<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="1" > Goguryeo and Goryeo</h1>
In the history of East Asia, there have been several regimes called Goryeo. One of the earliest was Goguryeo, which originated in northeast China. Goguryeo originated from Goguryeo County, The Fourth County of Han Dynasty, so it has been called Goguryeo in the early days. However, after the relative Sinicization of Goguryeo in the later period, he asked to change his Chinese name to Goryeo, so it was called Goryeo in the later Han chinese history books.
The Goguryeo regime occupied a large amount of territory on the Korean Peninsula in the later period, which also had a deep impact on the history of the Korean Peninsula. So more than 200 years after the fall of Goguryeo, a regime called Goryeo appeared on the Korean Peninsula. At the end of the 9th century AD, the Silla Dynasty, which ruled the Korean Peninsula at the time, was in decline. In 891, one of the sons of the previous king of Silla, King Hyun-an, rebelled, and 10 years later he proclaimed himself king, naming the regime he had established as Goryeo.
At that time, the situation of the three countries on the Korean Peninsula and the Bohai Sea
But it was clear that this regime had little to do with goguryeo before it, and the Archers had only borrowed the name of their former Silla enemies. Therefore, after the regime of the Bow People stabilized slightly, the name of the country was immediately changed, first to "Mo Zhen" and later to "Taifeng". But the Bowman had a tyrannical personality, so his regime did not last many years. In 918, Wang Jian, a general under the Bow people, staged a coup d'état (the process is somewhat similar to the process of Zhao Kuangyin's yellow robes) to overthrow the Bow people's regime.
After Wang Jian's founding, he picked up the name "Goryeo" again, so after that, the regime on the Korean Peninsula was called Goryeo. The previous bow regime was renamed "Post-Goguryeo", although in fact the bow people never used the name "Goguryeo". After the establishment of the new Goryeo, after 18 years of war, the two kingdoms of Silla and Later Baekje were destroyed and occupied most of the territory of the Korean Peninsula.
Wang Jian, who founded the Goryeo Dynasty
After this, Goryeo further studied the system of the Central Plains Dynasty in China, established three provinces and six ministries, strengthened the centralization of power, curbed local power, and established the imperial examination, and in 960 AD, that is, the year of the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, Goryeo reformed the official system and also established a system of suppressing military force with literature. Through this series of means, Goryeo gradually consolidated its rule over the Korean Peninsula.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="30" > the war between Goryeo and Liaojin</h1>
The Goryeo dynasty can actually be said to be the one that truly belongs to the Korean Peninsula and has the most various relationships between various Dynasties in China. The reason why the peach blossom stone miscellaneous uses the word "relationship" instead of "relationship" is because in fact, in the early period of almost 300 years, there were actually several conflicts between Goryeo and several Chinese dynasties. First, a few years after the founding of Goryeo, the Khitan in northeastern China destroyed another regime in the northeast, the Bohai state. Later, the left guard of the Bohai state, Mao Doushi, led almost 1,000 Bohai remnants to goryeo, and later the prince of Bohai, Daguangxian, also led some Bohai remnants to goryeo. After accepting these remnants of the Bohai state, Wang Jian, the king of Goryeo, once had a wild erection and wanted to use these people to form an army to carry out the Northern Expedition to the Khitans.
The liao dynasty roughly covered territory
In the early days, the Khitan did not seem to want to be an enemy of Goryeo, so in 946 they sent envoys to send 50 camels to Goryeo. However, Goryeo refused the Khitan offer, and not only exiled the Khitan envoys to the isolated island, but also starved all 50 camels to death, in order to show that they and the Khitan did not share the same attitude. After that, Goryeo adopted the strategy of long-distance and close-range attacks, making good friends with the Song Dynasty and jointly opposing the Khitans.
But this certainly made the Khitan (Liao Dynasty) very unhappy, so the tension between the two sides continued to escalate. This eventually led to the Khitan sending an army of 800,000 men against Goryeo in 993. Over the next 26 years, three wars broke out between the Liao Dynasty and Goryeo. At that time, although the Liao Dynasty was dominant in national strength and the war was mainly fought on the Korean Peninsula, the Khitan was unable to control Goryeo because of the many desperate resistances of Goryeo. After 1019, the two sides finally reached a peace treaty, and peace was achieved in the form of Goryeo submitting to the Khitans.
At the height of the Goryeo Dynasty, it was roughly territorial
In the decades that followed, Goryeo and the Liao Dynasty maintained relatively peaceful relations. At present, because the Song and Liao sides were also in a long state of peace after the alliance of The Yuan, Goryeo also resumed contact with the Song Dynasty in 1071 after the war with the Liao Dynasty began. In this relatively peaceful and close-knit environment with China, Goryeo achieved a considerable degree of prosperity. During this period, some Arab merchants who visited the Korean Peninsula transmitted the translation of korea from the Korea dynasty to Western Asia and Europe, making Korea the name of the Korean Peninsula in most of the world's languages. This is also the greatest legacy left by the Goryeo Dynasty to the modern world.
However, after entering the 12th century AD, due to a series of changes, the power of Goryeo quickly weakened. At that time, within Goryeo, there was a situation of monopoly of foreign relatives. At that time, the Lee family of Goryeo had been married to the Goryeo royal family for several generations (in some cases the Lee family forced the royal family to marry), which eventually triggered serious infighting between the Goryeo royal family and the Lee family, resulting in the decline of the Goryeo state. Externally, the Jurchens rose rapidly, and wars broke out with Goryeo before and after the fall of the Liao Dynasty. After the Jurchens established the Jin Dynasty and destroyed the Liao Dynasty, they also cut off the channels of communication between the Goryeo and the Song Dynasty, and the external conditions for Goryeo to maintain prosperity no longer existed, and also accelerated the decline of Goryeo.
The confrontation between Goryeo and the Jin Dynasty
After the decline of Goryeo, goryeo warriors also began to challenge Goryeo's system of suppressing military force with literature. In 1170, the Goryeo generals Jeong Joong-fu, Lee Yi-fong, and Lee Ko-fong staged a coup d'état, poisoning Goryeo Ngjong to death and setting up a puppet of Myeongjong. After that, Goryeo entered the era of military dictatorship.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="31" > same fate as the Yuan Dynasty, and Goryeo was once part of the Yuan Dynasty? </h1>
However, the monopoly of military power did not boost Goryeo's power, because soon Goryeo encountered the existence of the then Open Hanging in Eurasia, that is, the Mongol Empire. The war between Mongolia and Goryeo actually had a lot to do with the political evolution of northern China at that time.
As we all know, after Genghis Khan Temujin unified the Mongol ministries in 1206 AD, he soon launched a blow against the Jin Dynasty. This, in turn, led to some rapid changes within the Jin Dynasty. After the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Liao Dynasty, many of the liao dynasty's remnants became subjects of the Jin dynasty. Although they were oppressed in the Jin Dynasty and were always dissatisfied with the rule of the Jin Dynasty, they were helpless when the Jin Dynasty was in full swing. But at this time, the situation was completely different, and the Jin Dynasty itself encountered great trouble, which made the Khitan remnants within the Jin Dynasty at that time active again.
The rise of Mongolia changed the situation in northern China dramatically
In 1212, yelü liuge and yelüye, descendants of the Liao dynasty royal family, launched a rebellion in present-day Jilin Province, gathering hundreds of thousands of people within a few months. They also had Mongol support at the time, so they soon faced off against the jin dynasty's suppressed armies. After that, Yelü Liugo soon became king and re-established a regime called "Liao", which later became known as the Eastern Liao. However, it was difficult for this small regime to survive on its own, so Yelü liugo soon defected to Temujin and became a vassal of the Mongols.
But within the Khitans at that time, there were still some people who were reluctant to submit to the Mongols. In 1216, Yelü Liuge's younger brother Yelü Shubu killed 300 Mongol emissaries, and then proclaimed himself emperor in present-day Haicheng, Liaoning, and established a regime that would later be known as Hou Liao. However, after the establishment of the Later Liao, it was soon hit by the Jin Dynasty and the Mongols, and there was always no internal strife, so it was soon unable to gain a foothold in Liaodong.
So where did they go? The answer: They went to the Korean Peninsula, which was not under Mongjin's control at the time. After entering the Korean Peninsula, the Later Liao army also launched an attack on Pyongyang in the western capital of Goryeo at one point, but was quickly defeated. After that, the Mongol army of the Eastern Liao also quickly sent troops to attack the Later Liao, and at this time, Goryeo also quickly took sides and sent troops to support the Mongol army. Thus, in 1219 AD, the Later Liao was destroyed under the combined blows of several parties.
The Mongol Empire at the end of Temujin's reign was roughly territorial
Although the Mongol army entered the Korean Peninsula at that time mainly to attack the Houliao, and it was still a friendly army with Goryeo, in this way, the Mongol power naturally extended to the periphery of the Korean Peninsula. In 1225, the Mongols demanded tribute from Goryeo, but goryeo not only ignored it, but also killed the Mongol emissaries. Although at that time, because Temu really concentrated its forces to attack western Xia, the Mongols did not retaliate immediately, but the liangzi of the two sides was thus concluded.
Moreover, a few years later, Goryeo also joined forces with the remnants of the Jin Dynasty in the northeast, Pyeongjangshi Wyonbohan, to launch a surprise attack on the Mongol army, which resulted in fierce retaliation from the Mongols. In 1231, the Mongol Khan Wokoutai ordered the general Saritai to launch a fierce attack on Goryeo. The Mongol army was overwhelming and soon forced Goryeo to surrender. Saritas evacuated after leaving 72 Daru Kachi. Daru Huachi was also the highest local governor appointed by the Mongol and Yuan governments during the Mongol and Yuan dynasties, so at that time the Mongols already regarded Goryeo as their own region of submission.
However, after the withdrawal of the Mongol army, Goryeo quickly killed all 72 Daru Huachi, and the Goryeo royal family also moved its capital to Ganghwa Island in the Eastern Sea, posing as a fight with the Mongols to break the net. After that, of course, the Mongols quickly sent troops to attack Goryeo again, but although the Mongol army soon reached the southern tip of the peninsula, the Mongolian water army at that time was indeed limited in strength, so it failed to occupy Ganghwa Island.
In 1235 AD, the Mongolian army marched on the Korean Peninsula
In the following 20 years, the Mongols attacked Goryeo several times, but never captured Ganghwa Island. However, Goryeo was also more and more inferior to the Mongol army that was running rampant in Europe and Asia at that time, so in 1253 AD, it agreed to the royal family to leave Ganghwa Island, and at the same time gave the royal family's son Anqing bus to the Mongols as protons. However, after this, a large number of high-ranking Goryeo officials remained on Ganghwa Island and were still planning to resist and even counterattack the Mongol army. As a result, the Mongol army attacked Goryeo several times in the following years, and eventually Goryeo was under great pressure, and the representative of the Wuchen regime at that time, Choe Chun, was killed, and then Goryeo submitted to the Mongols, but the Mongols allowed it to retain its original customs and let its royal family continue to govern without interfering in its internal affairs.
However, after Cui's death, his family was reluctant to surrender to the Mongols, and he formed an army to continue fighting the Mongols and later the Yuan Dynasty. Mong won and Goryeo later fought another 10-odd years against this army known as Sambetsu, who, after falling into passivity in the later period, also came to the rescue of the Kamakura shogunate in Japan, but did not receive a response. It was eventually suppressed by the combined forces of the Yuan Dynasty and the Goryeo Dynasty in 1273 AD.
In 1275, When Emperor Wonjong of Goryeo died, his son, who was a proton in The Capital of Wong (Beijing), returned to the Goryeo capital city of Kaesong, where he became King Zhonglie of Goryeo. However, after that, Goryeo completely became a vassal of the Yuan Dynasty, and the King of Goryeo no longer called himself Emperor internally (before Goryeo was called Emperor internally and King externally), his honorific title was changed from "His Majesty" to "His Highness", and there was no longer a temple name (that is, the posthumous honorific title of What Ancestor and What Sect), and at the same time, all government departments in Goryeo were demoted and renamed, and Goryeo completely became a subordinate of the Yuan Dynasty.
During the Yuan Dynasty, various provinces, including the Province of Zhengdong
After that, successive Goryeo kings had to intermarry with princesses of the Yuan Dynasty, and the Yuan Dynasty began to fully control the government of Goryeo by marrying the princesses of Goryeo and their entourage, and each Yuan dynasty princess who married into Goryeo had a higher status than the King of Goryeo. In 1280, Kublai Khan, who had established the Yuan Dynasty, established the province of Zhengdong in Goryeo and sent Daru Huachi to directly control the Goryeo dynasty in the capital of Goryeo. After that, Goryeo basically became a special administrative division of the Yuan Dynasty, but its Daru Huachi was later held by the King of Goryeo for a long time.
In 1313, the Yuan Dynasty resumed the implementation of the imperial examination system, setting up a total of 17 provincial-level township examination halls across the country, one of which was located in Goryeo, and finally selected 3 of the 300 township examination candidates in Goryeo to take the examination in Beijing. After Emperor Yuanyingzong succeeded to the throne in 1320, he went a step further and wanted to abolish the province of Zhengdongxing and transform the province of Zhengdong into a three-Han province that implemented the same system of officialdom as the provinces of the Central Plains. And if this idea is implemented, then the Goryeo state will be completely destroyed.
Divisions within Goryeo during the Yuan Dynasty
However, at this time, a Han courtier wang Yue of the Yuan court expressed his opposition, saying that Goryeo was far away from Beijing, the land was barren, the customs were complicated, and if the restructuring cost a lot, it was likely to outweigh the losses, so it was better to maintain the existing system. His views were endorsed by the Yuan Dynasty ministers at the time, and eventually Led Emperor Yingzong to abandon the plan of restructuring. According to the "History of Yuan", at that time, the Goryeo people specially painted a portrait of Wang Yue, brought it back to Goryeo to set up a shrine to worship, and said, "The one who does not cease to worship the country, the prince also." That is to say, it is believed that thanks to wang yue, Goryeo did not perish.
However, although Goryeo maintained a certain degree of autonomy, it can be said that its fate was completely tied to the Yuan Dynasty. Therefore, when the yuan dynasty's rule in the Central Plains collapsed at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the control of the Goryeo royal family over the Korean Peninsula also basically collapsed at the same time. In 1388, when the northern Yuan court was basically destroyed, the Goryeo general Li Chenggui launched a rebellion and forced the Goryeo king Wang Yu to abdicate, and established Wang Chang, Wang Yu's son, as a puppet monarch. Four years later, Lee Sung-gyu deposed Wang Chang and established the Joseon Dynasty, which collapsed. (Image from the Internet, infringement notice deleted)