve central system is paralyzed, you will slowly lose the ability to perceive, the ability to move, the ability to breathe... In the end, it died.
Interestingly, this toxin is actually being used by humans, and Teacher Huang of the Hebei Fisheries Research Institute and his father have been studying the use of pufferfish toxin for medical treatment for two generations, and it has a special effect on analgesia and detoxification.
< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >5, eat the fish</h1>
After talking for half a day, I had to go back to eating. Something that can't be down the stomach, it's not worth writing so many words.
There are many species of pufferfish, and there are dozens of species in Chinese waters.
In the domestic consumer market, most of them are the following four types: redfin oriental pufferfish, dark-striped oriental pufferfish, chrysanthemum oriental pufferfish, and double-spotted oriental pufferfish.
Known as the Rolls-Royce of pufferfish, the redfin oriental pufferfish is large (2 pounds or so), although the meat is relatively coarse, it is suitable for fillets and hot pots. That's why the vast majority of these pufferfish are exported to Japan and South Korea – they prefer to eat raw fish.
Redfin Oriental Pufferfish
The main sales channel of dark oriental pufferfish is the Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas of the domestic market, such as Yangzhong, Jiangyin and other places, where the consumption accounts for about 90% of the national output.
Dark-striped oriental pufferfish
Chrysanthemum and double-spotted oriental pufferfish, more interesting. According to the notice of the state in 2016 that the two kinds of pufferfish are conditionally released, only red fins and dark stripes are allowed, and with reference to the previous bans that do not allow fresh river pufferfish to enter the circulation market, we can't help but question the whereabouts of these two kinds of pufferfish.
Double-spotted oriental pufferfish
Chrysanthemum oriental pufferfish
Then a farming boss in Fujian told me in hujian dialect that there has always been a "dark web" in the sales channel of pufferfish, and the activity of the consumer terminal market has stimulated the frenzied growth of the aquaculture market. Anyway, since 2016, the total amount of pufferfish farming in the country has been rising.
In the south, pufferfish are mostly white-seared and milk soup, which sounds very Huaiyang. It is said that this is because the best-selling local dark-striped oriental pufferfish is a freshwater culture with a strong earthy taste, which needs to be masked with the help of these cooking techniques.
The northern eats pufferfish, borrowing from Japan and South Korea, and there are more fish fillets and hot pots, supplemented by braised pork.
What the? Ask me if I've ever eaten?
Of course.
In 2015, I had a stewed pufferfish in Tangshan, a large pot, my colleague ate two laps, and I was still recommending me to taste, and finally, I did not resist the temptation, the meat was tender... After eating, I was nervous and afraid of game over.
Last year, Qinhuangdao, ate a hot pot, pufferfish skin and meat. Fish skin is very tough, fish meat transparent, after the pot rolled to become white, still tender meat, I would like to try the raw fish, did not dare, secretly speculate, cooking will not be better?
In fact, the pufferfish that are allowed to be listed are all processed by professional enterprises and meet the low toxicity safety level. You won't be able to buy fresh pufferfish, untreated whole pufferfish, and non-compliant pufferfish at the market.
Enterprises that breed pufferfish should be filed, the pufferfish that are treated are all river pufferfish produced by the enterprises that have been recorded, and the enterprises that can handle these pufferfish have been certified, and with this layer of control, the pufferfish we can buy are relatively safe.
The most crucial thing is that the pufferfish, which was previously regarded as a rich dish, is now close to the people, and it is more than a hundred yuan. Speaking of which, are you eager to try it?