China is recognized as the world's largest beekeeper and the largest producer and exporter of bee products. As one of the main agricultural products exported by foreign trade, bee products have made important contributions to China's export earnings. At the same time, because beekeeping has many advantages such as low investment, fast results, no occupation of arable land, easy to learn and easy to understand, and high economic benefits, beekeeping production is unanimously regarded as a good helper for farmers to increase their income and become rich. In beekeeping production, it is often encountered that various bee diseases and predators occur, and if measures are not taken in time to prevent and control, it is easy to damage the beekeeping efficiency of beekeepers. Therefore, this paper makes a brief overview of the types, diagnosis, prevention and treatment methods of several major disease enemies commonly used in bee farming practice, in order to provide some simple and practical bee disease enemy identification and prevention and control technologies for the majority of beekeeper friends for everyone to exchange and learn.
1 Bee larvae putrid disease
1.1 Incidence and symptoms The disease is mainly divided into European larval putrid disease and American larval putrid disease, and the pathogens are Cocci dervix and Bacillus larval, respectively. Because both symptoms infect and harm bee larvae and are similar, they are sometimes prone to misdiagnosis. The occurrence of European larval putrid disease has obvious seasonality, and bee colonies are prone to disease in early spring and autumn; American larval putrid disease can occur all year round. Generally, both diseases can occur in Western bees, and the middle bees have strong resistance to American larval putrid disease. After the two pathogens infect bee larvae, they can cause the death of diseased larvae, the larvae infected with hive cocci generally die when not covered, the larval carcasses dry and decay at the bottom of the nest, the insect corpses are non-sticky and have an unpleasant sour odor; the larvae infected with bacillus larvae die generally die after capping, and the nest room cover where the larvae are located after death is blackened, sunken, and often perforated, and the corpse is viscose and fishy after decay, and the filaments that can be pulled out with a dissecting needle can be pulled out of the filaments that are 2 to 3 cm long. The carcass is difficult to remove from the nest after it dries up.
1.2 Prevention and control measures (1) Strengthen the management of bee colony feeding: strong group feeding, ensure that the bee colony feed is high-quality and sufficient, and improve the disease resistance of the bee colony. (2) Strengthen preventive measures to cut off the source of infection. Pay attention to the hygiene of the bee farm and bee machinery, disinfect regularly; find that the bee colony disease spleen, wax chips at the bottom of the beehive box and other debris are burned in time, and the beehive can be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before it can be reused. (3) Timely drug treatment after the discovery of the colony is sick. Under the premise of ensuring food safety and drug safety, oxytetracycline or tetracycline is selected to feed the bee colony in syrup or pollen cake at 0.1 to 1 g/per 10 foot frame bees, or spray or feed the bee colony with erythromycin 0.05g-0.5 g/10 foot frame bee dose, and use the drug once every 3 to 4 days until cured.
2 Bee spiroplasmosis
2.1 Pathogenesis and symptoms The pathogen is Spiroplasma bee, which is a spiral-shaped, motile, cell wall-free meta-organism. The disease mainly endangers adult bees, and is often mixed with bee spore disease and bee paralysis to infect bees, resulting in the diseased bee belly swelling, crawling out of the nest door, slow movement, often several bees gathered around the hive or in the grass; dissecting the diseased bee can see that the intestine is white, the ring pattern disappears, and the hind intestine often has watery feces or yellow pollen.
2.2 Prevention and control measures (1) Strengthen the management of bee colony feeding: to achieve strong group feeding, feed supply is high-quality and sufficient, and select colonies with strong disease resistance to breed queen bees. (2) Combination of prevention and control: In the spring, combined with reward feeding for drug prevention and control work, you can choose 100ml of acetic acid, 10g of virulence, 2 million iu of tetracycline, miscible in 10kg of syrup to feed the swarm, every 3 to 5 days of medication once, until cured.
3 Cystic larval disease
3.1 Incidence and symptoms The pathogen of the disease is cystic larval virus. Western bees are more resistant to the disease, and infected bee colonies can heal themselves without treatment; Eastern bees are less resistant to the virus, and the middle bee farm infected with the disease is very easy to cause devastating losses. The virus mainly infects 2 to 3 day old small larvae, the larvae generally die after the capping after the disease, the insect corpse is white, odorless, it is easy to pull out of the nest with forceps, and the end of the pest often has a small sac full of granular, watery liquid. The lid of the nest where the dead larvae are located becomes black, concave and perforated. Because the bee colonies are susceptible to infection with European juveniles
When diagnosing the disease, it should be noted that the carcasses of the dead larvae of the disease are white, odorless, and there is a small sac full of granular, watery liquid at the end of the worm body, which is easy to drag out of the nest.
3.2 Prevention and control measures (1) Strengthen the management of bee colony feeding: Since the disease is easy to occur in bee larvae, in the breeding stage of bee colony, strong group feeding, bee spleen proportionate, supply bee colony high-quality and sufficient feed, and strengthen the insulation of bee colony, while paying attention to the selection and breeding of disease-resistant bee colonies. (2) Drug treatment: Amantadine hydrochloride tablets are selected to feed the bee colony according to 0.5 ~ 1g / 10 frame bee spray or dissolved in syrup, and use the drug once every 1 to 2 days until it is cured.
4 Bee paralysis
4.1 Incidence and symptoms Of bee paralysis is divided into acute paralysis and chronic paralysis, which are caused by acute bee paralysis virus and chronic bee paralysis virus infection, respectively. Both acute bee palsy virus and chronic bee palsy virus are in the genus Enterovirus and both invade the nervous system of adult honeybees. Both viruses can be transmitted through bee feeding, bee mite parasitism, and so on. There have been no reports of acute paralysis, a common occurrence of chronic paralysis in beekeeping production. Bees with chronic paralysis generally have two typical symptoms: (1) "big belly" bees have a swollen abdomen, a honey sac full of fluid, a trembling bee body and wings, inability to fly, slow movement, and activity outside the facing door or at the bottom of the nest spleen frame beam and hive; (2) "black bee" bees have individual body oil shiny oil, a large amount of villus on the surface of the body, thin body, body and wing tremors, and inability to fly.
4.2 Prevention and control measures (1) Timely isolation and elimination of diseased bee colonies. Suspected diseased bee colonies are found to be taken as soon as possible and in a timely manner, and after diagnosis, seriously ill bee colonies should be resolutely burned and buried, and the disinfection and sanitation of bee farms and bee machinery should be strengthened. (2) Drug treatment: spray or feed bee colonies according to the dose of amantadine hydrochloride at a dose of 0.01 to 0.05g per frame of bees, or select Chinese herbs with antiviral effects such as honeysuckle and plate blue root to fry and mix them in syrup to feed the bee colonies.
5 Chalky disease
5.1 Incidence and symptoms The pathogen of this disease is Bee Coccidioides, which is a stubborn fungal infectious disease of bees. Chalky disease is mainly transmitted through spores, with bee pollen being the main source of infection. The disease is more common in late spring and early summer, and high temperature, high humidity and poor ventilation can aggravate the development of this disease. Bee larvae that die of bee coccidiosis are dry-shaped, covered with white, gray-black or black attachments, and white or black dry dead insect corpses are common at the bottom of the hive or at the entrance of the hive.
5.2 Prevention and control measures (1) Strengthen quarantine: timely isolation of disease groups found, and timely evacuation and disinfection of the nest spleen of diseased groups. Pollen of unknown origin is not used, and conditional bee farms can irradiate purchased pollen before feeding the bees. (2) Strengthen the management of bee colony feeding: select dry and well-ventilated places to place bee colonies, raise strong groups, provide high-quality feed to bee colonies, improve resistance, and at the same time use the selection of queen bees that are resistant to chalk disease. (3) Drug treatment: spray or feed the bee colony according to 10,000 iu nystatin spray or feed the bee colony for 5 to 7 days for a continuous course of treatment.
6 Bee protozoal disease
6.1 Incidence and symptoms Ofe protozoa disease is an infectious disease of bee caused by protozoa, and the common protozoal diseases in beekeeping production are mainly bee sporangiasis and martens tube amoesis of bee. Bee spore disease belongs to the adult bee digestive tract chronic disease, because the pathogen is microsporidium bee, microsporidium infected by microsporidium individuals are thin, slow to move, incapacitated, the end of the abdomen is black; the middle intestine of the diseased bee is grayish white, the ring pattern disappears, and a large number of oblong oval granular spores can be seen on microscopic examination. The pathogen of martensile amoeba disease is martens duct amoeba, the bee with this disease has an enlarged abdomen and inability to fly; the end of the middle intestine of the diseased bee is reddish-brown, the posterior intestine is enlarged, and the feces are accumulated, and microscopic examination can show that the martensile duct is enlarged, transparent, and has a large number of pearl-like sporangia. Because bee cystic larval disease and martensile amoeba disease are transmitted in the same way as the season of onset, the two are often mixed with bees, so the harm is more serious.
6.2 Prevention and control methods (1) Strengthen the management of bee colony feeding: feed high-quality and sufficient wintering feed to the bee colony, and pay attention to the water hygiene of the bee farm. (2) Drug prevention and control: feed bee colonies with a dose of 750,000 iu per liter of syrup nicoatoxin, or add 1 g of citric acid or 3 to 4 ml of vinegar per kilogram of syrup.
7 Bee parasitic mites
7.1 Incidence and symptoms At present, there are more than 100 species of mites found in Western bees, and the most serious harm in China's beekeeping production is Yashivar mite (also known as large bee mite) and bright hot mite (also known as small bee mite). The giant bee mites lay eggs in the larvae, breed in the capped larval chamber, parasitize the adult bees, and survive by sucking the blood lymph of the bees. The baby wasp mites predominate on the spleen of the child, where they lay eggs and survive by sucking on larvae or pupae blood lymph. The severe damage of large bee mites and small bee mites often cause a large number of deaths of bee colony larvae and pupae, and the wings of newly feathered larvae are incomplete, and the bee colony is rapidly weakening. At the same time, parasitic mites are also prone to the spread of other infectious pathogens such as bee paralysis virus, which is seriously harmful to bee colonies.
7.2 Prevention and control measures (1) Strengthen the management of bee colony breeding: During the daily management of bee colonies, the male pupae are removed in time, which can reduce the parasitic rate of large bee mites and small bee mites. Small bee mites with serious bee colonies can be used according to the production situation of the bee farm to adopt methods such as claustrophobic queens and shaking out the larvae in the hive, and after 3-4 days of bee swarms, small bee mites can be effectively prevented. (2) Drug prevention: There are many types of parasitic mite prevention and control drugs available on the market, and the agents commonly used in beekeeping production are sublimation sulfur fumigation agent, sulfur naphthalene binder, compound mite no. 2, mite spectrum, mite poker and some new acaricides containing Chinese herbal ingredients, all of which have a good effect on the prevention and treatment of large and small bee mites. (3) When using drugs to control bee mites, we must pay attention to the following points: (1) first try a small number of bee colonies and then use them on a large scale; (2) when using chemicals for control, we must strictly abide by the drug stopping period to prevent residues and pollution of bee products; (3) In addition, we must grasp the favorable period of wintering and spring to do a good job in the prevention and control of bee mites, which can effectively control the bee mite hazards in the production cycle in the coming year.
Literature is for reference only! If there is any error, please correct and supplement!