Regarding the revival of the science of science in the late Clearance, Mr. Meng Wentong has long been concerned. He said: "At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Northwest Rigaku had a blazing revival trend, and at the same time as Li Yuanchun, there were Wu Gongfeng, Su Ju Estate, and Li Wenyuan, all of whom were from Zhongzhou. The Li clan and his disciples were written by Yang Shaozhai, He Fuzhai and Xue Renzhai . The authors of the retransmission are Niu Mengzhou and Zhang Baochu, and there are Bai Zijun and Liu Guyu in Guanzhong, who are both the Jun of the Northwest and the Forerunner of Guanzhong. Its origins are long and long, and it cannot be discussed. Mr. Meng weighed on the northwest science of science, and the region was relatively wide, including not only Henan, but also Shanshan. The Wu Gen Feng he mentioned, namely Wu Ren, Su Ju Estate, su Yuansheng, and Li Wenyuan, or Li Tangjie, were all famous theorists in Zhongzhou. The Xue Renzhai he mentioned, xue Yuying, was a famous theorist in Shanxi. Mr. Meng and the Shaanxi theorists include Li Yuanchun, Yang Shaozhai, He Fuzhai, Niu Mengzhou, Zhang Baochu, Bai Zijun and Liu Guangrui. Li Yuanchun is Li Tongge, Yang Shaozhai is Yang Shuchun, He Fuzhai is He Ruilin, Niu Mengzhou is Niu Zhaolian, and Zhang Baochu is Zhang Yuanshan. Bai Zijun is Bai Jingwei, and Liu Guangrui is Liu Guyu. Among these seven people, Li Yuanchun's family includes Li Yuanchun, He Ruilin, Yang Shuchun, Niu Zhaolian, and Zhang Yuanshan, who have studied Zong Cheng Zhu, with clear and distinctive characteristics, in line with the basic elements of a school of teacher inheritance, which we can call the "Zhuzi School in the Late QingGuan". And because the founder of this school, Li Yuanchun, calls himself the master of Tongge, and the scholar is called Mr. Tongge, according to the convention of naming the school after the founder in the traditional history books of the case, this article tries to call it the "Tongge School in the Late Qingguan".
Li Yuanchun
Li Yuanchun (1769~1854), also known as Zhongyu ( Zhongyu ) , was the master of Tongge in his later years , and was known as Mr. Tongge by scholars , a native of Chaoyi ( present-day Dali County ) in Shaanxi . The origin of Li Yuanchun's theory mainly comes from the comprehension of the Analects taught by the master, the study of Xue Xuan's "Reading Record", and the reading of the books collected by the ancestor Li Kai. In the third year of Jiaqing (1798), Li Yuanchunxiang won the examination, but he failed to pass the next nine times, so he was desperate to pursue a career and concentrated on Confucian research and teaching. Li Yuanchun wrote a wide variety of works in his lifetime, as many as forty or fifty kinds, most of which were included in the Tongge Quanshu by his disciples, and in addition, the Qingzhaotang Series also wrote some of his works. Li Yuanchun respected Cheng Zhu, and when he was "fourteen or fifteen years old, he saw the book of Cheng Zhu and was pleased" ("Mr. Tongge WenQian", vol. 6, "Book of He Ji Xingnong"), so he "read it in closed doors and learned it as a Song scholar". "His learning is to abide by Cheng and Zhu, to take sincerity and respect as the basis, and to be devoted to his deeds." "Mr. Gentleman is strong and resolute, so his words are broad and practical, not useless empty talk." Li Yuanchun said: "The essence of Zhu Zi's learning is all obtained by talking with friends and friends. Forbidden pseudo-science, forbidden to lecture, and also in times of political turmoil. To help the decay and save the chaos, we are still learning in the Ming Dynasty, this is a fundamental matter. Li Yuanchun's "zhengxue" is Zhu Zixue, and he believes that "Mingzhengxue" is the fundamental mission of Confucian intellectuals. Li Yuanchun was critical of other learning besides Zhu Zixue. He said:
Scholarship to this day is becoming more and more divergent, there is the study of recitation, there is the study of words, there is the study of conscience, and there is the study of evidence, and none of them can be spoken of the essence of the study of the sages' righteousness. The study of conscience is the study of the sages, and the one who loses it is also the study; the study of evidence, the study of Han Confucianism, and the one who flows into the chisel. Those who speak of conscience, who respect Yang Ming and drown in emptiness, are bound to be related to the Buddha, the old religion, and so on. However, Lu and Wang Xue are biased, and it is still advisable to do good deeds, and the wise people steal this, and make enemies with Zhu Zi, in fact, they are idle and idle, and there are people who cannot be asked, and this true so-called pseudo-learning is also. The examiner, the right Han Confucian and the left Zhuzi. He is said to be a Han Confucian in recent antiquity, and all the teachings he constructs have been taught. I have tasted and thought, under the thousands of years of birth, I want to explain that thousands of years ago, the saints are far away, the compendium is lacking, and the sunrise of the pseudo-book will be examined one by one, and there will be evidence for those who cannot be based on evidence, and there will be those who can be understood and those who cannot be understood. Can not be based, can not be passed, is not able to test the actual also. Therefore, it is not as true as Zhu Zi's reasoning. Oh, Zhu Zi doesn't know the examiner! Nowadays, people are good at refuting Zhuzi, and the name is better than that. This is also the meaning of the speaker of conscience, etc. But what will the Confucian fruit choose and keep? A: Yang, Mo, Buddha, Lao, I rebuke it. Memorize, write, examine, I do. However, zhu zizhi understands his reasoning and does what he does, but does not enter the house of conscience, which is similar to the sacred learning.
In Li Yuanchun's era, there was the so-called dispute between Cheng Zhu Lixue and Lu Wangxinxue, and there was the so-called dispute between Sinology and Song Xue. First of all, between Cheng Zhu Lixue and Lu Wangxinxue, Li Yuanchun clearly chose Cheng Zhu Lixue, and he believed that Wang Yangming's "learning of conscience, stealing the learning of sages, and those who have lost it are also." However, Li Yuanchun did not hold a portal view of Cheng Zhu Lixue and Lu Wangxinxue, but advocated treating them fairly and objectively. He did not absolutely reject Lu Wang's xinxue, and even resented Cheng Zhu's scholar attacking Lu Wangzhi's learning with the view of the portal. Between Sinology and Song Studies, on the one hand, Li Yuanchun believes that Sinology has the disadvantage of wearing chisels and attaching to the society, "the study of examination evidence, the study of Han Confucianism, and the chisel of the chisel." On the one hand, it also advocates engaging in sinology research, but such research must take Zhu Zixue as the suzerainty. He said, "Memorize, recite, examine, I do it." However, zhu zizhi understands his reasoning and does what he does, but does not enter the house of conscience, which is similar to the sacred learning. Li Yuanchun explicitly admired Cheng Zhu Lixue, but at the same time he was more impartial and impartial, and did not absolutely reject the study of scripture and the study of the imperial examination, on the contrary, he believed that "the study of the shiwen keju and the study of the ancient text, the orthodox scholars should not be discriminated against" ("Mr. Tongge Wen Banknote"). Li Yuanchun ,史載李元春 "has made some remarks, and all of them take the mission of helping the world and correcting people's hearts, and do not do empty words." The compilation of "Zhang Zi's Interpretations" and "Quotations of The First Confucianism" is the "Guanzhong Dao Pulse Book", supplementing Feng Congwu's "Guan Xue Compilation", scholar Zongzhi. He is the author of more than 100 volumes, including "Commentaries on the Sutras", "Commentaries on the Three Commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Classics", "Zuo's Art of War", "Treatise on the History of Zhushi", "Miscellaneous Judgments on The Sons", "Book Selection", "Baili Zhiluo", "Biography of The Officials", "Whispers of the Blade", "Funeral Supplements", "Idle Mirror Language", "Yiwen Scattered Records", "Theory of Learning" and "Anthology", etc., totaling more than 100 volumes. He also compiled 47 volumes of "Guanzhong Poetry and Notes" and the third series of Qingzhaolou series, with a total of more than 97 volumes. "Li Yuanchun lived in the countryside all his life as a professor, famous in Guanzhong, and had many disciples, and the outstanding person who could undertake the mantle and go all the way to his studies was his disciple He Ruilin. Shi Zai "Disciple He Ruilin can pass on his learning." ”
He Ruilin
He Ruilin (1824~1893), Zijiaosheng, Fuzhai, Shaanxi Sanyuan people. When He Ruilin was young, he was tired of the examination and had no intention of making a name for himself. In the twenty-seventh year of Daoguang (1847), he abandoned the imperial examination and went to Chaoyi to worship Li Yuanchun as a teacher, and from then on he diverged into psychology. In the thirteenth year of Tongzhi (1891), because of the study of the government Wu Dayi neglected to recommend the imperial court, together with Yang Zhizhai and Xue Renzhai to practice the Ming Dynasty, jia Guozi supervised the study. In the seventeenth year of Guangxu, because the inspector Ke was neglected at the right time, he was ordered to add five titles, and sometimes had the purpose of "Guanzhong Sanxuezheng" and "Sanzhai". At that time, He Ruilin was on a national scale, along with Zhu Ciqi, Zhu Yixin, and Fang Zongcheng, and He Ruilin was especially famous for his strict observance of Cheng Zhu and his practice. He Ruilin's works mainly include 23 volumes of the Qinglu Anthology, 5 volumes of the Diary of Qinglu, 4 volumes of Qinglu Answers, and 4 volumes of Qinglu Testament.
He Ruilin learned from Cheng Zhu and tried to break the King of Lu. He Ruilin lived in an era in which the Qing Empire was in internal and external difficulties, full of crises, and agitated by the current situation, so he was more intense than Li Yuanchun in terms of keeping orthodoxy and dispelling heresies. He believed that "Cheng Zhu's learning is really the mental method passed down since Confucius and Meng", so he studied, cultivated himself, and lectured with Cheng Zhu as the standard, and he accused Wang Yangming of saying that his conscience was "Yang Confucianism and Yin Interpretation", believing that his study was chaotic and harmful to the Tao, and ruined the fortunes of the country. He Ruilin's honor of Cheng Zhu and The King of Lu's learning was also reflected in his evaluation of Guan Xue scholars. He believes that Li Erqu and Wang Xinjing "dye Lu and Wang" (Qinglu Answers, Vol. 3) is a very regrettable thing. He also accused Li Erqu of having a heart of fame and learning that was not as mellow as Wang Jianchang, who had studied Zong Cheng Zhu at the same time. Compared with Li Yuanchun, He Ruilin's reverence for Zhu was more distinct, and his attitude against heretical miscellaneous studies was more intense; he not only opposed Lu Wangxinxue, but also held a clear and fierce critical attitude toward the study of evidence, the study of words and chapters, and the study of economics, believing that these so-called studies were all "thorny and hazelnuts, and misleading people" (Qinglu Anthology, vol. 4). He criticized the study of evidence as "fragmented and eccentric" (Qinglu Answers, vol. 3), and advised Bai Jingwei, who was in Shaanxi to teach "economic science", to abandon the study of economy and "jointly teach the study of sages and righteousness". Shi Zai "His learning is based on Zhu Zi, and the distinction between Yang and Confucianism is particularly strict. He is friendly with Ruicheng Xue Yuying and Chaoyi Yang Shuchun, and is morally cut together. The six principles of the "Outline of Learning" are determined by hand: the way of examination, the discernment of strict righteousness and profit; the determination of the will, the new rules of the Ming Dynasty; the respect of the people, the merit of secret preservation; the poverty of reason, to investigate the extreme of right and wrong; the anti-reflexiveness, so as to overcome the truth; the ming system, with the righteousness of the right Way. (Biography of the Qing Dynasty)
He Ruilin inherited the mantle of Li Yuanchun's zhuzixue as the main study, and devoted his life to Zhuzi, studied Zhuziology all his life, and spread Zhuzixue all his life. He read everything in Zhu Zishu, was omnipresent, and immersed himself for decades. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, Xi Zhuzi scholars have had their own people, and there are few people like He Ruilin who have deep bones into the marrow.
He Ruilin's extreme obedience to Zhu Zixue is vividly expressed in his book "Continuation of Guan Xue". In the nineteenth year of Guangxu, he continued to write the Guan Xue Compilation in his twilight years, and selected seven people, including Liu Borong, Wang Chenglie, Zhang Bingzhi, Shi Tiao, Li Yuanchun, Zheng Shifan, and Yang Shuchun, all of whom were Cheng Zhu scholars, while Li Erqu and Wang Xinjing of Zong Yangming in the early Qing Dynasty, and Bai Jingwei and Liu Guyu of the late Qing Dynasty and He Ruilin's contemporaries, Emperor Lu, did not mention a word. This reflects his consistent academic stance of making large-scale doors, strictly discerning the right and the wrong, and respecting Cheng Zhu alone.
In order to promote orthodox learning, in addition to writing and lecturing, He Ruilin also raised funds to engrave a large series of books "Qinglu Series", which mainly brought together the science books of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Qinglu, in Sanyuan County, was the he ruilin lecture office during the Tongzhi period. In terms of content, first of all, the Qinglu series of books mainly contains Song Xue works, and song studies are mainly based on The Cheng Zhu first line, and the Cheng Zhu first series is mainly Based on Zhu Zi. The Qinglu series of books includes more than 40 kinds of works by scholars of the Cheng Zhu school, and the most complete collection of Zhu Zishu is 140 volumes of ZhuZi Language, 14 volumes of "Recent Thoughts", 100 volumes of Zhu Zi Da Quan Collection, 5 volumes of "Sequels", 7 volumes of "Bei Ji", and the complete books of Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Yi, Zhang Zai and others. These books have been collated and collated by special personnel, and the editions are excellent, and they are still rare books. Secondly, the Qinglu series also includes He Ruilin's own works, mainly including "Reading Records", "Qinglu Anthology", "Qinglu Answers questions", "Er'er Compilation", "Sanyuan New County Chronicle", "Sanshui County Chronicle", "Yangmeng Book" and so on.
He Ruilin's disciples are more famous among Bai Yudao, Niu Zhaolian, Zhang Yuanji, Zhang Yuanxun, Li Mingcheng and others.
Bai Yudao (1837-1926), also spelled Wu zhai ( Wu Zhai ) , Wu Zhai ( Wu Zhai ) , was a native of Dong Bai Village , Yaohui Township , Gaoling , Shaanxi Province , a senior brother under He Ruilin , and a thirteen-year scholar of Tongzhi. Bai Jingang's "Annals of Bai Yu Dao" says that Bai Yu said: "In the seventh year of Tongzhi (1868), at the age of 32, he studied under He Ruilin of the Sanyuan Academy of Ancient Studies and studied the science exam. "In the ninth year of Qing Tongzhi (1870), at the age of 34, he continued to study at the Qinglu Jingshe founded by He Ruilin. "In the thirteenth year of Qing Tongzhi (1874), at the age of 38, the imperial court introduced the new branch jinshi. Dezhi, Lu Runxiu, Bai Yudao, etc. were all changed to Hanlin Yuan Shu Jishi. Zhang Ji's "Biography of Guan Xuezong" said in the preface: "What I have heard is Gaoling Bai Wuzhai and Lantian Niu Mengzhou, scrupulously abiding by the legend of the Western Foothills, all of which are the fruits of the morning star of Guan Xue." Cao Lengquan's "Xiaozhi of Modern Shaanxi Figures" records that Bai Yu said: "Mr. Gaoling, Qing Hanlin, the official Gansu Bingbei Dao. The House of qing was dissolved and returned to Gaoling, and at the age of seventy it was self-employed, and at the age of ninety it returned to Daoshan. Mr. Grace is magnificent, and his heart is open, and he is high under the Qinglu Gate. "Bai Yudao's works, now have Bai Jingang's "Bai Yu Dao Collection" (Northwest University Press, 2017) handed down. The "Bai Yu Dao Collection" includes: the collection of essays "An Poverty Reform Over the Zhai Miscellaneous Works", "The Completed Valley Mountain FangYu Language Copy", the collection "Lian Mo Du Jian Zhai Ji Gu Ji Lian", "Ji Lian Continuation", "Ji Lian Continued", "Ji Lian Continued", "Ji Lian Iii Continuation", "Ji Lian Iv Continuation", "Ji Lian Five Continuation", the class examination "The Occasional Existence of Poems in the Classroom", "The Completed Valley Mountain FangGuan Lesson Poetry Banknote", "The Finished Valley Mountain FangGuan Class Fu Banknote", "The Finished Valley Mountain Fang Class Meng Xiaocao", as well as the examination papers of Bai Yu Dao to participate in the township examination and the meeting test, as well as the "Continuation of Gaoling County", the relevant contents of the locally found inscriptions, totaling 600,000 words.
Zhang Yuanji (1851--1931) Gongsheng in the late Qing Dynasty, Guozi Jianxuezheng. He was successively taught by Gao Lanting, Bai Jingwei, Liu Guyu, and He Ruilin, and wrote three volumes of the "Compilation of Confucius", one volume of the "Four Records of Compensation", and two volumes of the "Records of the Servants of the Gurudwara Temple". He has compiled four volumes of the Xingping County Chronicle, five volumes of the Xingping County Rural Chronicle, two volumes of The Records of Yi Yi Reflexology, four volumes of the Four Elements, one volume of the Hundred Articles of Dao Tong, three volumes of the Continuation of Guan Xue, and ten volumes of the Former Collection of Ai Ri Tang.
Zhang Yuanxun (1863-1955), zi hongshan, no. guozhai, Shaanxi Xingping people, juren, Zhang Yuanji's brother. He is the author of "Qinglu Annals", "Original Dao", "Origins of Dao unification", "Late Obscure Collection", "Original Heart", "University Transmission Record", "Tianyuan Pythagorean Seeking and Comparison Technique", etc., which exist today. In addition, Zhang Yuanxun and his disciple Zhao Zhencan also compiled the "Qinglu Cong Compilation", "Hongren Cong Banknote", "Zhengxue Yumi", etc., including Zhang Yuanxun and others discussing learning and timelines.
Li Mingcheng (1880-1953), zi zi yi, number Mu Xuan, Henan Lu people, author of "YangMeng Orthodoxy", "Pi Yin Xuan Archives" and so on, now exist. Li Mingcheng lectured at Fengxiang Fengming Academy and Zongming Academy, which lasted from the 32nd year of the Republic of China (1943) to before the founding of the People's Republic of China. Li Mingcheng's lectures at the two colleges were very popular, and "the scholars from all over the world came from all over the world, and they could not tolerate it in the kusha.". Not only that, Li Muxuan and his disciples were also the main force in promoting and disseminating Confucianism in Xifu. According to the "Letter of Mr. Li Muxuan", "The doorman Fan Honggang set up the Linglu Academy in Lingshan, Li Siren built the Linglu Academy in Chencun Town, Baoji Luomuyu set up a schoolhouse in Jiacun Town, and Li Chunshan in Qishan also had a scroll of A Xueshe, a Qinglu chengzhi rule. The gentleman stops at any time, seduces and persuades, and the morale changes, so that he can see his etiquette. That is to say, at that time, Fengxiang Linglu Jingshe, Linglu Academy, Baoji Luomu YuXueshe, and Qishan Scroll A Xueshe were all main speakers of Li Mingcheng and his disciples. These academies "a Book of Qinglu Rules", adhering to the Qinglu Rules of Learning written by He Ruilin, are the descendants of He Ruilin In the Western Province of Guanzhong. Therefore, the book "Characters of Sanyuan Academy" calls Li Mingcheng "Qinglu Salary Biography".
Author: Zhao Junqiang, lecturer at the Chang'an Historical and Cultural Research Center of Xi'an University of Arts and Sciences