Mango is a species of evergreen tall tree fruit tree in the family Sumacaceae. According to data released by the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, China's mango planting area and output rank third in the world, with a planting area of 323,000 hectares and a total output of 2.782 million tons in 2019. The mango industry has become a pillar industry in some hot areas in China, and plays an important role in driving fruit farmers in hot areas to get rid of poverty and increase income.
However, China's mango planting area is in a tropical and subtropical climate zone, and the annual rainfall distribution in local areas is uneven (dry air at the flowering period and early fruit stage, which is easy to cause falling flowers and fruits; too much rainfall, resulting in rotten flowers, poor pollination and insemination; summer rainfall is too concentrated, often inducing fruit diseases), which has an impact on the growth and development of mangoes, coupled with the globalization of trade and frequent exchange of mango germplasm resources, resulting in an increase in the variety of mango diseases and cordyceps, the loss of harm and the general increase in prevention and control costs, and seriously affecting the yield and nutritional quality of mangoes. Finding out the occurrence and distribution characteristics of the types of diseases and insect pests in mango-producing areas and the registration of pesticide products used in mangoes in China has important guiding significance for the prevention and control of mango diseases and cordyceps pests.
01 Overview of mango cultivation
Mango, also known as fruit, lemon fruit, hope fruit, honey fruit, boring fruit, fruit, fruit, etc., is a perennial tropical, subtropical fruit, in the fruit market has been favored, known as the "tropical fruit king", is currently one of the most important tropical fruits in China's export earnings. The fruit of mango is beautiful in color, oval and smooth, tender in flesh, sweet and juicy, rich in a variety of nutrients, and is tropical and subtropical fruits such as pomegranate, bayberry, persimmon, lychee, longan, yellow peel, banana, coconut, papaya, pineapple, jackfruit, durian, dragon fruit, mangosteen, star fruit, lotus mist, etc. Mangoes are native to the tropical climate zone of southeast Asia, and China is the distribution center of mangoes in the world.
Mango is widely planted in southern China, with Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan 6 provinces (regions) planting area the most, followed by Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing, Zhejiang also have small-scale planting, of which Yunnan Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Honghe, Yuxi and Hainan Sanya, Dongfang, Ledong, Changjiang, Qiongshan, as well as Guangxi's Baise, Nanning and Guangdong's Zhanjiang, Maoming, Huizhou and other places are famous mango production areas. Mango production period varies according to varieties and climatic conditions and the use of new technologies of plant hormones, at present, the harvest period of mango in China has been extended from the original 5-10 months of marketing to the whole month of the year (1-12 months), filling the gap period of mango products in 1-4 months and 11 and 12 months of the year, and achieving the annual supply of mango fresh fruit products.
02 Common pests and diseases of mangoes
According to incomplete statistics, there are 241 kinds of common diseases and insect pests in mango in China, including 44 kinds of diseases, 137 kinds of pests and 60 kinds of weeds.
1. Types and distribution of mango diseases
The occurrence of mango disease is complex and changeable, which seriously endangers mango production in areas with many types of diseased weeds and excessive rainfall. There are 66 kinds of mango diseases recorded in China (excluding non-invasive diseases), and there are 44 common diseases in mango orchards (see Table 1), of which there are 7 main diseases that are common or serious in local areas, such as mango root rot, mango bacterial black spot disease, mango scab disease, etc.; there are 37 kinds of secondary diseases or occasional diseases, including mango algae spot disease, mango white silk disease, mango leaf spotting perforation disease, mango gray spot disease, etc.
Table 1 Types and distribution of common diseases in mango
Disease name
distribution
Mango anthrax
South China, Southwest China (excluding Tibet)
Mango stalk rot
Yunnan, Sichuan, southeast
Mango powdery mildew
Sichuan, Yunnan, Fujian and South China
Mango pseudoparagus polysporus leaf blight
Mango gray spot disease
Yunnan
Mango bacterial black spot disease (bacterial horn spot disease)
Yunnan, Sichuan, Fujian and South China
Mango scabs
Mango flow gum disease (mango shoot dry glue disease)
It is found throughout the mango-producing areas
Mango leaf spot mold perforation disease
Hainan, Guangdong, Yunnan
Mango melanosis
South China, Fujian
Mango soft rot
Mango streptosporum leaf spot disease
Guangxi
Mango large stems are spotted with moldy leaf spots
Yunnan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi
Mango aspergillus
Widely spread mango producing areas
Mango fruit scaling disease (coal stain disease)
Yunnan, Fujian, South China
Mango scale spot disease
Mango producing areas in South China
Mango soot (bituminous coal disease)
Mango algae spot disease
Mango producing regions
Mango streptophyllum leaf spot disease
Yunnan, Hainan
Mango seedling blight
Mango plaster disease
Yunnan, South China
Mango white silk disease
Mango purple root disease
Mango bulb disporosporus rot (coke rot)
Mango producing areas in Yunnan and South China
Mango rot disease
Hainan, Guangdong
Mango nematode disease (mango nephrotic nematode)
Guangdong, Guangxi
Mango branch blight
Sichuan, Yunnan, South China
Sporangia niger leaf spot disease
Dried mango black spot disease
Hainan
Mango dew water spot disease
Yunnan, Sichuan, South China
Mango malformations (cluster disease or tuft disease)
Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan
Mango leukoplakia (mango shell dispore leaf spot)
Curvularia leaf spot disease
Yunnan, Guangxi
Pink polytebellum leaf spot disease
Rot of the fruit of Thecorycephalus
Coryne leaf spot disease
Mango blight (mango rapid death or mango tree blight)
Mango trees produce yellow monospore leaf spot disease
Hainan, Guangxi
Fold fungus soft rot
Guangdong, Hainan
The top buds of the mango are shrunk
Mango lichen disease
Guangxi, Yunnan, Hainan
Mango mulberry parasitic
Mango silkworm (Japanese silkworm or yellow silk vine)
Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangdong
2. Mango pest species and distribution
There are many kinds of mango pests, with different degrees of differences in form, size, color, feeding habits, and metamorphosis. There are as many as 526 kinds of pests recorded in Mango in China, and there are 137 kinds of pests commonly seen in mango orchards (see Table 2), and there are nearly 20 species of common pests that are more seriously harmful to mangoes, such as Mango Leaf Pity Mosquito, Mango Flat-beaked LeafHopper, Mango Cross-line Tail Night Moth, Tianniu, Scarab Beetle, Mango Small Claw Mite, Latent Skin Fine Moth, White Moth Wax Cicada, Green Frontal Emerald Ruler Moth, Mango Flesh Elephant, Vegetable Bug, Mango Butterfly, etc.
Table 2 Common pest species and distribution of mango
Pest name
Mango transverse tail moth (Mango drill heartworm)
Parts of Yunnan and southeast
Dead leaf nocturnal moth (nocturnal moth)
Sichuan, tropical regions (excluding Fujian)
Nocturnal moth
Yunnan, Southeast (excluding Fujian, Hainan)
Mango leaf clipper weevil (mango cut leaf weevil)
Yunnan, southeast and other places
Mango flesh weevil (mango flesh elephant)
Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi
Mango fruit elephant beetle
Mango core weevil (Indian core mango elephant)
Green-scaled weevil (green velvet weevil or blue-green weevil)
Southeast, Yunnan, Sichuan
Small green weevil (small pink green weevil)
Brown weevil
Blue proboscis weevil
Longan long-attached leaf-like beetle (red-headed long-attached leaf-beetle)
Yunnan, South China
Coconut roundworm (malignant roundworm or transparent silkworm)
Tropical region, Guizhou
Coleus white shield borer (coconut white shield borer)
Tropical region, Sichuan
Yaknifer shield bug (pinnacle worm or rootless mesenchymalum)
Southeast, Southwest (excluding Tibet)
Red wax borer (red wax worm or cochineal)
Mango-producing areas south of the Yangtze River
Red roundworm (Red roundworm)
Horn wax borer (jujube wax borer or persimmon wax borer)
Southeast, Yunnan and Sichuan
Red Hat wax bug
Sichuan, Guangxi
Round shield borer (jujube round shield borer)
East China, Southwest China
Turtle wax borer (Japanese turtle wax borer or jujube wax bug)
Southeast (excluding Hainan), Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan
Heap wax mealworm (orange scale mealybug)
Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Southeast (excluding Hainan)
Citrus mealybugs
Double-striped white-throated bug (large long-tailed mesmer)
Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan
Blowing sponges
White moth wax cicada (white chicken or white-winged wax cicada)
Moth wax cicada (brown-edged moth wax cicada or green moth wax cicada)
Yunnan, Sichuan, Southeast (excluding Hainan)
Longan chicken (longan wax cicada or proboscis wax cicada)
South China, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan
Wax cicada (tea moth wax cicada or wax cicada)
Sichuan, tropical regions (excluding Guangxi)
Eight-point broad-winged wax cicada (black butterfly or white rooster)
Red-threaded tongue flat wax cicada (linear flat wax cicada)
Hainan, Guangxi, Taiwan
Persimmon wide-winged wax cicada
Sichuan, Southeast (excluding Guangxi)
Berry Elephant Wax Cicada (Long-headed Wax Cicada)
Sichuan, Yunnan, Southeast (excluding Guangxi)
Wax cicadas
Pink Broad-winged Wax Cicada (Liwen Broad-winged Wax Cicada)
Southeast (excluding Guangxi)
Marginal broad-winged wax cicada (three-spotted broad-winged wax cicada)
Zhejiang, Guangdong, Chongqing and other places
Mango leaf gall mosquito (Mango gall mosquito)
Mango producing areas in South China and Yunnan
Mango mango small fruit purpurea mosquito
Guangxi
Mango flower gall mosquito
Mango yang stem gall mosquito
Mango producing areas in our country
Orange fruit fly (mango fruit fly or fruit maggot)
Pumpkin fruit fly (South Asian oligomane fruit fly)
Mango flat-beaked leafhopper (Mango short-headed leafhopper)
Mango producing areas in Yunnan, Southeast and other places
Longan flat-beaked leafhopper
South China, Fujian, Yunnan
Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Black-tailed macrophyllum)
Mango producing areas in Hainan, Guangdong and Taiwan
Dai Bugs
Vegetable bugs
Lidun Bug
Hemp skin bug (macula or ephedra bug)
Lychee bugs (lychee tsubaki or stink bug)
Striped bee-edge bug (white-striped bee-edge bug or bean-edged tsubaki)
Zhejiang, Hainan, Guangxi, southwest and other places
Acacia child bugs
Sieve bean turtle bug (bean flat belly bug)
Southeast, Sichuan, Yunnan
Tea HornEd Bug (Hammer Horned Blind Bug)
South China, Taiwan, Yunnan
Green blind bug (cotton green blind bug or grass blind bug)
Zhejiang, Fujian, Hainan, Guizhou
Black-footed-necked red bug
Variable round turtle bugs
Hainan, Fujian, Southwest (excluding Tibet)
Red bugs with spotted cotton
Red bug from the spotted cotton (two-point star bug)
Rice spiny margin bugs (rice needle edge bugs or black acanthral bugs)
Heterogeneous rice margin bugs
Southeast, Yunnan
Red-backed Ann Fringe Bug
Four-spined rod edge bug
Double-lined poison moth (yellow-tailed poison moth)
Mango poison moth (black-rimmed flower poison moth)
Large venomous moth
South China, Yunnan
Lychee mushroom poison moth
Double-lined yellow poison moth
Yunnan, Hainan, Taiwan
Rhombus yellow poison moth
Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan
Mango heavy-tailed night moth
Green-fronted emerald moth (Green-fronted emerald inchworm)
Fujian, Hainan, Yunnan
Large hook-winged ulnar moth (Ulla moth)
Southeast and Guizhou
Corrugated yellow ruler moth
Lychee green ruler moth
Large bridge-building insect (cotton ruler midge moth or step-by-step moth)
Country
Tea moth (debt avoidance worm or backpack worm)
Southeast, Guizhou and other provinces (regions)
Great worm (hanging ghost or big nest moth)
Almost all of our northern and southern provinces
White-saced moth (orange-white-sized moth or white debt avoidant moth)
Daisy moth
Small threaded moth
Guizhou, Guangdong, Hainan
Grey-white striped small curl moth (gray-white curl moth)
Mango-producing areas across the country
Brown-banded leaf curl moth (citrus long-curly moth)
Mango moth
Tea deer moth (bud deer moth or yellow-bellied deer moth)
Southern deer moth
Ibe deer moth
Latent moth
Starfruit bird feather moth (red worm or hanging filaria)
Eight-point gray lamp moth (eight-point stained lamp moth)
Yellow-spined moth (spiny caterpillar or spiced pepper)
It is distributed almost all over the country
Jujube thorn moth (Jujube thorn moth)
Sichuan, tropical regions (excluding Guangxi and Hainan)
Green thorn moth (green thorn moth or green thorn moth)
Loquat yellow caterpillar (fine-skinned nocturnal moth)
Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Southeast (excluding Fujian)
Eucalyptus caterpillar (shaking head daughter-in-law)
Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian
Peach borer (peach borer or heartworm)
Whitefly
Mango Butterfly (Pointed-winged Butterfly)
South China, Fujian, Sichuan
Sweet potato small green turtle shell (sweet potato small turtle shell)
Sweet potato comb turtle shell (Golden Shield turtle goldenrod)
Hainan, Taiwan, Guangdong and other places
Red-footed Golden Turtle (Great Green Golden Turtle)
Rubber wood golden turtle (unicorn fairy)
South China, Fujian, Guizhou and Yunnan
Little Blue-and-White Golden Turtle (Silver-spotted Golden Turtle)
Except for Xinjiang, it is widely distributed throughout the country
Spotted blue-flowered golden turtle
It is found throughout the country
White Star Flower Golden Turtle (White-spotted Golden Turtle Shell or Copper Cockroach)
Mango producing area of the country
Stink dung beetle
Yellow pink deer flower golden turtle
Zhejiang, South China and Southwest China
Twenty-eight star ladybird (sour pulp ladybird)
Mango producing area south of the Yangtze River
Cotton locust (large green locust or large grasshopper)
Red-brown spotted leg locust
Long-horned spotted leg locust
South China, Fujian and Guizhou
Short-horned heterozygous leg locust (short-horned outer-legged locust)
Southwest, Southeast (excluding Guangxi)
Long-winged cross locust
Thorn-breasted locust (brown-spotted lemon-winged locust)
Yunnan, Guangdong and Hainan provinces
Thick locusts
South China, Yunnan and other places
Indian Yellow Ridge Locust
Southeast, Guizhou, Yunnan
Short-fronted negative locust (small pointed grasshopper)
Yellow Star Locust (Pointed Yellow Star Locust)
Diplodocus pseudo-margined lyre
Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan
Ear-covering
Hainan, Yunnan
Textile Lady (Tube Lady or Yarn Lady)
South China, Fujian, Zhejiang
Arch arc horn cicada
White-striped arc-horned cicada (white-striped arc-horned cicada)
South China, Southwest China, Taiwan
Long-lobed trichocephalic cicada
Mango aphid (mango aphid or cashew aphid)
Cotton aphids (greasy or honey worms, oil rods)
All over the country
Orange dipterophyllum (tea dipter or tea aphid)
South China, Zhejiang, Southwest China (excluding Tibet)
Lychee reticulated thrips (red belt slip brooch thrips)
Tea Yellow Thrips (Tea Yellow Hard Thrips)
Southeast, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan
Red thrips
Westflower thrips
Spinal-breasted Celestial Bull (Bornell's Ridge-breasted Celestial Bull or Mango Celestial Bull)
Southeast and southwest places
Coffee Wrinkled Chest Tengu (Coffee Fat Tengu)
South China, Taiwan, Guangxi, Yunnan
Sangpo Tianniu (Wheeled Rust Tianniu)
Southeast, Guizhou, Sichuan
Bamboo Green Tiger Tianniu (Bamboo Tiger Tianniu)
Cucumber (cucumber or melon firefly or melon leafworm)
German cockroach (German cockroach or tea worm)
South China, Fujian, Southwest China
Mango claw mite
3. Mango weed species and distribution
Mango orchard weeds occur widely, a wide variety of species, large population, vigorous growth, and mango fertilizer, water, light, space, interfere with the normal growth of mango, while as an intermediate host to spread diseases and insect pests, and eventually cause mango yield reduction, is one of the main biological factors affecting mango yield and quality.
Weeds decrease with the increase of mango planting time, there are more than 100 kinds of weeds in the mango orchard, and there are 60 kinds of more common weeds (see Table 3), such as Matang, Airplane Grass, Xiaofeipeng, Clover, Qianjin, Po Na and so on. In the mango orchard weeds, double-spiked finch barnyard and dogtooth root are the hosts of leafhoppers; incense sticks, small flying puffs, and field spin flowers are the hosts of aphids; dogtooth roots are the hosts of aphids; large flying grass, native ox knee, and plantain are the vectors of powdery mildew in mangoes.
Table 3 Common weed species and distribution in mango
Weed name
Cowsweed (Cricket Grass)
It is distributed throughout the country and in the tropics
Matang (whiskers or chicken claw grass)
Almost all over the country
Incense sticks (dry triangular or sedge)
Widespread in tropical and subtropical areas
Mimosa (Mimosa)
Southeast, Yunnan, Chongqing
Aircraft grass (vanilla or pioneer grass)
Hainan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi
Artemisia vulgaris (revolutionary dish)
Southeast, southwest and other places
Clover (Calendula Silver Plate)
Tropical and subtropical regions
Dogtail grass (green dogtail grass)
Spread throughout the country
Small flying puff (small white wine grass or flying puff)
Zhejiang, Taiwan, Southwest
Victory Thistle (Thistle)
Pig Wreck (Lara Vine)
Guangdong, Guangxi and other provinces and regions
Less flowered dragon flower
Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Taiwan
White-flowered ghost needle grass
Bald Barnyard (Mangbanese)
South China and SouthwestErn Provinces and Regions
Shoulder Plate Return (River White Grass)
Southwest and Southeast regions
Broad-leaved toyophyllum (Japanese grass)
Southeast region
Barnyard grass (barnyard or wild barnyard)
Double Spike Finch Barnyard (Crossing the River Dragon)
Zhejiang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Taiwan
Ma Yingdan
Tropical regions
Bulbophyllum
South China, Taiwan
Senjin (panacea or embroidered grass)
South China, Southwest China and other places
White grass (thatch or thatch)
Purslane (purslane)
Spread throughout the country
Dogtooth root (creeping grass)
Subtropical regions
Crushed rice sedge (triangular or tripartite)
It is distributed almost all over the country
Wattle (Cabbage)
southwest
Artemisia annua (Artemisia mediocida)
southwest
Quinoa (gray cabbage or fallen quinoa or gray cabbage)
Except for Tibet, it is all over the country
Purple-stemmed Zephyllum (Liberation grass)
Guangxi, southwest china
Datura stramonium
Field spin flower (arrow leaf spin flower)
Alfalfa (green hemp or wild cotton)
Beef sprouts (goose intestine)
Hollow Lotus Grass (Revolutionary Grass)
The northern and southern provinces and regions of our country
Vincentr
Yunnan, Guangdong
Less flowered Tribulus terrestris grass
Southeast (excluding Hainan)
Earth cow knee
Southeast, Sichuan, Guizhou
Weed (Lara or Kudzu vine)
Almost nationwide
Cang'er (Cangzi or Old Cangzi)
One year pong
Lotus grass (Chrysanthemum)
Southeast (excluding Hainan), Sichuan, Guizhou
Tail Spike Amaranth (Old Gun Valley)
tropic
Ghost needle grass (mother-in-law needle)
All over the country
Hyssop (spicy grass)
Zhejiang, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan
Ma Lan (Kikutanabe)
Chinese cabbage (wild rape or amaranth)
Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan
Flappy Grass (Big Flappy Grass)
Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Fujian,
Thousand Roots Grass (Little Flying Grass)
It is widespread in tropical and subtropical areas
Rootless vine (green silk vine)
Lice grass
Wattles
All over the country
Wrinkled leaf sorrel (sheepshoe leaf)
Fujian, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Taiwan
Two-eared grass
Guangxi, Guangdong, Taiwan
Play knife dish
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan
Sheep's trotter (earth rhubarb)
Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan
Saikon (Yellow Flower Grass)
Bracken (stinky dish)
Mother-in-law
Windweed
South China and Southwest China
Golden dogtail grass
03 Registration of pesticides used in the production of mangoes in China
China implements a strict registration management system for pesticides. According to the statistics retrieved by the China Pesticide Information Network, as of the end of December 2020, there were a total of 63 pesticide products registered on mangoes, about 90% less than the pesticide products registered on bananas, but far more pesticide products than those registered on other major tropical and subtropical fruit trees such as longan, loquat, pomegranate, bayberry, persimmon, coconut, dragon fruit, pineapple and so on. According to statistics, the 63 registered products include 50 single preparations and 13 mixed preparations, of which 48 are fungicide products, accounting for 76.19% of the total number of registrations; 12 plant growth regulator products, accounting for 19.04% of the total number of registrations; 2 pesticide products, accounting for 3.17% of the total number of registrations; and 1 herbicide, accounting for 1.58% of the total number of registrations.
1. Registration of fungicides in the production of mangoes
According to statistics, there are 37 single preparations and 11 mixed preparations registered on mango, of which the largest number of pesticide products registered with mango anthrax is 43, and the rest are 2 bacterial black spot disease, 2 bacterial horn spot disease, and 1 powdery mildew.
From the overall perspective of the registered drugs for mango diseases, the homogenization of the registered fungicides is very serious and relatively concentrated. Among the 48 fungicide products, only 15 active ingredients were actually registered, including 10 single agents and 5 compound agents. In the compound, only a small number of active ingredients such as Daisen lian, fluzole amide, carbendazim, chytethromycin, and quinoline copper are not registered on mango in a single dose. The registered fungicide single dose is concentrated in 4 active ingredients, accounting for 83.78% of the total number of mango fungicide single dose registrations.
The largest number of single doses is imidaminamine and its manganese salt, there are 23 registered products, the others are: 3 azoxystrobin, pyrazole ether esters 3 each, copper hydroxide 2, king copper, bacillus polyvis, helioxylates, sulfur, methylthioaminophalus and daisen manganese zinc 1 each. Among them, the number of registered products of three kinds (classes) of imidazil, azoxystrobin and pyrazole ether ester accounted for 78.37% of the single agent of mango registered fungicide (see Table 4).
Table 4 Main registered varieties and quantities of mango fungicide single agent
Registration of active ingredients
Quantity (pcs)
Percentage (%)
Imidamin*
23
62.16%
Azoxystrobin
3
8.11%
Pyrazole ether ester
Copper hydroxide
2
5.41%
other
6
16.21%
Note: * for imidamine and its manganese salt
Among the registered mixtures, benzopyroxystrobin products had the largest number of products, with 3, accounting for 27.27% of all mixtures registered (see table 5). The number of registrations of imidium manganese and daisenlian and azole fluoroamide also exceeded 2. Nearly 90% of the mixture is a compound between the 6 active ingredients of pyrazole ether ester, azoxystrobin, diphenoxymethazole, imidamin, desencid and fluzole amide. Among them, there are 4 products containing pyrazole ether ester in the mixture, followed by 3 products containing imidamine.
Table 5 Main registered varieties and quantities of mango fungicide blends
Benzyl azoxystrobin
27.27%
Mi Manganese Daisen United
18.18%
Azole fluamide
4
36.36%
2. Registration of pesticides in mango production
According to statistics, there are 1 single agent and 1 mixture registered on mango, which are registered on mango thrips and mango tree shell insects, respectively.
From the overall perspective of the registration of mango pests, among the two insecticide products, only the control of thrips and mesenchymals has been registered, and compared with more than 100 kinds of pests in mango orchards, there are very few registered drugs.
3. Registration of herbicides in the production of mangoes
According to statistics, there is only 1 herbicide product registered on mango, that is, BASF Europe officially registered ammonium glufosinate products (18% solutionable agent) in China in 2009, the control object is mango garden weeds, the dosage (dosage / mu) is 200-300 ml / mu, and the use method is directional stem and leaf spray.
4. Registration of plant growth regulators in mango production
Plant growth regulators in mango production application is very extensive, scientific and rational use of plant growth regulators is not only reflected in the ability to delay or promote plant cell division and elongation, promote fruit ripening and coloring, improve quality, improve yield, etc., in other aspects of mango cultivation management is also inseparable from the use of plant growth regulators, such as controlling winter shoots and promoting flower bud differentiation (about November to January of the following year), improving the ratio of amphoteric flowers (about February), fruit preservation (about April), Ripening (about mid-August to early to mid-September) and so on. In view of its broad application prospects, especially the widespread use of mango in out-of-season planting to induce flowers and ripening, plant growth regulators are in huge demand in mango production, which is a hot spot for mango pesticide registration.
At present, the largest number of registered products with plant growth regulators for mango is paclobutrazol, with 5 products, followed by gibberellomic acid, with 4 products. The total number of these two pesticides registered is 9, accounting for 75.00% of the total number of plant growth regulators registered for mangoes (see Table 6).
Table 6 Main registered varieties and quantities of mango plant growth regulators
Paclobutrazol
5
41.67%
Gibberellosis
33.33%
25.00%
5. Register the dosage form of pesticide products
Among the 63 registered products, single-agent products accounted for 79.37%, and mixed formulation products accounted for 20.63% (all binary mixed preparations). According to statistics, China's GB/T 19378-2017 "Agricultural Dosage Form Names and Codes" has formulated 134 agricultural drug dosage form names and codes. The 63 registered products cover only 11 of these dosage forms, including suspensions, emulsions, wettable powders, microemulsions, water dispersible granules, solutionable agents, water emulsions, water agents, soluble granules, granules and soluble powders (see table 7).
Table 7 Current status of mango drug product registration dosage forms and their structure
dosage form
Number of dosage forms (pcs)
Proportion of dosage form structure (%)
Previous Decade (2001–2011)
Nearly a decade (2012-2020)
Suspension agent
21
13.79%
50%
Ec
16
44.83%
8.82%
Wettable powder
9
17.24%
11.76%
Microemulsion
3.44%
Water dispersible granules
6.9%
5.88%
May be solution agent
2.94%
Water emulsion
Agent
Soluble granules
1
Granules
Soluble powder
As can be seen from the above table, the main dosage forms registered in the past nine years and their percentages, compared with the data of the previous nine years, the first proportion of dosage forms is suspension agents, accounting for 33.33%, indicating that the dosage form of mango pesticide products in China is relatively single. Compared with the changes in the proportion of dosage forms in the past nine years, it can be seen that the environmentally friendly pesticide dosage forms that are characterized by low toxicity, waterborne, controlled release, and can improve biological activity, plant resistance and storage stability have developed greatly, and suspension agents, granules, soluble granules, etc. have occupied a considerable proportion, and the proportion of agricultural agents (emulsion, wettable powders) that may cause dust pollution has decreased significantly.
6. Register the toxicity of pesticide products
From the perspective of product toxicity, none of the 63 registered products are highly toxic pesticide products, and 56 low-toxic products, accounting for 88.89% of the total number of registrations; 5 are moderately toxic products, accounting for 7.94% of the total number of registrations; 2 are micro-toxic products, accounting for 3.17% of the total number of registrations, which shows that the toxicity trend of mango registered pesticide products in China is developing in the direction of lower toxicity and safer. Among them, fungicides, low-toxicity products accounted for 87.5%, moderately toxic products accounted for 8.33%, micro-toxic products accounted for 4.17%; plant growth regulators, insecticides, low-toxic products accounted for 100%; herbicides, moderately toxic products accounted for 100%.
7. Register the frequency of pesticide products
According to the standard definition of high-frequency pesticides in a certain crop pest or pesticide products registered for this purpose, the main products with high frequency of pesticide registration products in mango orchards are imidamide, pyrazole ether ester, azoxystrobin, paclobutrazol and gibberelloxin (see Table 8).
Table 8 High frequency registration of active ingredients with pesticides in mangoes
Active ingredient
Quantity/pcs
26
7
04 Problems with pesticides in mangoes
As an important agricultural input to effectively solve the pest of mango and cordyceps, the registration of pesticides has been in a tepid downturn for a long time. Since 2013, a total of 30 mango orchard pesticide products have been obtained in China, accounting for 47.62% of the total number of mango pesticides, and the average annual registered number is 5 (see Table 9). The continuous downturn in the registration status has brought about a series of problems such as the overall limited number of drugs used in China's mango orchards, poor selectivity, and few new pesticides, which have become an important factor restricting the high-quality development of China's mango industry.
Table 9 List of pesticide registrations for mango orchards, 2003-2020
serial number
year
2003
2006
2007
2008
12
2009
2010
2011
8
2012
2013
10
2014
11
2015
2016
13
2017
14
2018
15
2020
2. The types of pesticides are uneven, and the lack of drugs still exists
According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 700 kinds of mango tree pests and more than 200 kinds of common species, among which the common diseases of mango trees are pedicle rot, glue disease, deformity disease, coal pollution disease, aspergillosis, melanosis, gray spot disease, dew spot disease, etc.; insect pests include mango small fruit pteropods, leaf-cutting weevils, orange small fruit fly, borer borer borer, mango aphid, yellow star locust, double-lined poison moth, small green elephant beetle, green moth wax cicada, mango butterfly, etc.; grass pests mainly include dog tooth root, small flying canopy, cow tendon grass, mimosa, dogtail grass, double spike finch barnyard, Weeds such as incense sticks and large flying grass; plant growth regulators are mainly used by mango trees to regulate growth, control shoots and ripening.
From the registration situation, the problem of uneven registration of mango medication is very prominent, the registration is mainly fungicides, accounting for 76% of the total number of pesticides used in mangoes, the control objects are mainly mango anthrax, bacterial black (horn) spot disease and powdery mildew and other major diseases, other mango diseases are in a state of no drug available; mango garden insecticide products have 2, only mango thrips and mango tree shell insects have drugs available, and there is no selective use of drugs, mango transverse tail moth, flat-beaked leafhopper, leaf gall mosquito, scarab beetle, aphids, red spiders and other pests have not yet been controlled The herbicide used in mango orchards has only 1 active ingredient of oxalonium phosphine, which is not selective; the number of plant growth regulators registered for mango trees is generally small, mainly for paclobutrazol, gibberelli, ethylene, propionyl brassinolide, 24-epidermolide and other active ingredients, and the product selectivity is poor.
3. The registered dosage form is old and the structure is relatively concentrated
The Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China and the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution put forward new provisions on agricultural environmental protection, requiring the maintenance of a virtuous cycle of agricultural ecosystems, the safe and rational use of pesticides, the protection of the normal growth of crops, the prevention and control of pesticide pollution of agricultural products and the environment, and the protection of human health. Based on the continuous improvement of agricultural environmental protection requirements, the development of water-based pesticide dosage forms with water as the carrier has been promoted. At present, the green pesticide dosage forms (such as suspension agents, water agents, water dispersible granules, water emulsions, granules, etc.) that are low toxicity, waterborne, granular, controlled release, and can improve biological activity, plant resistance and storage stability are gradually replacing old dosage forms (such as emulsion, wettable powders), and the development and utilization of environmentally friendly pesticide preparations has become a hot spot in the field of pesticide processing today.
From the registration situation, China's mango orchard pesticide registration products are mainly concentrated in traditional dosage forms, of which the number of wettable powder and emulsion products accounts for 40% of all mango orchard pesticide registration, although the type of environmentally friendly preparations has risen rapidly, but the large number of old dosage forms not only affects the quality of mangoes, but also brings greater environmental risks to the environment of mango production bases.
4. The homogenization phenomenon is serious, and the product selectivity is not high
There are 24 kinds of active ingredients registered in mango in China, including 15 kinds of fungicide active ingredients, 3 kinds of pesticide active ingredients, 1 kind of herbicide active ingredients, and 5 kinds of active ingredients of plant growth regulators. The main ingredients with high frequency of pesticide registration in mango orchards are several active ingredients such as imidamine, pyrazole ether ester and azoxyspocete, and the product mixing formula is relatively single, and the utilization rate of other active ingredients is not high, and most of them are in a "silent" state.
5. The product registration does not match the maximum residue limit standard of the pesticide
The National Health Commission, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and the State Administration for Market Regulation issued and implemented the "Maximum Residue Limit of Pesticides in Food Safety Standards" (GB 2763-2019), which stipulates the maximum residue limit standards for 74 residues in mangoes (tropical and subtropical fruits) (see Table 10), including 11 pesticides that have been registered on mangoes in China, 36 kinds of prohibited pesticides and 27 kinds of unregistered pesticides.
The maximum residue limit of 74 residues includes the commonly used drugs in the production of mango, and there are still the maximum residue limits of residues of pesticides such as copper hydroxide, chlormycin, copper quinoline, king copper, bacillus multi-sticky, flurazolimamide, daisenlian, helioxylate, sulfur, methylthiopramine, ethyl polybactericide, gibberic acid, propionyl brassinolide and other pesticide residues have not been given, which has left a certain hidden danger for the safe production of mango.
Table 10 Maximum residue limit values for 74 residues on mango (tropical and subtropical fruits).
Pesticide name
Residues
Maximum residue limit (mg/kg)
paraquat
Dichloroparaglt
0.01*
Silthion
0.05
Phenylethicazole
0.2
Benzolinphosphate
0.02
Imidacloprid
Zinc propion
carbon disulfide
Propyl bromide
Phosphonium veronium
0.1
glyphosate
Desen ammonium
Daisen manganese zinc
trichlorfon
dichlorvos
Ground worm thiophos
0.01
Acetamiprid
parathion
Carbendazim
0.5
Fipronil
thiram
Fumei Zinc
Clonystylonitrile
Methamidophos
phorate
Methyl parathion
Methylthiocyclus
0.03*
Methyl isosalphosphate
Cypermethrin
Long-time monocrotophos
0.03
Cadbury
dimethoate
1*
phosphamidon
Thiocyclus
Sulfur line phosphorus
Ethyl spirochetes
0.3*
Cypermethrin and high potency cypermethrin
Cypermethrin (sum of isomers)
Permethrin
Permethrin (sum of isomers)
Cypermethrin and high potency cypermethrin
Cypermethrin (sum of isomers)
0.7
Clozolifos
Imidamin and imidamine manganese salts
Imidamine
Acetocycline
Extinguish dodovir
Extinguishing phosphorus
Fly-killing amines
demeton
Cypermethrin and S-Cypermethrin
Cypermethrin (sum of isomers)
1.5
Thiamethoxamine
0.04
Thiomypramine
Thiazinone
Insecticidal amidine
Acaricidal thiophosphate
0.5*
Kills phosphorus
Water amine thiophos
Terbuthione
Sobs
Pentrazole
Octyl thiophos
Cypermethrin
Cypermethrin (sum of isomers)
Oxyso
ethephon
Acetamolphos
coumaphos
Cure borer phosphorus
aldrin
DDT
p, p'-DDT, o, p'-DDT, p,p'-DD and p, p'-sum of DDT
dieldrin
Poisoning fen
0.05*
hexachlorocyclohexane
the sum of α-666, β-666, γ-666, and δ-666
chlordane
Sum of cis-chlordane and trans-chlordane
Ant-killer
heptachlor
The sum of heptachlorine and epoxy heptachlorin
endrin
The sum of endrin and endrin aldehydes and ketones
Note: *This limit is temporary.
6. The use of pesticides beyond the range is common
Due to the small number of pesticide active ingredient varieties registered on mango, and the old varieties, the pesticides available to fruit farmers in the occurrence of pests and diseases are limited, and it is difficult to achieve alternating rotation of different types of pesticides, so it is very common to use drugs beyond the range in the actual production of mangoes, such as the production base has the use of dentides, high lipid membranes, chlorpyrifos, thuringiens, insecticidal bis, urea, avermectin, albasin, white zombies, rotenone, glyphosate, enazoliol, copper oxychloride, Bordeaux liquid, potassium permanganate, aluminum triethylphosphonate, Copper rosinate, grammydan, isobacterium urea, flusilazole, mefenavir, neem, thiphenyllong, copper thiom, copper nonobacterium, propythionazole, allicin, tetramycin, zinc thiazole, bromonic nitrile, mesophyticin, nimbycin, trichloroisocyanuric acid and thiamethione and other pesticides. There are also some fruit farmers who use drugs indiscriminately or can only "illegally" use drugs, blindly increasing the dose, increasing the number of uses, and not applying drugs according to the safety interval of pesticides, resulting in excessive pesticide residues in mango fresh fruit products.
05 Recommendations for pesticide registration in mangoes
1. Introduce preferential policies to promote the registration of drugs in mango orchards
In view of the downturn in the registration of pesticides in mango orchards, preferential policies can be given from the following two aspects to promote the registration of drugs in mango orchards: (1) In view of the problem that some registration certificate holders have a wait-and-see attitude towards product registration, the registration certificate holders of the first products on mangoes are introduced to enjoy the pesticide registration reduction and exemption policy to promote pesticide registration; (2) Guide and encourage scientific research institutions and registration certificate holders to carry out joint registration, explore technology to invest in pesticide registration, and achieve test results (including pesticide names, prevention and control objects, Data such as the time and frequency of use) are quickly converted, the dividends of pesticide registration are shared, and pesticide registration is promoted.
2. Accelerate the registration of pesticide products that do not cover the targets of prevention and control
In addition to the diseases and insect pests covered by the registered pesticides, there are also mango soft rot, aspergillus, coal pollution, algal spot disease, Miaoli blight, plaster disease, white silk disease, nematode disease, branch blight, leaf spot disease, dew water spot disease and other diseases on mangoes in China, as well as the control of pests such as the transverse tail night moth, leaf-cutting elephant beetle, some wax cicadas, mango gall mosquitoes, mango fruit fly, mango short-headed leafhopper, mango poison moth, brown-banded long-roll leaf moth, peach borer borer, white mealy beetle, and some scarab beetles. In the future, the registration of pesticide types for mangoes should be strengthened to cover all common mango diseases and cordyceps pests and mango growth hormone registrations as soon as possible.
3. Increase the development of new dosage forms of environmentally friendly pesticides
In China's mango registered pesticide products, the traditional dosage form of products wettable powder and emulsion accounted for more than 40%, in the future should increase the resource-saving, environment-friendly new dosage form products (such as suspension agents, granules, water dispersible granules, etc.) registration, increase its proportion, and gradually phase out traditional dosage forms with a large environmental impact.
4. Make full use of existing active ingredients
Making full use of the existing active ingredients is the key link in the registration of mango drugs, which can start from the following three aspects: (1) It is necessary to adhere to the implementation of the plant protection policy of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control", scientific drug use, to achieve the appropriate period of prevention, protection, treatment, and regular rotation of pesticides with different active ingredients to delay the occurrence of resistance; (2) to scientifically mix existing active ingredients, through rational mixing to achieve a broadening of the control spectrum, reduce the number of drugs, so as to achieve the purpose of cost reduction and efficiency; (3) fully excavate the "silence" in the "silence" The active ingredients of the state, especially pesticides that are highly safe for mangoes, natural enemies and the environment.
5. Improve the quality standards for the safe production of mangoes
In view of the frequent occurrence of various pests and diseases on mangoes, it is necessary to strengthen the adaptability of the current mango industry standards, refer to international mango production standards, further accelerate the cleaning, revision and improvement of the maximum residue limit standards for pesticides on mangoes in China, formulate guidelines for the rational use of pesticides on mangoes, so that China's mango production standards are in line with international standards, avoid technical trade barriers, and ensure that the quality of mango products meets the standards and upgrades.
Source of article: Agrochemical Patent Service
Editor of this issue: Ginger Ginger
