Sima Da, an ancient official name. In the pre-Qin period, when there were martial affairs, the Great Sima was in charge, while in ordinary times, the Great Sima was still set up to prepare for the future. For example, the Western Zhou Dynasty Sima Jiang Ziya (Lü Shang), the Qi State Grand Sima Tian Tho (Sima Hoang Tho). In the fourth year of the Western Han Dynasty (119 BC), the Great Sima was established, with the general Wei Qing and the hussar general Huo Fugongduo, and the Special Sima the title of Grand Sima (大司馬) with the title of General. In the early days of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Great Sima was one of the three dukes, and the change was changed to Taiwei, and at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Great Sima was specially established, ranking above the three dukes.
In the Three Kingdoms period, sima was called the head of a military general and even a hundred officials, such as Cao Ren, Cao Xiu, Cao Zhen and others in the history of Cao Wei, who were once given the title of Grand Sima (大司馬). As far as Eastern Wu is concerned, there are also Lu Kang, Ding Feng, and others who have held the prominent official position of Grand Sima (大司馬). As for the Shu Han that I want to talk about today, there is only one Great Sima in history, and that is Jiang Huan. After Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Huan recuperated and extended the survival time of the Shu kingdom.
One
First of all, Jiang Wan (?) ~246), courtesy name Gongyan. A native of Xiangxiang County, Lingling County. When Jiang Huan was young, he was studious, intelligent, dignified, and extraordinary. In his youth, he and his cousin Liu Min were famous for their talents. Although he was a jingzhou person, Jiang Huan did not serve Liu Biao, which should be when Liu Biao was in charge of Jingzhou, Jiang Huan was still relatively young.
In 208 AD, after Liu Biao's death, Cao Cao led a large army south. Although Cao Cao captured Jingzhou, cao cao returned to the Central Plains because of the defeat at the Battle of Chibi. Taking advantage of this opportunity, Liu Bei captured four counties in the south of Jingzhou in 209 AD, including Lingling County, where Jiang Huan was located. On this basis, Jiang Huan began to follow Liu Bei.
In 211, at the invitation of Liu Zhang, Liu Bei led a large army into Yizhou. A year later, Liu Bei and Liu Zhang broke up, and the Battle of Yizhou officially broke out. In 214, Liu Bei defeated Liu Zhang and captured the land of Yizhou. After pacifying Yizhou, Jiang was appointed as the county magistrate of Guangdu County.
Soon after, liu bei, Zhuge Liang, and others came to Guangdu County and found that Jiang Huan not only did not handle affairs, but also was drunk and unconscious. Liu Bei was furious and wanted to put Jiang Huan to death for the crime, and Zhuge Liang advised Liu Bei: "Jiang Huan is an instrument of social welfare, not a talent of a hundred miles, not a modification first, and hopes that the lord will see clearly." Liu Bei always respected Zhuge Liang, so he exonerated Jiang Huan, but still dismissed him.
From this, it is very obvious that although Jiang Huan saved his life, because he offended Liu Bei, this prompted Jiang Huan to fall to the bottom of his life. Of course, Liu Bei's talents were still relatively scarce, so in the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219), Liu Bei won the Battle of Hanzhong and transferred Jiang Huan to Chengdu to take the official position of Shang Shulang.
Two
In 223 AD, Liu Bei died of illness in yong'an White Emperor City. At the same time, the later lord Liu Chan took the throne. Of course, because Liu Chan was young, the power of Shu Han was actually controlled by Zhuge Liang. On this basis, Zhuge Liang, the chancellor, opened the government to govern affairs, made Jiang Huan the Eastern Cao, and cited him as Mao cai, but Jiang Huan was humble and did not accept it, and repeatedly recommended Liu Yong, Pang Yan, and Liao Chun. Later, Zhuge Liang promoted Jiang Huan to join the army as a minister. In this regard, in the author's opinion, because of the weight of Zhuge Liang, Jiang Huan was able to make a steady progress in his career.
In the fifth year of Jianxing (227), Zhuge Liang was stationed in Hanzhong to prepare for the Northern Expedition to Cao Wei, and Jiang Huan and Changshi Zhang stayed in Chengdu to handle all the affairs of the Xiangfu. In the eighth year of Jianxing (230), Jiang Huan succeeded Zhang Yi as the general of the XiangChangshi and the general of the Fu Army. Every time Zhuge Liang went on a campaign, Jiang Huan often raised grain, organized transportation, and replenished the source of troops. Zhuge Liang often said: "Jiang Gongyan is loyal and generous, and should work with me to revive the Han Room." Zhuge Liang then secretly expressed liu chan: "If something happens to the minister, all the important affairs of the imperial court can be handed over to Jiang Huan." ”
In the twelfth year of Jianxing (234), Zhuge Liang's fifth Northern Expedition to the Central Plains. In the autumn of the same year, Zhuge Liang died of illness in Wuzhangyuan. According to Zhuge Liang's last wishes, the later lord Liu Chan appointed Jiang Huan as Shangshu Ling, and soon added the title of Capital Protector, False Festival, Led Yizhou Assassin History, and then promoted to The Rank of Grand General, Lu Shang Shushi, and The Marquis of Anyang Ting. Although Jiang Huan did not hold the official position of chancellor, through the great general to take charge of the soldiers and horses, and then rely on Shang Shu Ling and Lu Shang Shu to handle the affairs of the imperial court, Jiang Huan became the de facto chancellor of the Shu Han Dynasty.
Three
At that time, Zhuge Liang had just died, and people near and far felt afraid. Jiang Huan was outstanding, standing above the hundred officials, with neither a sad expression nor a happy face, and his speech and demeanor were as usual, so the crowd gradually obeyed. Compared with Zhuge Liang, who had repeatedly northern expeditions to the Central Plains, during Jiang Wan's reign, there was no large-scale attack on Cao Wei, that is, Jiang Huan adopted a strategy of recuperation. In this regard, in the author's opinion, this is a strategy that is more suitable for the situation of the Shu Han Dynasty.
After Zhuge Liang's five northern expeditions to the Central Plains, The national strength of Shu Han did suffer a greater depletion, and if Jiang Huan continued to compete with the powerful Cao Wei, it was likely that the shu Han would be destroyed earlier. Just as the so-called way of culture and martial arts, one by one, the tight strings of Shu Han really need to be relaxed.
In the first year of Yanxi (238), the later lord Liu Chan ordered Jiang Huan to open the government and make him the Grand Sima (大司馬). In the same year, Sima Yi led an army to attack Gongsun Yuan in Eastern Liaoning, and Liu Chan ordered Jiang Huan to lead his troops into Hanzhong and wait for the opportunity to attack the State of Wei with Eastern Wu. For six years, Jiang Huan led an army stationed in Hanzhong, and the Wei army did not dare to attack. During this period, Jiang Huan also repeatedly ordered Jiang Wei to lead his division to the west and adopt an offensive posture, but with little effect. After Shu Han's national strength was restored, Jiang Huan did not completely abandon the strategy of offensive defense, so he sent Jiang Wei to attack the Yongliang region of Cao Wei. However, because Jiang Wei limited Jiang Wei's troop strength, this made it impossible for the latter to achieve greater success.
Four
Finally, Jiang Huan believed that Zhuge Liang had sent troops to Qinchuan many times before his death, the road was difficult and dangerous, it was inconvenient to travel, it was better to go east along the Han River and the Chu River, so Jiang Huan built a large boat and prepared to attack weixing and Shangyong county of the Wei state, but unexpectedly the old disease recurred, and the trip could not be completed. It was precisely because the attack on the Yongliang region was difficult to be effective, and after the national strength of the Shu Han was restored, Jiang Huan put forward the idea of attacking Cao Wei by water. However, Jiang Huan's proposal was opposed by most of the imperial court ministers.
Therefore, the later lord Liu Chan sent Shangshu Ling Fei Yi and the Central Supervisor Jiang Wei to Hanzhong to try to dissuade Jiang Huan. Although Jiang Huan was stationed in Fu County and still wanted to implement this plan, because of his increasingly serious illness, Jiang Huan's plan naturally ended in vain. In the seventh year of Yanxi (244), Jiang Huan requested that the post of Yizhou Assassin be ceded to Fei Yi due to illness, and Liu Chan appointed Fei Yi as the Assassin of Yizhou. Although Jiang Huan, as the Grand Sima of The Great, was still higher than Fei Yi and others in official positions. However, from 244 AD onwards, Jiang Huan gradually entrusted the affairs of the imperial court to Fei Yi because of his deteriorating health. Moreover, Fei Yi was originally the second heir designated by Zhuge Liang.
In the ninth year of Yanxi (246), Jiang Huan died of illness and was given the title of "Gong". In ancient history, the use of the word "Gong" as a courtesy name were Sima Dewen, the Emperor Gong of Jin, the Tuoba Kuo of Wei, the Yang You of the Sui Gong Emperor, the Chai Zongxun of the Zhou Gong Emperor, and the Zhao Gong of the Song Gong Emperor. In addition to Emperor Gong of Song, several other people ceded the throne to others through the way of Zen concession, and the word "Gong" of these people is in the sense of respecting the sages and giving way to the sages, which is actually beautiful from here.
For Jiang Huan, he respected Fei Yi, Jiang Wei, Dong Yun and other talents, and even let Fei Yi take power in advance, so it was undoubtedly more appropriate for him to be given the title of "Gong". In general, after Zhuge Liang's death, the Shu Han was in chaos, and the local warriors in Yizhou were even more eager to move, but Jiang Huan was calm and self-assured, and gradually appeased the Shu Han's civilian generals. Moreover, during Jiang Huan's reign, the national strength of Shu Han was restored, which was also an important reason why Shu Han could persist for 30 years after Zhuge Liang's death. Therefore, Jiang Huan was awarded the honorary official position of Grand Sima (大司馬).