Hello, I am your celebration
First, the basic philosophical questions
(1) Proposed
For the first time, Engels explicitly pointed out: "The great fundamental problem of philosophy in its whole, especially in modern philosophy, is the question of the relationship between thinking and existence." (Thought and Being, Consciousness and Matter)
(2) Content
The basic questions of philosophy consist of two aspects:
1. Thinking and existence, who is the origin of the world, that is, the question of what is the first nature and what is the second nature (derivation) of matter and spirit;
2. Whether thinking can correctly understand the existing problems, that is, whether thinking and existence are identical.
(3) Meaning
1. It is the premise and basis for solving all other philosophical problems;
2. Provide guidance for the study of philosophy and human history and reality;
3. Criteria were established for the division of the basic schools of philosophy.
Ii. The Basic Schools of Philosophy
〖 Multiple Choice Test Center 〗
From different perspectives, there are four divisions of philosophy:
1. Different answers to the origin of the world (the first question) - materialism vs idealism
2) Different answers to whether the world is knowable (the question of identity) – knowable vs agnosticism
3. Different answers to the state of existence of the world – dialectics vs metaphysics
4. Different answers to the basic questions of social history - materialistic view of history vs. idealistic view of history
Celebration Tips
(1) Matter and consciousness are limited to distinctions between the origin of the world. Material primacy does not mean that matter is the most important and consciousness is less important.
2. Materialism ≠ dialectics; idealism ≠ metaphysics.
3) Materialism and idealism are the answers to "what is the world"; dialectics and metaphysics are the answers to "what state of existence the world is".
4) Materialism is all knowable, and some idealism is knowable.
3. Philosophical exercises
1. The two specialized philosophical terms of materialism and idealism have specific meanings and definite standards, and cannot be used arbitrarily or established separately, otherwise it will cause confusion. The specific meanings and criteria for determining here refer to:
A. Answer to whether the origin of the world is material or spiritual
B. An answer to whether existence and mind are identical
C. Answer to the relationship between social existence and social consciousness
D. Answers to how the world exists
2. "The history of philosophy is like a colorful tapestry, in which materialism and idealism are like thick meridians running up and down, and dialectics and metaphysics are intertwined like wefts." This sentence vividly depicts the opposition and struggle between materialism and idealism, as well as dialectics and metaphysics, in the history of philosophical development. The following statement is correct:
A. Materialism is dialectics
B. Idealism is metaphysics
C. Materialism, idealism and dialectics, metaphysics are different answers to two fundamental questions of philosophy
D. The opposition and struggle between materialism and idealism is intertwined with the opposition and struggle between dialectics and metaphysics
Answer: 1A 2D