"The whole series of earth organisms - from single cells to humans" Fungal realm - Basidiomycete phylum 1. Main features 2. Developmental process 3. Asexual reproduction (1) Sexual affinity is very complex (2) Fertile duokaryo formation 4.Value 5.Origin 6.Classification 7.Arthropodium

Fungal realm — Basiloidium phylum

Basidiomycota is a class of higher fungi that constitute a binuclear sublimite containing more than 20,000 species, including mushrooms, fungus and other major edible mushrooms. More specifically, the basidomycete phylum includes the following groups: mushrooms, mabo, stinkhorns (Phyllophyllaceae), stent fungus (Bracket fungus), and human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus spp., among others.

The fungi of the basidiomycete phylum are basically all terrestrial varieties, which are composed of multicellular, diaphragm mycelium, the hyphae are divided into two kinds, the cells of the primary mycelium have only one nucleus, the cells of the secondary hyphae have two nuclei, and the secondary mycelium of the two nuclei can form a seed entity, called basidium, after the sexual reproduction process, the basidiospores are generated on the basidiospores; it can also be produced through the asexual reproduction process to generate asexual spores or sprouts.

The basidiomycete phylum is commonly known as basidiomycetes, and the main features are spore-producing structures with basidioms, as well as exogenous sexual spores called basidioms. It is the most advanced of the fungi, and is extremely widely distributed, with a large number and many varieties, reaching more than 20,000 species. There are edible, some can be used medicinally, and there are many kinds of poisons that have a great relationship with human life. They symbiotic with plants to form mycorrhiza (mycorrhiza), which is conducive to crop cultivation and afforestation; many large basidiomycetes are nutrient-rich edible mushrooms, such as shiitake mushrooms, monkey heads, ganoderma lucidum, bamboo shoots, oyster mushrooms, etc., some have tonic and medicinal value, many edible basidiomycetes contain polysaccharides, which can improve the body's ability to inhibit tumors and rejection, so basidiomycetes have become an important resource for screening anti-tumor drugs. On the other hand, harmful basidiomycetes such as powdery mildew and rust fungus cause smut and rust in crops, causing serious economic losses; some basidiomycetes can cause diseases of forest and garden plants, and many large saprophytic fungi can cause wood rot, often causing greater economic losses. The ascomycete phylum and the basidiomycete phylum are closely related to phylogenesis.

Throughout development, two different forms of hyphae are produced: one is the germination of the basidiospores to form hyphae with mononuclear, which is called the primary hyphae. Later, through the jointing of mononuclear hyphae, the nuclei do not combine in time to maintain the state of binuclear, which is called secondary hyphae.

The secondary hyphae binuclear period is quite long, which is one of the characteristics of basidiomycetes. The biggest feature of basidiomycetes is the formation of basidium and basidiospore.

In the process of forming basidiospores and basidiospores, a beak-like protrusion is born on the cell wall at the apex of the hyphae, which curves downwards to form a special structure, called a lock-like conjunction, in the process of lock-like connection, the intracellular binucleus undergoes a series of changes from division to fusion, forming a diploid (2n) nucleus.

This nucleus undergoes quadratic division, one of which is meiosis, resulting in 4 haploid (n) nucleuses. At this time, the apical cell expands to become a burden, and 4 small stems are born on the burden, so the 4 small nuclei are moved into the small stems, and a total of 4 spores - basidiospores.

The mycelium that produces the complex structure of the basidiocarp is called basidiocarp, which is the fruiting body of basidiomycetes. Its shape, size, and color are different, such as umbrella-shaped, fan-shaped, spherical, head-shaped, pen-shaped, etc.

Asexual reproduction of basidiomycetes is the production of powder spores, conidia or spores through hyphal rupture, and there are no sexual organs, but it is also said that the sexual spore and fertilized filament of rust bacteria are sexual organs.

<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="15" >(1) sexual affinity is complex</h1>

Like ascomycetes, there are homologous cooperation, secondary homogeneity and heterogeneous cooperation, of which the same clan cooperation accounts for only 10%, and the vast majority are heterogeneous cooperation. About 25% of heterogeneous fits are bipolar, and their affinity is controlled by a single factor. Ascomycetes have only one pair of alleles (i.e., A, a), while Basilococcus appears to have most alleles (i.e., A1A2A3A4...). ）。 Any two identical nucleosomes containing different alleles are fused together to form fertile duonuclear bodies. Most of the remaining heterogeneous pairs manifest as quadrupoles, and their affinity is controlled by two factors (i.e., A and B), each with a majority of alleles.

<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="17" >(2) fertile duonucleoid formation</h1>

Must be bound by the primary hyphae of both factors that are different. In other words, both factors of secondary hyphae are heterologous. It can produce 4 types of basidiospores or 2 types of basidiospores, which in turn depend on the exchange and expulsion of chromosomes at the time of meiosis. When chromosomes do not exchange, only 2 types of basidiospores can be produced; when the exchange occurs at one affinity gene site, 4 types of basidiospores are produced; when the exchange occurs at two gene loci, 2 types or 4 types of basidiospores are produced due to the arrangement of chromosomes. Among basidiomycetes, the affinity of Schistopteria is probably the most complex of fungi, and it is known to have 450 factor A, 90 factor B, and two loci of AB, α and β, each with many alleles. The role of the two factors is different, factor B is related to the transfer of the nucleus, and factor A is related to the pairing of the nucleus and the occurrence of lock-like union.

There are many kinds of fungi in the basidon fungus phylum, some edible, some can be medicinal, and many species are poisonous, which are more related to human life. They symbiotic with plants to form mycorrhiza (mycorrhiza), which is conducive to crop cultivation and afforestation; many large basidiomycetes are nutrient-rich edible mushrooms, such as shiitake mushrooms, monkey heads, ganoderma lucidum, bamboo shoots, oyster mushrooms, etc., some have tonic and medicinal value, many edible basidiomycetes contain polysaccharides, which can improve the body's ability to inhibit tumors and rejection, so basidiomycetes have become an important resource for screening anti-tumor drugs. On the other hand, harmful basidiomycetes such as powdery mildew and rust fungus cause smut and rust in crops, causing serious economic losses; some basidiomycetes can cause diseases of forest and garden plants, and many large saprophytic fungi can cause wood rot, often causing greater economic losses.

It is generally believed that basidiomycetes originated from ascomycetes, which can be proved from the following two points: (1) the binuclear hyphae (secondary hyphae) of Basidiomyces are the same as those of ascomycetes, and both are doublesomes produced after sexual binding; (2) the lock-like joint of Basidiomyces and the ascomycetes of ascomycete filaments are similar, indicating that the early development process of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes is similar, after the ascomycete ascomycete hook is formed. Apical cells form ascomycetes and ascomycete spores (endospores), while the apical cells of basidiomycetes after locked union form basidiospores and basidiospores (exospores). Therefore, the ascomycete phylum and the basidiomycete phylum have a close relationship in phylogeny.

The latest taxonomy adopted by a group of 67 mycologists recognizes three subphylums (Stalk rust subphylum, powdery mildew subphylum, and Umbellifera subphylum) and two other class groups (Arthrobacterium, Chycoccystium rhizobia), in addition to the basider fungus phylum. The subphylum taxonomy of the classification to date has merged, and reduced various obsolete taxonomic populations that were previously commonly used to describe the basidiomycete phylum.

Traditionally, the basidiomycete phylum has been divided into two broad categories that are now obsolete: Heterobasidiomycetes and Homobasidiomycetes

According to estimates in 2008, the basidiomycete phylum consists of three subphylums (including 6 unassigned orders), 16 orders, 177 families, 1589 genera, and 31515 species.

Agaricomycotina

Subphylum Pucciniomycotina

Melanomyces subphylum (Ustilaginomycotina)

Status is undecided

Cartilagee (Wallemiomycetes)

The arthrophyllaceae ( scientific name : Wallemiomycetes ) is a class under the basidiomycosis. The order contains only one phylum (Wallemiales), which contains one family (Wallemiaceae), and this family contains only one genus (Wallemia). There are three species under this, all xerophile, which are distributed all over the world and usually cause moldy low-moisture foods.

These three species are W. Sebi, W. muriae, and W. ichthyophaga。

classify:

Wallemiales

Wallemiaceae

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