I am Tang Di, a history buff. Welcome everyone [attention] I, let's talk about the past and the present, and discuss the general trend of the world. Gentleman I, just to learn and make friends!
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" Data-track="4" contradiction between >1 and Qilu</h1>
The ancestors of the two countries, The Duke of Zhou and the Duke of Taigong, were both important vassals who assisted the royal family in destroying the merchants, and in order to make their descendants live in harmony and act together as a barrier for the royal family in the east, they gave them a covenant of "harmless descendants in the future". However, by the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period, the two countries had become deeply at odds and had severed exchanges.
During the Huigong period, the State of Lu was quite isolated diplomatically, and after the Duke of Yin ascended the throne, in order to change this passive situation, he tried his best to establish relations with various countries and successively formed alliances with the States of Song and Zheng. Qi and Zheng Ben were allies, and also intended to improve relations with Lu to increase prestige, so after Lu Zheng formed an alliance in the sixth year of the Yin Gong (717 BC), the Lu Yin Gong and the Qi Gong allied with Ai (present-day northwest of Xintai, Shandong), restoring friendly relations between the two countries. However, by the time of the Duke of Lu Huan, a dispute arose between the two countries over the issue of jiguo.
Ji is a state surnamed Jiang in the eastern neighbor of the State of Qi. In the fifth year of the Reign of Lu Huan (707 BC), Duke Qi, who wanted to take advantage of Ji Guo's courtship, made a surprise attack and annexed it, but was detected by the Ji people and did not succeed.
At that time, Ji Hou's wife was the daughter of Lu Huigong, and the relationship between the two countries was very close, so Ji Guo wanted to seek the protection of Lu Guo. In the sixth year of Huan Gong, Ji Hou twice went to the State of Lu to "consult with Huan Gong to discuss ways to deal with the State of Qi. Therefore, it caused contradictions between the two countries. In the thirteenth year of Huan Gong (699 BC), the three kingdoms of Lu, Ji, and Zheng united and launched a major war with the four kingdoms of Qi, Song, Wei, and Yan, and the main reason for the outbreak of the war was the contradiction between Zheng and Song, and Lu, Ji and Qi sided with Zheng and Song respectively, naturally because of the problems of Ji Guo. In this war, Lu, Ji, and Zheng defeated the four kingdoms, but did not make the State of Qi abandon its attempt to destroy Ji, and after Duke Xiang of Qi ascended the throne, he was even more anxious to prepare for the annexation of the State of Ji, and the State of Lu continued to protect the State of Ji.
In the seventeenth year of Huan Gong (695 BC), under the mediation of the State of Lu, the monarchs of the three kingdoms of Lu, Qi, and Ji formed an alliance in Huang (present-day northeast of Zichuan, Zibo, Shandong), ostensibly mediating the problems of Qi and Ji, but also making Qi even more dissatisfied with the interference of the State of Lu. Therefore, before the blood had dried up, Qi sent troops to invade the border of the State of Lu and fought a battle in Xidi. The following year, Duke Huan took his wife Wen Jiang to Qi and reconciled with the State of Qi. Although Qi Xianggong and Wen Jiang were brother and sister, they had an illicit relationship, and because they were discovered by Duke Huan, Qi Xianggong actually made people kill them, and used "the widow fears the power of the king, and does not dare to live in peace, so as to repair the old." Etiquette is accomplished without reversion (return), there is no blame, and it is evil to the princes. Please take Peng Sheng out of it." Only kill the murderer to shirk responsibility.
After Duke Lu Zhuang ascended the throne, he also wanted to join forces with Zheng Guo to protect Ji Guo, but Zheng was too busy to help Lu due to civil strife. By the fourth year of Duke Zhuang (690 BC), Ji was completely annexed by Qi.
Lu's struggle with Qi on the Issue of the State of Ji ended in defeat, indicating that the strength of the State of Lu was slightly inferior to that of Qi, but Lu was not willing to be willing to take the upper hand. In the eighth year of Duke Zhuang (686 BC), Lu prepared to invite Chen and Cai to attack the western neighboring postal state, but because Chen and Cai's army had not yet arrived, Zhuang Gong invited the State of Qi to attack Chengguo, and as a result, Yu surrendered to the State of Qi alone. Lu Gongzi Qing's father requested to attack the Qi army: Zhuang Gong replied, "No." I am not virtuous, what is the sin of Master Qi? The reason for my sin. Book of Xia Bai: Gao Tao Mai Seed Virtue, Virtue, Nai Descend'. Auntie Xiude, wait for the time!" It can be seen that Zhuang Gong has long decided to devote himself to cultivating virtue to develop the national situation, waiting for the opportunity to compete with Qi. Soon, due to the civil unrest in the state of Qi, the favorable opportunity for the state of Lu came.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="45" >2, chaos in the State of Qi before the Battle of the Long Spoon</h1>
After the death of Duke Qi, the crown princes succeeded to the throne for the Duke of QiXiang, and although he did not lack power and talent, and also made some achievements in military and diplomatic affairs, his life was absurd and corrupt, and he was moody. He killed Duke Huan of Lu and stalemate relations with his most important neighbor, the State of Lu.
In peacetime, he also bullied the ministers and killed innocents indiscriminately, resulting in turmoil in the domestic situation. Fearing that the chaos would endanger him, his brothers fled abroad for refuge. Among them, Gongzi Xiaobai (later Duke Huan of Qi) went into exile to the State of Ju, while Gongzi Gui went into exile to the State of Lu under the service of Zhao Ku and Guan Zhong.
Qi Xianggong was indifferent to the situation of rebellion and separation, and continued to act perversely and act as a blessing. He sent the doctor Lian Zhi and Guan Zhi to the father to guard the kuiqiu area, but at the specified time, he did not send anyone to replace them, and also reduced the ignorant treatment of his cousin Gongsun. The three resented The Duke of Qi Xiang and united in 686 BC to rebel and kill the Duke of Qi. Gongsun ignorantly established himself as the Prince of Qi, but it did not take long, that is, he was attacked and killed by the people of Yonglin. This created a situation in which the throne of the State of Qi was vacant.
At that time, the ruling ministers of the State of Qi, Guo Ershi, and Gongzi Xiaobai were closely related, so they decided to welcome back Gongzi Xiaobai from the State of Ju to inherit the unification; and the rulers of the State of Lu also sent troops to escort Gongzi back to the State of Qi to succeed to the throne for the purpose of influencing the political situation of the State of Qi in the future. Thus there was a contest between brothers for the throne. In this struggle, Gongzi Xiaobai was high, escaped the interception of the Lu army, and with the cooperation of the Guo and Gao er clans, he preemptively entered the Qi capital Linzi and ascended to the throne of the monarch, which was the Duke of Qi Huan.
Duke Zhuang refused to stop there and continued to march. Duke Huan of Qi sent troops to resist, and in August of that year, Lu Qi fought at Qianshi (present-day Wuhe, southwest of Huantai, Shandong), and as a result, the Lu army was defeated, and Duke Zhuang abandoned the chariot he was riding in, and fled in a light car, and The emperor of Duke Zhuang and the right side of the car were covered by Duke Zhuang, and under the banner of Duke Zhuang, the Qi army was led to the trail, and all were captured by the Qi army. Subsequently, Duke Huan of Qi ordered Bao Shuya to lead his troops to Lu and declared, "Brother ZiJie, Fu RenJie, please ask Lu to commit suicide." Summoning Kuo, Guan Zhongqiu, please be willing to do so. Otherwise, it will be surrounded by Lu". For a while, it was difficult for the Lu state to organize forces to fight again, so it had to do so.
In the spring of the tenth year of Duke Zhuang 's reign (684 BC), the State of Qi, in retaliation for the grievances of Prince Na, sent troops to Fight Lu. Although Lu was defeated by Qianshi, his strength was not greatly damaged, and Zhuang Gong actively organized his troops to prepare for the Qi army.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="46" >3, why did Qi Huangong fight Lu Guo</h1>
The Duke of Qi Huan chose the State of Lu as the primary target, and the superficial reason was that the State of Lu had fully supported Gongzi Gui in competing with him for the throne, and led his army to fight with the Qi army in Qianshi, and was willing to take revenge. The deep reason is that the State of Lu has strong strength, and it also believes that it is a feudal state of Zhou Gongdan, and it has a very high political self-esteem, and does not pay much attention to the State of Qi, which has become the main obstacle on the road to the hegemony of the State of Qi. If Duke Huan of Qi himself wanted to order the princes, he must first suppress the prestige of the State of Lu.
In fact, Qi Huangong's idea also made sense. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, the strength of the State of Lu was indeed relatively strong, and it was quite active in the political and diplomatic arena at that time, and it followed Zheng Zhuanggong in foreign conquest activities many times, played a considerable role, and achieved many practical benefits, such as obtaining the Song Guo Gao and Defending Eryi for cooperating with the Zheng Army in the war against the Song.
According to historical records, in the early Spring and Autumn period, the State of Lu often invaded small states such as Cao, Teng, Xue, Qi, Ji, Grain, Deng, Yi, Mou, Ge, Xiao, Yan, and Zhou, and also often visited the State of Lu, and the State of Ji became a protectorate of Lu. Militarily, the state of Lu was defeated only once by Qi, while the song was defeated four times, the Qi by two, and the wei and Yan by one, "until the eve of Qi Huan's hegemony, the state of Lu was still very strong, no less than Qi." In particular, Lu Zhuanggong has made great achievements in this regard.
Tang Dynasty poet Lu Lun's poem "And Zhang Servant Shooting Plugged Under the Song" is clouded: "Vulture Feather Golden Servant Gu, Swallowtail Embroidered Scorpion Arc". Here ,蝥弧' is the name of Zheng Zhuanggong's battle flag, and "Golden Servant Gu" is the name of Duke Lu Zhuang, who personally shot the Song general Nangong Changwan with "Golden Servant Gu" during his war against the Song Dynasty. "Golden Servant Gu" and "Scorpion Arc" are juxtaposed, that is, the martial arts of Lu Zhuang Gong are comparable to those of Zheng Zhuang Gong. Therefore, if Qi Huangong wanted to dominate, he naturally had to strike at the State of Lu first.
However, although the State of Lu was temporarily strong, compared with the State of Qi, its comprehensive national strength was ultimately at a relative disadvantage. And the contradictions and conflicts between Qi and Lu have a long history. In 686 BC, in order to destroy the State of Qi, the State of Lu had joined forces with the State of Qi, and as a result, it did another thing for the State of Qi, and the State of Qi was eventually included in the territory of the State of Qi, and the plan of the Duke of Luzhuang to annex the state was shattered. This not only deepened the contradictions between the two countries, but also made Qi Huangong mistakenly believe that the State of Lu was vulnerable, and the victory in the Battle of Qianshi further induced his ambitions to fight Lu, which eventually led to the outbreak of the Battle of the Long Spoon.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="47" >4, the root cause of the victory of the Long Spoon War</h1>
After the Battle of the Long Spoon, Duke Lu Zhuang asked Cao Jie about the reason for the victory. Cao Jiao replied:
What is relied upon in fighting with soldiers is courage. Morale is most exuberant during the first drum charge; morale declines during the second drum charge; and by the third drum charge, morale is completely gone. The morale of the Qi army has been completely lost, but on the contrary, the morale of our army is very strong, and at this time, when the drum is beaten to counterattack, it is natural to be able to defeat the Qi army in one fell swoop. Cao Jie then explained in detail the reasons for not immediately launching a pursuit: after all, the State of Qi was a powerful country, and it should not be ignored, but should beware of its pretense and ambush, so as to avoid our undue defeat. Later, seeing that their ruts were disordered, seeing that their flags were crooked, and knowing that they were indeed truly defeated, they boldly proposed to carry out a battlefield pursuit to expand the results of the battle. Cao Jiao's words were convinced by Lu Zhuang's public heart, and he nodded his head and said yes.
But there are three situations that have to be considered;
First, according to the objective situation of Qi qiang and lu weakness, the Lu army waited for work in the preset battlefield long spoon (north of present-day Qufu, Shandong, and said to be northeast of laiwu, Shandong) to meet the attacking Qi army. Both armies set up a decisive battle posture, and after the deployment was completed, Lu Zhuanggong was ready to send an order to beat the drum to attack the Qi army, hoping to preemptively attack the enemy in one fell swoop. Cao Jiao hurriedly dissuaded him when he saw the situation, and suggested that Lu Zhuanggong be calm and calm, hold his position, and wait for the opportunity to attack. Duke Zhuang accepted cao's suggestion and remained unmoved for the time being.
Second, after the Victory of the Battle of Qianshi, the Qi Army was arrogant and arrogant, and despised the Lu Army, and when it saw that the Lu Army did not fight, it mistakenly thought that the opponent was afraid of the battle. Driven by the eagerness to win, the Qi army relied on its strong superiority in troops and took the initiative to launch a fierce attack on the Lu army. However, its three successive attacks were thwarted under the strict defense of the Lu army, and failed to achieve the purpose of pre-emptive combat, but instead caused its own combat strength to decline and its morale to be depressed.
Third, from the many words and deeds of pre-war decision-making, battlefield command, and post-war analysis, we can see that the victory of the Lu army in the Battle of the Long Spoon is inevitable. Before the war, the rulers of the Lu state made political preparations to "win the trust of the people", which created favorable conditions for military operations. In the course of the operation, Lu Zhuanggong was also able to humbly listen to Cao Jie's correct operational guidance, follow the principle of attacking from behind, the enemy being tired and fighting against the enemy, holding the enemy's back, actively defending, and counterattacking at an appropriate time, correctly choosing the battlefield, and correctly grasping the timing of counterattack and pursuit, thus firmly grasping the initiative in operation and winning a major victory in combat. However, the scale of the Battle of the Long Spoon was not very large, and it did not seriously hurt Qi Guo.
The fact that the relatively powerful Qi army actually suffered a crushing defeat was a bitter lesson for Huan Gong in itself, and somewhat made him understand that he could not rely solely on war to achieve his goal of hegemony, but should make more use of political and diplomatic means to cooperate with his military actions, so that both civilian and military forces could be carried out at the same time, and that the plots, diplomatic relations, and troops should be carried out simultaneously. It can be seen from this that the results of the Battle of the Long Spoon had a certain impact on Qi Huangong's adjustment and improvement of his strategic policy of striving for hegemony.
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