In the process of sea buckthorn cultivation and afforestation, doing a good job in the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests is of great help to improve the quality of sea buckthorn seedlings and ensure the success rate of afforestation. This paper mainly introduces the symptoms and prevention measures of sea buckthorn dry shrinkage disease, dry blight, cataplexy disease, nest moth, five poisonous moth and aphid.
Qinghai Province is located in the northwest region of China, with a harsh ecological environment and serious desertification of the soil. In terms of ecological and environmental protection in the northwest, it is necessary to actively apply sea buckthorn and carry out artificial afforestation, which plays a very important role in improving the deteriorating ecological environment, preventing wind and fixing sand, and improving the ability of soil water conservation. Sea buckthorn is drought tolerant, barren, fast growing, well-developed root system, and has high economic, ecological and social value. Sea buckthorn is an excellent tree species for wind and sand fixation, and the sea buckthorn fruit is rich in minerals and proteins. Sea buckthorn is not only an excellent afforestation tree species, windproof and sand fixing tree species, but also has good application value in traditional Chinese medicine, and also has good feeding value. However, there are many types of diseases and insect pests in the growth process of sea buckthorn, and understanding and mastering the measures for the control of sea buckthorn diseases and insect pests is of great practical significance to improve ecological, economic and social benefits.
< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > first, sea buckthorn dry contraction disease</h1>
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >1, onset of symptoms</h1>
Sea buckthorn dry shrinkage is the main disease of sea buckthorn, which mainly causes resin depressions to harden and appear dry shrinkage spots. The incidence of sea buckthorn in 2-4 years is very serious and difficult to cure. The pathogen of sea buckthorn dry contraction disease began to infect during the flowering period of sea buckthorn, from the end of May to the beginning of June, into the invasion of the vigorous period, until about the beginning of August. At the beginning of the disease, individual trees in the sea buckthorn bush turn yellow slightly, then the treetops fall leaves, the branches become sick again, and they dry up and die within 10 days. The site of disease gradually spreads to the lower branches, which will harm the entire plant in a short period of time, resulting in plant death. The fruit on the dead plant changes color prematurely. There are also some dead plants that grow tillers from the roots in the same year or the second year, and the plants will also wither and die after 3-4 years of growth.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >2, prevention and control measures</h1>
At present, there is no effective treatment for sea buckthorn dry shrinkage disease, and prevention should be done in the process of daily cultivation and management. Since sea buckthorn dry shrinkage is a fungal disease, it is contagious. In the planting process, it is necessary to avoid mechanical damage to sea buckthorn trees, and when diseased plants are found, they should be uprooted in time, incinerated or buried deeply, and quicklime is sprinkled into the colonization hole for disinfection. The application of lime, potassium and trace element fertilizers to the soil can effectively inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. When the disease occurs in a large area, in order to reduce the loss, the main treatment method is to scrape the skin and apply the drug, supplemented by a whole plant spray to prevent 2-4 times. The agent is 70% Red Sun Strong Fungicide Wettable Powder 500 times liquid, or 77% Doning Wettable Powder 400 times liquid.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > second, sea buckthorn blight</h1>
Sea buckthorn dry blight can occur both during the nursery and sea buckthorn forest stages. Diseased leaves at the seedling stage cause the leaves to turn yellow, fall leaves, dry stems, and even the entire plant to die. The main symptoms of sea buckthorn forest disease are many small black or reddish-brown protrusions and longitudinal black dents on the trunk or branch bark, and after a period of illness, the leaves gradually fall off and dry out and die. The cause of sea buckthorn dry blight is mainly due to infection with fungi or Fusarium bacillus, and the daily management is unreasonable, the fertilization is improper, and a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the soil, resulting in the growth of sea buckthorn and loose tissue, providing conditions for pathogenic bacteria to invade. In addition, in the daily planting management process, the colonization density is too large, the ventilation and light transmission ability is poor, and the insufficient water supply or too much water will also cause physiological disorders in sea buckthorn, resulting in sea buckthorn dry blight.
In the prevention and control of seabuckthorn blight, it is necessary to adhere to the principle of prevention first and combined prevention and control. Daily care and management of trees should be strengthened, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied should be controlled, the irrigation between forests should be ensured to be reasonable, and the application of phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer should be increased to avoid the growth of sea buckthorn due to excessive nitrogen input. After the onset of disease, individual plants should be uprooted in time and taken out of the forest for centralized destruction. When the control standard is met in the forest, it is optional to use 75% of the Daison manganese zinc wettable powder 1000 times liquid, sprayed every 10-15 days before the rainy season, 3-4 times continuously, or use 50% carbendazim wettable powder 400 times liquid, sprayed at intervals of 10 days, 2-3 times continuously. Plantation-grown sea buckthorn can be planted with grass grass between rows, which can also effectively control the occurrence of sea buckthorn dry blight.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > third, sea buckthorn cataplexy</h1>
Sea buckthorn cataplexy is a common disease at the seedling stage of sea buckthorn, mainly occurring in the seedling stage of sea buckthorn seedlings. At the beginning of the disease, water-stained spots appear at the base of the seedling stem, followed by the lesion becoming yellow-brown and gradually shrinking inwards to become linear. The disease occurs rapidly and spreads rapidly, and the seedlings fall before the leaves have all fallen off. At the beginning of the disease, individual seedlings will be seen on the seedbed, and if the prevention is not timely for a few days, the diseased plant will gradually spread around, and finally lead to the sudden death of the whole seedling. Low temperature and high humidity are an important causative factor in the pathogenesis of this disease.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >2, prevention</h1>
The prevention and treatment of cataplexy of sea buckthorn should do a good job in seedbed management. Before sowing seedlings, it is necessary to scientifically select the nursery land to ensure that the nursery land is higher and the drainage and irrigation are convenient. The seedbed soil should be thoroughly disinfected before sowing, generally using formalin solution, and fumigation and disinfection after sealing the sown seedling site. At the same time, it is also necessary to do a good job in keeping the seedbed warm to avoid low temperature invasion. In the process of seedbed irrigation, it should be comprehensively determined in combination with the soil moisture and weather conditions of the seedbed, and the amount of irrigation should not be too much each time to avoid water accumulation in the seedbed. The presence of a small number of diseased plants in the seedbed should be removed immediately. When the harm is serious, you can choose 75% of the bacterium Clear wettable powder, or 50% of the manganese zinc 600 times liquid for spray prevention and control, every 7-10 days of prevention and control, continuous use of 3-4 times, the prevention and control effect is remarkable.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > iv. Sea buckthorn nest moth</h1>
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >1, hazard characteristics</h1>
The pest larvae are active during the opening of the sea buckthorn bud buds, and then crawl out of the bud buds in the following days, climb to the top leaves, wrap the wire to make a nest, and the pests sneak into the nest to harm the leaves. The larvae within the apical tips of the true leaves of Sea Buckthorn are the most harmful, causing the apical tips to dry and shrink, hindering the normal growth and development of new shoots. In years when pests are severe, the sea buckthorn nest moth can cause the new branches of sea buckthorn to shrink and even lead to the death of the entire plant. After the larval infestation is over, it crawls out of the nest and cocoons in the soil near the rhizome. The larvae feather into adults from late July to early August, lay eggs in the lower part of the trunk and inside the bark of the sea buckthorn tree from the end of August to early September, and then overwinter as eggs.
It is necessary to closely monitor the growth of sea buckthorn every day, and find that the branches of the insects should be cut off in time to bring them out of the forest and burn them intensively, so as to eliminate the larvae. At the same time, you can also use the phototropism of pests, and arrange black lights in sea buckthorn gardens or forest belts to trap adult insects. White zombies, Thuringiensis has a strong toxic killing effect on nest moth larvae, when administering, it is recommended that the white zombies be configured to a concentration of more than 100 million spores per milliliter of bacterial liquid; the concentration of Thuringiensis is 50,000 IU/mL. When the incidence of disease in the forest is serious, you can choose to use 1000 times liquid matrine, 2.5% enemy killing 2000 times liquid, 40% Leguo 2000 times liquid to control larvae, and the control effect is above 90%.
< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > five, sea buckthorn dance poison moth</h1>
Years with severe hazards can lead to serious losses of sea buckthorn. When new sea buckthorn leaves germinate in spring, the eggs hatch into larvae with a vegetative period of two months. The first larvae, with a relatively long body and overhanging, are mainly transmitted by wind. Windy weather will further increase the area of this pest. The larvae pupate at the end of July and the larvae feather into adults in early August and produce a large number of eggs, which are covered with brown villi. Adults are phototropic, with males flying between canopy branches during the day, and females with poor flight abilities due to their larger and bulkier sizes. When the average number of larval eggs per 100 leaves exceeds 3, timely drug control is used.
(1) Use lights and traps to culling
In areas with conditions, insecticidal lamps and sex inducers can be hung between forests to trap adult insects, generally 3-5 sets per hectare can be arranged, which can effectively reduce the density of pest populations in the forest.
(2) Protecting natural enemies of pests
The natural enemies of the sea buckthorn dancing poison moth are very rich, and the common ones are black tumor bee, Himalayan polyoma bee, ridge leg spoon tumor bee, dancing poison moth egg flat-bellied wasp, comb shin ornament belly parasitic fly, caterpillar chase parasitic fly, isolation narrow-cheeked parasitic fly, etc., protecting the natural hostility of pests in the sea buckthorn forest to inhibit the occurrence of this kind of pest has obvious effect. It is forbidden to use highly toxic and high-residue pesticides, effectively grasp the incidence cycle of this pest, and use targeted drugs during the peak period of incidence. At the same time, it can also combine the protection and artificial removal of insect eggs to reduce the number of eggs and spawns.
(3) Virus prevention and control
Poison moth karyo-polyhedravirus poses no additional non-harm to paternal ecological environment and other biosecurity. After the larvae of the dancing moth are infected with the poison of this disease, the skin on the surface of the body gradually becomes soft and easy to bend, and the body gradually ruptures, and a white or milky white liquid flows out. Viruses can also spread to healthy moth populations through individual feces, saliva, diseased and dead insects, pollutants, other insects, etc., and eventually form a virus epidemic, thus playing a good control effect. This virus control should be used before the third instar of pest larvae, preferably when 85% of the larvae are 2nd instar larvae, and generally use 25 billion polyhedra per acre.
(4) Scientific use of drugs for prevention and treatment
In order to ensure the safety of sea buckthorn, the use of biomimetic agents is promoted. Juvenile urea agents are relatively safe against natural enemies and have a good prevention and control effect. Due to the long effect and action time of the drug, it can be applied as early as possible. 20% insecticide urea 4000-5000 times, 25% urea iii. 1500 times liquid spray.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > vi. Sea buckthorn aphids</h1>
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" >1, hazard characteristics</h1>
Sea buckthorn aphids mainly harm the young leaves of sea buckthorn, causing the young leaves of sea buckthorn to shrink or curl into clumps, and the young leaves are curled and shrunk to inhibit their growth. Aphids harm old leaves and branches, causing yellowing of leaves, and even cause coal pollution, causing sea buckthorn leaves to fall off. When pests harm the buds, they can seriously affect the number and quality of flowering. Aphids use the stinging mouthpiece to absorb a large amount of plant sap, causing sea buckthorn roots, stems, leaves, and buds to grow and develop slowly, unable to flower normally or even fall off, and if the control is not timely, it will lead to the death of the whole plant.
It is necessary to regularly clean the sea buckthorn garden or sea buckthorn forest on a daily basis, remove diseased plants in the forest in time, remove weeds, and reduce the parasitic sites of pests. Taking advantage of the yellowing characteristics of aphids, yellow plates can be set up in the field, coated with oil or adhesives, attract aphids and kill them. Spray with 5% aphid dust and spray 0.8-1.0 kg per acre (time). Use 1 part of 40% dichlorvos emulsion, add 1 part of multifunctional plant synergist, add 2 parts of water, mix into a liquid medicine, and use a brush to brush a medicine ring about 10 cm wide on the trunk.
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