Marquess of Reading, a British nobleman, was established in 1926 for Rufus Isaacs and is currently the 4th Marquis Simon Isaacs. The Marquis of Reading is the highest title a Jew has ever received in British history, and the last surviving Marquis of England (the Marquis of Wellington was established in 1936 but died in 1979), and the last-ranked Marquis.
Rufus Isaacs, recipient of the Order of Bath, the Order of the Star of India, the Order of the Indian Empire, the Royal Victoria Medal, and a member of the Privy Council. He was born at 3 Bury Street, Parish St Mary's Acres, London, the son of a Jewish fruit importer in Spitafield. He was educated at a university college school and entered the family business at the age of 15. He worked as a crew member from 1876 to 1877 and a stockbroker on the stock exchange from 1880 to 1884.
He was admitted to the Middle Temple Bar College in 1885 and qualified as a lawyer in 1887. He set up his own office at 1 Jardin Garden Court and was so successful that he not only paid off his debts, but also made a huge income of £30,000 a year. After ten and a half years at a junior law firm, he was appointed royal barrister in 1898. As a lawyer, Isaacs worked hard, getting up early every day to prepare cases, but he never worked overtime after dinner. His defense in court was very calm and known for his rhetorical and cross-examination style.
Isaacs practised primarily in commercial courts and occasionally appeared in divorce court or the Old Bailey Court, where he was noted for his involvement in cases such as Arthur Chamberlain's (at the behest of his brother Joseph) in his defense of the Star's defamation allegations, the Taf Valley case (where he appeared on behalf of the union), the Bayleys case in 1903, the Colery defamation case, the prosecution of fraudster Whitaker Wright, the defence of Sir Edward Russell's criminal defamation case, and the defence of Sir Edward Russell's criminal defamation case and the Robert L.L.S. Thompson case. Defence in the Sever extortion case.
In 1900 he ran unsuccessfully for MPs in North Kensington and entered the House of Commons as a Member of parliament as a Member of the Liberal Party in the by-election on 6 August 1904, where he remained a member of Parliament for nine years until 1913. In 1910 he was appointed Deputy Attorney General in the government of Herbert Henry Asquis and was granted secular sirhood, and six months later he was appointed Attorney General. When Lord Loreburn resigned as Chancellor in 1912, Isaac had hoped to succeed him, but was later replaced by Lord Haldane. To make up for him, Asquith invited Isaac to join the cabinet, and he was the first attorney general to enter the cabinet.
As a legal officer, Isaacs handled many notable cases. As Deputy Attorney General, he appeared before the Admiralty in the case of George Archer Hey, and as Attorney General he led Edward Mylius' criminal defamation case against George V, for which he was awarded the Knight Commander Royal Victoria Medal (KCVO), the murder trial of Frederick Seddon, and the women's suffrage case of Emmeline Pankhurst. He also represented the Trade Commission in the investigation into the sinking of the Titanic.
In addition, he helped the House of Commons pilot several key pieces of legislation, including the Parliament Act 1911, the Official Secrecy Act 1911, the National Insurance Act 1911, the Trade Unions Act 1913 and the Irish Government Act 1914. He was appointed a member of the Privy Council at his coronation in 1911.
He had been accused of involvement in the Marconi scandal, but was able to escape the danger. In October 1913 he was appointed Chief Justice of England, succeeding viscount Alverstone. As Attorney General, he had the right to refuse the appointment, since serving as chief justice meant leaving politics, and although unwilling to give up his political career, he was forced to accept the position because of his involvement in the Marconi scandal, and on January 9, 1914, he was canonized as Baron Redding of Orley, Berkshire. The knighthood caused great controversy, and Rudyard Kipling even wrote a poem "Gehasi" to satirize him.
As Chief Justice, Baron Reading presided over Roger Keycent's trial for treason. However, he could only attend occasionally, as the Government often asked him to serve as an adviser. In August 1914, he was drafted to deal with the financial crisis brought about by the outbreak of World War I, and in 1915 he led the Anglo-French Financial Commission to seek financial assistance from the United States on behalf of the Allies, and was awarded the Order of Bath in the same year. During the Cabinet Crisis of December 1916, he acted as an intermediary between Asquith and David Lloyd George, and was promoted to The Viscount of Reading in Earl, Berkshire.
Photo note: Viscount Reading (second from right) on the French front
In September 1917, Reading was appointed High Commissioner to the United States and Canada, and was promoted to Earl of Reading and Viscount Erleigh of Ellie, Berkshire. In 1918, he became British ambassador to the United States and also served as chief justice. In 1918, he also returned to England to join the war cabinet for six months, serving as Prime Minister Lloyd George's envoy and being sent to France. He returned to the United States as an ambassador in 1919, resigning as ambassador in the same year and returning to the bench while seeking new appointments.
Photo note: The statue of the Viceroy of India in Reading was set up in New Delhi and is currently in the town of Reading, England.
In 1921, he resigned as Chief Justice and became Governor-General of India. He favored a policy of reconciliation, enforced the Government of India Act 1919 and opposed racial discrimination. He personally received Mohandas Karamkhand Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Kinna and visited Amritsar as a gesture of reconciliation. However, he did not rule out the use of force, ordering the suppression of the Malabar rebellion in 1921, quelling the Sikh unrest in Punjab in 1922, and arresting Gandhi in the same year for sedition. The Earl of Reading had good relations with the Indian royal family, but forced the abdication of the two princes. During his governorship, he was awarded the Order of the Stars of India (GCSI) and the Order of the Empire of India (GCIE) in 1921 and was promoted to the Order of Victoria, Grand Cross (GCVO) in 1922.
He returned to England from India in 1926 and was made Marquis of Reading, the first person since Duke of Wellington to be promoted from commoner to Marquis. In 1927, the Marquis of Reading was appointed lord of Dill Castle, a position he held until 1934. As former Governor-General of India, the Marquis of Reading was critical of some of the policies of his successor, Lord Owen. On 5 November 1929, he attacked Owen in the House of Lords for using the term "Dominion Status" against India prior to the Simon Commission's report.
In 1930, the Marquis of Reading and his wife were at the Haifa Power Station, concerned about supporting Israel's nation-building.
After returning from India, he had no pension and spent so much money that he made money on several company boards and later became president of Imperial Chemical Industries. He was Leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords from 1931 to 1935, attended the Roundtable on the Future of British India from 1930 to 1932 as head of the Liberal Delegation, and served as a member of the drafting committee for the Government of India Act 1935. In August 1931, during the era of Prime Minister MacDonald, Reading briefly served as foreign minister and head of the House of Lords, but stepped down due to health problems after the first major restructuring in November. In 1934, he was appointed warden of Sinkhamn.
Picture note: The Crown of the Marquis of England and the coat of arms of the Marquis of Reading, which was established later and has no coat of arms.
The Marquis of Reading died in December 1935 at 32 Coson Street in Mayfair, London, at the age of 75. After being cremated at the Golders Green crematorium, the ashes were buried in a nearby Jewish cemetery. At 32 Coson Street, where he lived at the time of his death, there has been a blue plaque since 1971.
His son, Gerald Rufus Isaacs, hereditary Marquis of Reading 2nd, served as minister in the Conservative governments of Winston Churchill and Anthony Eden from 1951 to 1957.
In 1960, Michael Alfred Rufus Isaacs became the 3rd Marquis of Reading, and in 1980, Simon Charles Henry Rufus Isaacs became the 4th Marquis of Reading, with Julian Rufus Isaacs enjoying the title of Viscount Ellie. The family's ancestral home is The Jerns Manor near Beasley, Gloucestershire, and judging from the lineage of the 1st Marquis of Reading, the title has only one property, but does not enjoy fiefs and taxes.
Historically, the outgoing Prime Minister Henry Addington was made a Baron of Reading in May 1804, and the Prime Minister at the time was generally knighted and knighted after retirement. Addington refused the honor, but he later accepted the title of Viscount of Sidmouth.
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