Located in the middle of the Yunnan, Tibetan, and Sichuan "Great Triangle" junction and the edge of the "Tibetan-Yi Nationality Corridor"[1], it is a passage for friendly exchanges between the Tibetans and the Han, Naxi, Bai and other ethnic groups, with a prominent strategic location, and has always been a place where soldiers and families must compete. In the Yuan Dynasty, under the Xuanzheng Yuan of the central government (formerly the General System Yuan), the Tibetan area was divided into three departments, and three Xuanwei Envoys Were set up to manage the Marshal's Office (hereinafter referred to as the Xuanwei Division)[2]. In the middle of the decade (present-day Diqing), under the jurisdiction of the Marshal's Office of the Governor of Tubo and other roads, it belonged to the "Duogansi Big and Small Ben Bu Er Si Gang", that is, one of the "Duokang Six Gangs" (Duo Gansi) "Ta bo gang" (Ben Bu Er Yi Si Gang). In the Ming Dynasty, the southern part of Duogansi in the Yuan Dynasty belonged to Zhongdian and other places, and was once under the administration of Lijiang Province, Yunnan Province. During the Qing Yongzheng period, when investigating the administrative demarcation between Tibet and Sichuan and Yunnan, the issue of jurisdiction involving Zhongdian was long-standing and involved a lot, which attracted the attention of the governor of Sichuan, the governor of Sichuan, the governor of Yungui, the Dalai Lama of Tibet, and the minister stationed in Tibet.
I. The relationship between church and state in Zhongdian from kangxi to the beginning of the Yongzheng Dynasty
In the Middle Ages, Litang and Batang were under the jurisdiction of Lijiang Province, Yunnan during the Ming Dynasty. In the fourteenth year of Chongzhen (1641), the forces of Gushi Khan of the Heshuo Special Department went south to the Kang District, and after eliminating Baili Tusi, its power reached Lijiang, Yunnan. At that time, first the Muli Lama went to Tibet to surrender, and at the same time, "the common people within the boundaries of Lijiang in Yunnan Province also came to pay taxes, pay tribute, and respectfully ask for surrender" [3]. After Gushi Khan occupied Tibet in 1642, he effectively became the Khan king who ruled Tibet and Kham.
In 1659, Wu Sangui ping Yunnan, Lijiang Tu prefect surrendered, Wu issued a letter to the seal, still under the tu prefect's post. In the fourth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1665), heshuo sent troops into Yunnan to "invade Zhongdian and other places"[4], and set up sects and sect officials in Zhongdian, and Tibet sent Lama Dipa Chui to live in Zhongdian to rule over the monks, known as "Xieben". In 1672, Wu Sangui ceded the Jinsha River to Tibet and the Khan of Heshuo, with Tacheng Pass as the boundary. After the failure of Wu Sangui's rebellion, his son Wu Shiyao privately gave Zhongxun and Weixi to the Dalai Lama for help,[6] but the Dalai Lama did not send reinforcements.[7] In the thirteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1674), the local forces in Zhongdian launched an armed war with the support of Mushi Tusi, and the Tibetan side sent Batu Taiji and Kuangsonbu to lead the Mongolian and Tibetan armies to quell the rebellion, and ordered Muli Tusi to coordinate the battle. Tibet and Muli Toast were victorious, and the soldiers and horses were concentrated in Dian.
After the Fifth Dalai Lama and the Mongolian-Tibetan forces under the influence of the Heshuo Clan entered Zhongdian, they established Gelug in Zhongdian in the eighteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1679). He sent Kadam Songtsanglin Monastery and sent Tibetan lamas as the first Khenpo. At the same time, according to the will of the Ministry of Qinghai Heshuo Special Ministry, businessmen who do business in Zhongdian or enter Yunnan must act in accordance with the official documents issued by the Qinghai Heshuo Special Ministry.
With the advancement of Qing rule, Zhongdian attracted the attention of the Qing court. In the twentieth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1681), the Dingyuan Pingkou general Gushan Beizi Zhangtai and other omissions said: "All the places in Zhongdian have always belonged to Lijiang, and were originally inland. Wu rebelled against Yin and was ceded to the Mongols in the ninth year of the Kangxi Dynasty. This place is far outside the Jinsha River,...... If it is not convenient, it is agreed to dispatch officers and men to garrison." Shangzhi Bingbu: "Zhongdian is the most important place, in the past, although Heqing Lijiang set up a general officer and made him also have jurisdiction over Zhongxun, but there was no special interrogation of officers and soldiers, it seems to be worrying." ”[8]
In the last years of the Kangxi Dynasty (1718-1720), the Qing army entered Tibet through Dajian Furnace, Litang, Batang, Chamudo, and Mid-Chen, recruiting troops along the way, transporting military supplies[9], and setting up grain stations and Pond stations. As the Qing army entered Tibet from Zhongdian, the imperial court became more aware of the importance of Zhongdian, and the issue of the division of the area also caused controversy. In the first month of 1719, the governor of Sichuan, Nian Tangyao, said: "Zailitang, Batang, and Jiedang (Zhongdian) were originally under the administration of Lijiang Province in Yunnan, and were taken by the late Prince Tash Batulu during Wu's rebellion. Fearing an inland investigation, he gave alms to the Dalai Lama. [11] Although MuTusi lost control of Batang, Litang, and other places, it did not completely abandon its efforts to reorganize and manage Tibetan areas. When the Qing army entered Tibet from Zhongdian, Mu Tusi made another effort to restore the old land. In July 1719, the ministers of parliament and other deliberative military arrangements: "It should be ordered to unify wuge, and when the soldiers and horses arrive, they will consult with the local officials, and they should be stationed in the shape of the soldiers and horses in the middle of Yunnan, and stationed at their discretion." From time to time, detective Dzungar was convinced, even if he was ordered to receive the Dharma".[12] In March 1720, Du tong Wuge and others selected 3,000 soldiers and led them into Tibet. Zhang Guzhen, the viceroy of Yunnan, also requested that his officers and soldiers be stationed in the area of Lijiang and Zhongxun to defend it. Lijiang Toast Muxing territory of 500 soldiers along the way to guard the crossing, escort the military food, his son Mu Chong led 500 soldiers to march with the army. The true intention of Mu Tusi is, in the eyes of historians, to be: "Mu Xingzhi Fu Zhongdian (press: including Batang and Litang), do what you ask jiang dou, because you play please." The ministry's council documents will return Jiang nei and Jiangwai to Yunnan. As a result, Jiang Du was glad to have sex"[14]. Jiang Du (蒋督) was the governor of Yungui, Jiang Chenxi (蒋陈西), who advocated that the old land of Mu Tusi belong to Yunnan, so he had much support for Mu Tusi.
At this time, on the issue of the ownership of Zhongdian and even Batang and Litang, two factions of opinion appeared, and the Qing court finally disposed of it in a compromised way. In 1720, the governor of Yunnan, Jiang Chenxi, proposed that the zhongdian area be assigned to Yunnan, on the grounds that: "The zhongdian area was originally under the tufu of Lijiang, Yunnan, and when Wu rebelled, he cut off Tibet." Although the present-day Batang and Litang are in Sichuan, the area around Zhongdian is far from Shu and the closest to Yunnan, and there is still money and grain in Lijiang, not the old genus of Sichuan. According to the detailed report of Mu Xing, the governor of Lijiang, Zhongdian and other places and the officials of the lama camp have surrendered to Lijiang and are willing to remain under the jurisdiction of Yunnan. The Minister of Parliament and other ministers replied: "As requested, the nearby Zhongdian area and Batang and Litang shall still be under the jurisdiction of Lijiang Tufu." The Kangxi Emperor also agreed. [15] In May, the governor of Sichuan, Nian Qianyao, after hearing of Jiang Chenxi's above request, opposed Chiang's proposal. He said: "ChenchaBatang and Litang have invaded tibet,...... Although it returned to Shu and Returned to Dian, it could not be the land of the king. However, Sichuan is now using troops, and all grain transportation and dispatch matters, through Batang and Litang, are of great importance. If it is transferred to Tusi, it should not be called; if it is transferred to Yunnan Province, the round trip is delayed, please still be under the jurisdiction of Sichuan, and there is military affairs. [16] The Ministers of State and others commented: "The batang and Litang areas should be temporarily under the jurisdiction of Sichuan, and on a peaceful day, they should be transferred to Yunnan according to the original proposal." "This decree is permitted[17]. Originally, mutoshi's hope of restoring the old land was revived, but it was soon extinguished by the performance of the year Tang Yao in November 1720. Originally, on August 20, Mu Xing, the governor of Lijiang, led the territorial troops to Batang Lapi, killed the local leader Basang, and ordered the Basang's subjects to return to themselves, so that the two sides "thought of their own troops, and the transportation of Batang was blocked." Nian Qianyao sued the Lijiang Tu prefect to "kill Liang and obstruct transportation, please dismiss him, take the yunnan provincial city for prohibition, and make Tibet peaceful, and strictly examine the proposed plan." The Qing court regarded the seriousness of the matter and decided to "send a member of the chancellor of the capital to the trial on the day of the Rotation of the Tibetan Soldiers". The Prefect of Lijiang was frightened to death, and from then on Mu Tusi had no power to return to the old land. Therefore, the areas originally owned by heshuo Mongol Zhutaiji, such as Litang, Batang and Horde erge (present-day Dege) on the South Road, from the territory of Mingzheng Tusi in Sichuan to Litang on the South Road, were actually transferred to the administration of Sichuan after being taken from the Mongols by the Qing army.
Second, the motivation for determining the ownership of Zhongdian in the early years of Yongzheng
In March of the fifty-ninth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1720), a part of the Qing army was stationed in Zhongdian and went to Tibet. Since then, Tibet has been pacified and social order has returned to calm. However, the Zhongdian region was soon embroiled in the rebellion of Lobzang Tenzin in Qinghai. Originally, after the pacification of Tibet, the Qing court abolished all the powers of King Heshuot Khan in Tibet, which not only frustrated Prince Lobzang Tenzin of Qinghai in his attempt to succeed the Tibetan Khan, but was even excluded from the power center of the newly established Kalon system, treated unfairly in the discussion of merits and rewards,[19] and weakened his economic power. Under these circumstances, Lobzang Tenzin instigated an open rebellion in May of the first year of Yongzheng (1723), which affected the areas of the Heshuo Forces. After the rebellion, the Yongzheng Emperor ordered the northwestern general Yan Xin and the border defense ministers, and the governors of Sichuan, Shaanxi (western), and Yunnan to rebel, and Nian Qianyao was responsible for military affairs to unify the actions. On September 20 (October 18), Nian Qianyao led an army from Ganzhou to attack, and by February 22 of the second year of Yongzheng (March 16, 1724), Lobzang Tenzin was defeated and led the people to the west, and then fled west alone. In the process of quelling the rebellion, Nian Qianyao's Sichuan troops were stationed in Batang and Litang, and the governor of Yungui, Gao Qiqiu, was ordered to send the viceroy Hao Yulin to lead his troops to garrison Zamudo in the middle of 2000, and selected a total of 1 soldier to lead 500 troops to garrison Zhongdian. The town of Songpan, formerly stationed in Tsamdo, stationed Zhou Ying in Lhasa to prevent Lobzang Tenzin from leading an army south to Tibet. Hao Yulin and Zhou Ying successively took over the tribes of Kang District and southern Qinghai on their march. In the middle of the year, Hao Yulin announced his devotion, and in the middle of the year, the Tibetan leaders rejoiced and thanked, leading a total of 17,500 monks from 3,500 households and 1,014 monks to surrender to the Qing army. [20] The history of the middle of the Mongol-Tibetan rule of the Heshuo Special Department came to an end.
After the Lobzang Tenzin Rebellion was put down, the Qing court approved nian tang yao tiao to play the "Thirteen Articles on The Aftermath of Qinghai". The measures of the "Thirteen Articles" involved the vast areas centered on Qinghai, including present-day Gansu, Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, and Yunnan, as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, as well as the political, military, economic, religious, and other aspects of the Mongolian and Tibetan nationalities in these areas. According to the "Thirteen Articles", the Tibetan areas of Ganqingchuandian were placed under the jurisdiction of the nearby local government, and the Tibetan tribes were prepared to receive the printing licenses issued by the imperial court for thousands of households, hundreds of households, inspections, and so on. The Heshuo Special Ministry Mongolia was subjected to the system of organizing flags, reforming the alliance and establishing a tributary system, and changing the Tibetans who belonged to the Monasteries of the Heshuo Special Department to the jurisdiction of the administrative organs. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen military management, build border walls, increase the number of town camps, set up troops in areas where they are ready to rush, use the dispatch of prisoners to reclaim tun seeds, and implement military tuns. The practice of regular fixing of tea and horse trade, the collection of taxes from tibetans along the border, and the rectification of monasteries have limited the power of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries. In order to implement the "Thirteen Articles", in the third year of Yongzheng (1725), the Qing Dynasty appointed Zhou Ying, the viceroy of Sichuan, as an important member, and the special dispatch of the minister of the rank of the deputy capital, the deputy capital of the Imperial Household, Eqi, the scholar bandi, and the Great Lama of Zasak, GelkErji, and other ministers, and solicited the opinions of Yue Zhongqi, the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, and other feudal ministers, and formally began the work of surveying and demarcating the boundary. Among them, the various ministries that recruited them were assigned to set up health centers, thousands of households, and local inspectors, and were assigned to the management of Sichuan and Yunnan respectively. To this end, the edict ordered Zhou Ying stationed in Tibet to lead his division back to Sichuan, and together with Hao Yulin, the viceroy of Yunnan stationed in Chamuduo, to investigate the boundaries of the land, and to return to Sichuan and Yunnan. In November, Yue Zhongqi, the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, proposed: "Zhongdian, Batang, and Litang, which were originally under the jurisdiction of the Inland Tusi, and then along the nearby delgt (Dege), Vashu, and Ho'er places should be returned to the interior, and their leaders should be given the title of Tusi official and put in their management." [21] For the areas south of Tsamdo that were not originally under the jurisdiction of Tibet, such as Luolongzong, Tsawagang, Zaergang (Zuogong), Sangga chuizong (Chayu), and Gundra (Gongjue), the Dalai Lama was rewarded with management, and the Dalai Lama was informed of the places where the Dalai Lama was rewarded.
One of the fundamental purposes of the Qing Dynasty to clarify that the Tibetan tribes that were originally ruled by the Mongol and Shuo special tribes were "assigned to sichuan and Yunnan respectively for administration", was to eliminate the historical influence of the Heshuo special department[22], so that the Tibetan tribes that received the Mongol service had their own ownership in terms of administration, thus establishing the direct rule of the Qing government. Therefore, when surveying and dividing the boundaries, the areas under the jurisdiction of the former Mongol and Shuo special ministries were assigned to the interior, and officials were set up, so that those Tibetan tribes bordering Tibet were directly under the jurisdiction of the administrative provinces in the interior. In addition, the Qing Dynasty aimed to strengthen the governance of various Tibetan areas through boundary surveying to defend against the threat of the Dzungars to Tibet. The prevention of Dzungar was the focus of the early Qing Dynasty in tibet, because the Kangxi Emperor once said very clearly: "Tibet shields Qinghai, Yunnan, and Shu, and Gou Zunyi steals the stronghold, and there will be no peaceful day on the side"[23], and this "Zunyi" is the Dzungar.
Third, the process of transferring Zhongdian and other places to Yunnan
(1) The transfer of Zhongdian to Yunnan In response to the Rebellion of Luobuzang Danjin in Qinghai, the Governor of Yunnan, Gao Qizuo, was ordered by Viceroy Hao Yulin to lead troops to help quell the rebellion. When Hao Yulin entered Zhongdian, according to the inscription of the local lama and camp officer "Surrendering False Liu", Zhongdian and the areas close to Yunnan, such as Adunzi, Benzilan, Qizong, and Weixi, which were originally under the jurisdiction of Batang, were all transferred to the jurisdiction of Yunnan. In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), the Qing government built the Zhongxun Hall, moved the Jianchuan Prefecture of Heqing Province to be stationed here, and sent Sun Hongben, deputy commander-in-chief of the Central Association of the Governor of Yunguibu, to garrison the middle of the army and build an earth castle. On May 6, 1725, at the request of Gao Qi, the governor of Yungui, Yongzheng Added 1 member of The Qing Zhi Tongzhi of Zhongdian Fufan in Yunnan, 1 member of experience, and 2 members of the inspection. After the pacification of Qinghai, the Qing court was more consistent in its understanding of Zhongdian and other parts belonging to Yunnan. In the third year of Yongzheng (1725), when discussing the aftermath, Wang And chancellor clearly pointed out: "West of Batang, Zhongdian and other places are all owned by Mongolia in the Western Sea. Now, because of the rebellion of the West Sea, it is not taken from the Dalai Lama's incense burner", ordering all localities to check the household registration list, stipulating that they should be "given a gift" and "choose their own head, give them the title of toastmaster, and let them have jurisdiction." [24]
At this time, the Qing court took advantage of the situation to solve the problem of ownership in mid-to-late And other places because of its handling of the problem of discord between the Kalons in Tibet. After the 59th year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1720) after tibet was pacified, the Qing court deposed the Diba system in Tibet and successively granted Albuba, Kangji Nai, LongBu Nai, Po Luo Nai and Zar Nai as Kalon, and jointly held large and small affairs. In the third year of Yongzheng (1725), he also ordered Kang Ji Nai to be in charge of Tibetan affairs and Assisted by Albuba, and at the same time ordered the deputy capital Emperor Ou Qi, the Scholar Bandi, and the Great Lama of Zasak, GelkErji, to go to the Viceroy Zhou Ying to "handle in detail" the relevant matters.[25] Eqi left Beijing with his will in November, took the Chuan Road into Tibet, and met Zhou Ying from the Arrow Furnace on April 3, 1726 (May 4, 1726) of the Yongzheng Dynasty, and arrived in Qamdo on May 11 (June 10). Here, Eqi listened to Zhou Ying's briefing on the territories that originally belonged to the various Hutuktu, the former Qinghai Taiji, and the areas and boundaries recently given to the Dalai Lama. After that, Zhou Yingbei went to Wuqi, Nakeshu and other places to investigate, and then returned to The Dege area to check the household registration and return to Chengdu. Eqi departed from Qamdo and arrived in Lhasa on June 22. On October 14 (November 7, 1726), Eqi returned to Chengdu to play the situation of discord within the Kalon of Tibet. On December 27 (January 18, 1727), the Qing court officially awarded Kang Ji Nai the seal of "Prime Minister of Tibet Affairs",[27] and entrusted him with the command of Tibet affairs. This decision caused disapproval from Albuba and others.
In 1726, Yue Zhongqi, the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, made a specific suggestion: "Batang is the gateway to the arrow furnace, and it has long entered the territory of Sichuan Province, and it is close to Zhongdian Province, and it has long entered the territory of Yunnan Province." Nearby Zhongdian Benzala, Qizong, Lapu, Weixi and other places, although batang belongs, to Sichuan, and its boundary is close to the flood control of Yunnan Province, which is generally connected to Adunzi, which is the gateway of Zhongdian. Please put it under the jurisdiction of Yunnan Province, set up officials to prevent floods, and make horns with each other in the Litang and arrow furnaces of Sichuan Province, which is enough to close their arms and control the people of Fan" [29]. The courtiers consulted, and the emperor followed. Therefore, in October 1726, the two provinces of Yunnan and Sichuan officially sent personnel and Important Tibetan officials to demarcate the boundary, and the three sides of Yunnan, Sichuan, and Tibet set up boundary monuments at the top of the TranquilIty Mountain west of the Jinsha River, stipulating the boundary between Sichuan, Tibet, and Yunnan and Tibet. This line is basically based on the Jinsha River, which demarcates the geographical boundary of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet, and the east of Tranquility Mountain is batang, Litang, Zhan and Hordege, which are under the administration of Yazhou Prefecture in Sichuan Province. The area west of Mount Tranquility, including Tsamdo, Cha, Ya (Chaya), Uchihutuktu, and Makang (Mangkang), gongjue, which has been rewarded with the Dalai Lama, are all under the administration of Tibet. Later, the Dalai Lama set up camps in the places of appreciation, such as JiangkaMangkang, Gongjue, Luolongzong, Shuopanduo, Dalongzong, Gongbu Jiangda, and Sangang Quzong.
Tranquility Mountain is an important symbol of this survey, it is actually the boundary between Jiangka and Batang, that is, the boundary between the eastern border of the Jiangka region to which Tibet belongs and Sichuan, and the jurisdiction of Tsamdo, Chaya, and Uzy Hutuktu was the place where the Qing army entered Tibet during the Kangxi Period and was recruited to submit to the Qing Dynasty, although it was assigned to Tibet, but it was not under the administration of the Dalai Lama.[31] Therefore, although the places west of the Tranquility Mountain, such as Gangka, Gongjue, Tsamdo, Chaya, and Wuqi, reward the Dalai Lama, among them, Tsamdo, Chaya, and Wuqi are actually under the jurisdiction of Hutuktu, and only The two parts of Jiangka and Gongjue belong to the Dalai Lama.
At that time, the contradictions between the Tibetan Kalons became increasingly complex. In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), the Qing court also sent the cabinet scholar Sangha and the deputy capital Ma La to Tibet to "take care of the People of Peace"[32], and ordered Kalon to do things. On the way to Tibet, the Kalon infighting occurred in Tibet. Albuba, Longbu Nai, and Zar Nai conspired to booby-trap and kill the chief Kalon Kangji Nai, and another Kalon Po Luo Nai raised an army in Houzang to fight, and the Tibetan War broke out before and after. On November 1 (December 13), the Qing court ordered Zuo Du Yushi Chalang'a and deputy governor Mai Lu to be the commanders of the troops, and dispatched Manchu and Han officers and soldiers from Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces (more than 15,400 officers and soldiers entered Tibet) into Tibet to calm down. In May 1728, Cha Lang'a and Zhou Kaijie led the Qing army on the north road from Xining, and the southern route zhou Ying led the Sichuan officers and soldiers to exit from the arrow furnace. In June, when Zhou Ying arrived in Qamdo, she learned that Po Luo Nai had taken control of the situation in Lhasa. On August 1 (September 4), greeted by Po Luo Nai, the two armies of Cha Lang A, Mai Lu and Zhou Ying arrived in Lhasa. As an aftermath measure, Chalang'a and others were instructed to implement a "divide and rule" policy, dividing up the jurisdiction of the former and the future. At the same time, the jurisdiction of Hutuktu in Tibet was maintained as it was,[33] and in particular, the jurisdiction of Hutuktu in Kham, such as RadoTusi, Pabala, Chaya, and Guwuqi, was maintained.
At this time, zhongxun and other places were already under the administration of Yunnan. In 1727, the Qing government also ordered the two provinces of Yunnan and Sichuan to send staff to survey the boundary, and the two sides decided to use red rock (in present-day Deqin County) as the demarcation site[34], and in the middle of the Jinsha River, Jiangnei Qizong, Lapu, and Adunzi (Deqin) were under the jurisdiction of Yunnan; while Batang, Litang and even Chamuduo (present-day Qamdo) were all under the administration of Sichuan, and batang tuzhao was assigned to Yunnan Zhongdian below the wall, thus fixing the northwestern boundary of Yunnan. Wei Xi and Adunzi were under the jurisdiction of Tibet before the thirteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, and in the thirty-sixth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, they were established as local officials of the Qing government, handed over to the Batang Tuguan to administer, and by the fourth year of Yongzheng, they were completely assigned to Yunnan.
After being transferred to Yunnan in the middle of the year, its administrative structure and status were further consolidated. On February 13, 1727, in the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), Zhang Yaozu, the commander-in-chief of Heli in Yunnan, was ordered to withdraw his division from Chamudo and return to the flood. In April of the same year, at the request of the governor of Yungui, Ortai, he ordered the transfer of Heqing Prefecture in Yunnan to be stationed in Weixi, and the jianchuan prefecture magistrate was added to zhongdian. In the sixth year of Yongzheng (1728), the Qing government established a battalion in Weixi, with 1 general and 1 garrison, 3 cadres, 4 generals, 6 foreign commissioners, and more than 1,000 united horse infantry, stationed in various floods. In the twenty-first year of Qianlong (1756), the Qing government transferred the two halls of Zhongdian and Weixi to the jurisdiction of Lijiang Province, and moved the Tongzhi of Chuxiong Province to be stationed in the middle of the year, known as Zhongdian Fufan Qingzhi Tongzhi. Zhongdian, Weixi, and Adunzi, the area of present-day Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, have been completely established and have not changed since the return of the area to Dian.
(2) During the Yongzheng period, the boundary between Tibet and Sichuan, Yunnan and Qinghai was fully established
During the Yongzheng Period, while dividing Tibet with Sichuan and Yunnan, the boundary between Tibet and Qinghai was also demarcated. In 1723, when the Qing army pursued Lobzang Tenjin, Xinfu was located in the Sichuan and Qinghai areas of Tibet, which belonged to the 79 ethnic groups in northern Tibet and south of the yellow river source under the jurisdiction of the Mongol and Shuo special departments. In 1726, the Qing Dynasty sent Zhou Ying to the Seventy-Nine Ethnic Regions for a review, which was later interrupted by the Albuba Incident in Tibet. In 1731, the minister of affairs of Xining[36] Da Nai song asked him to send personnel to survey the boundary site and divide it into management. The three factions of Xining, Sichuan, and Tibet "together with the survey, those who are close to Xining are under the jurisdiction of Xining, and those who are close to Tibet are under the jurisdiction of Tibet, and those who are close to Tibet are subordinate to Tibet, and those who are close to Tibet are subordinate to Tibet, and those who have more than 100 households have a member of a thousand households, and those who are less than 100 households have a member of 100 long and one member, and those who are near Xining are under the jurisdiction of Xining, and those who are close to Tibet are subordinate to Tibet, and those who are close to Tibet are given a thousand households and one member, and those who are above the level of cadres are set up with one member of one hundred households, and those who are less than one hundred households are set up to manage, and all of them are issued by the Military Department and approved for their hereditary inheritance." [37]. The so-called "those who are close to Xining are under the jurisdiction of Xining" means that forty of them belong to Qinghai, that is, the present-day Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture; the so-called "those who are close to Tibet belong to Tibet" means that thirty-nine of them belong to Tibet. Forty tribes plus thirty-nine tribes, collectively known as the seventy-nine nomadic tribes. The above demarcation is actually bounded by the Tanggula Mountains, the north of the mountains is under the jurisdiction of Xining, and the Thirty-Nine Tribes west of the Mountains, together with the Damu (Dangxiong) Mongolian Eight Banners (Eight Tribes), are under the administration of Tibet. The areas assigned to Tibet are directly managed by the Minister stationed in Tibet, and in the event of a dispute or other matter, it is mediated and tried by the secretary of the Court of Theory of The People's Republic of China stationed in Tibet (known as Yiqing Zhangjing). [38]
Subsequently, the Qing Dynasty sent officials to demarcate the area between Hala Wusu (i.e., Nagqu) and Mulu Wusu (Tongtianhe) as the boundary between the xining minister and the minister stationed in Tibet, and there was 1 khenpo lama and 1 Mongolian Zhaisang in these two places, "to supply the horses of officials entering Tibet and the place where wen and mail were transferred." [39] After Qianlong, the authority of the minister stationed in Tibet was expanded, and the area of the Thirty-Nine Ethnic Groups was completely placed under the direct jurisdiction of the minister stationed in Tibet. [40]
Fourth, the aftermath
During the Reign of the Qing Dynasty, the imperial court took measures to survey and demarcate the administrative boundaries between Tibet and Sichuan, Yunnan, and Qinghai. In the process, the ownership of Zhongdian became a prominent issue, because it involved the interests of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet, so there was always a dispute. The imperial court also gave the final solution after repeated discussions and coordination of the interests of all parties, showing that Zhongdian had a prominent position, which was an integral part of the boundary survey work at that time as a whole, and at the same time an important fulcrum and link in the local area.
Zhongdian (Jiantang), together with Batang and Litang, is known as "Tangsong" (Santang Place), which was once under the jurisdiction of the Mu clan of Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty; in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, it was also influenced by the forces of Tibet and heshuo; during the suppression of the Qinghai Luobuzang Danjin Rebellion, it was directly ruled by the Qing Dynasty, and the imperial court ordered it to be under the jurisdiction of Yunnan and Shu, but none of them were determined by official documents. After the Yongzheng Dynasty demarcated the boundaries and established their respective jurisdictions, the issue of the ownership of Zhongdian was raised again, such as in the early years of Qianlong, the Seventh Dalai Lama raised the financial difficulties of the Potala Palace, and the Stationed In Beijing Zhangjia Hutuktu once asked Litang, Batang, Zhongdian and other places to "still beg for rewards to the Dalai Lama" and "to maintain incense". At this time, after the return of Zhongdian to Dian, "set up officials to manage, and has been quiet so far." In 1738, Cha Lang'a, a member of the Secret Counsel University of the Li Fan Yuan, together with Gong Qingfu, the prime minister of Yunnan, duly agreed that Zhongdian, Litang, and Batang were under the jurisdiction of the interior, but had been occupied by the Qinghai Mongol and Shuo Special Departments, and now that they had been taken back from the hands of the Heshuo Zhutaiji and transferred to the jurisdiction of the interior, it was not appropriate to change them; however, if we considered that the Dalai Lama had many temples and the lamas were not enough for daily use, it was suggested that the commercial tax and silver taken from the arrow furnace should be allocated every year and subsidized. The Qianlong Emperor agreed, saying: "In the silver collected by the arrow furnace, give five thousand taels of silver every year, and the Dalai Lama will send someone to the arrow furnace to get tea leaves, so that this reward silver will be brought back." [41] Subsequently, the king of the county, Jurmut Namzal, in the name of revitalizing the Yellow Sect, intended to return Zhongdian and other places to Tibet, and Shitu collected more taxes and profits from them, but was refused. Later, because of the rebellion of Jurmut Namzal, he did not comment on it.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Sichuan-Yunnan Border Minister was established and the Yamen was built in Batang to strengthen the governance of the Kham District, and the Sichuan-Dian Border Minister's jurisdiction at that time was bounded by the Tranquility Mountain, which was planned by Yongzheng in the fourth year. In the 34th year of Guangxu, Zhao Erfeng said: "The west of the arrow furnace is the border land east of the Tranquility Mountain", "the west of the Tranquility Mountain, and the east of Kashmir is Tibet". This "border area" is the jurisdiction of the Minister of Border Affairs of Sichuan and Yunnan. In the third year of xuanun (1911), the Qing court once planned to establish a province in the area under the jurisdiction of the minister of border affairs, which was the predecessor of the later "Xikang Province". In 1939, the National Government established Xikang Province, which has jurisdiction over three parts: Ning (Xichang), Ya (Ya'an), and Kang (Kangding, Ganzi, Dege, Batang, Litang, etc.), of which "Kang" belongs to the former Chuanbian area, which reaches the bank of the Jinsha River in the west. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Tibetan areas in Yunnan were under the control of Yamen, the minister of border affairs between Sichuan and Yunnan, and Yu Deqin set up a member of the Aidun Bullet Suppression Committee, which has remained under the jurisdiction of Yunnan Province since the Republic of China.
The investigation of the boundary between Yunnan, Sichuan, and Tibet in the early Qing Dynasty and the successful settlement of the status and jurisdiction of Zhongdian are of great significance to the overall work of the tripartite relations between Yunnan, Sichuan, and Tibet. The settlement of the issues under the jurisdiction of Zhongdian, Batang, Litang, and other places has clarified some outstanding issues and certain disputes between the three parties of Yunnan, Sichuan, and Tibet since history, thus facilitating the effective implementation of the Qing Dynasty's principle and policy of achieving "Anzang" with "Ankang."
exegesis:
[1] In the middle of the year, it is now renamed Shangri-La. For related history, see Feng Zhi, "My Opinion on "Jiantang" (Mid-Term) and Its Evolution"[A], in Yunnan Studies in Tibetan Studies[c], Kunming: Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House, 2007, pp. 88--107.
[2] The Tufan and other places of Xuanwei Envoy Si Du Marshal's Office (also known as The Tusi Ma XuanWei Division) was under the jurisdiction of present-day southeastern Qinghai, southern Gansu, and northwestern Sichuan, the Tubo and other roads Xuanwei Envoy Si Du Marshal's Office (also known as Duogansi Xuanwei Division) was under the jurisdiction of present-day western Sichuan, northwestern Yunnan, eastern Tibet, and southwestern Qinghai, and the three-way Xuanwei Envoy Si du Marshal's Office of Uszang Nari Sogulusun had jurisdiction over most of present-day Tibet except the Qamdo region.
[3] By the Fifth Dalai Lama, translated by Liu Liqian, The Chronicles of the Tibetan King[M], Beijing: Minzu Publishing House, 2000, p. 127.
[4] (Qing) Ni Metamorphosis, Li Xi, "Biography of Dianyun Calendar"[M], Kunming: Yunnan University Press, 1992, p. 528.
[5] The Chronicle of the Dianyun Calendar, p. 529. Here, "Lapu" and "Tacheng" were both in the territory of present-day Weixi County. This move may have been some sort of verbal agreement between Wu Sangui and the Heshuo Ministry, which led directly to the entry of Mongol military forces into Zhongdian in 1674.
[6] Wei Yuan: Records of Shengwu [M], vol. 5, Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 1984, p. 4. Volume 98 of the Records of the Ancestors of the Qing Dynasty records: "The places in Zhongdian are ,...... In the ninth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1670), it was ceded to the Mongols."
[7] However, in Tibet, taking advantage of the rebellion of Wu Sangui, the Qing Dynasty had no time to send officials to administer the monasteries and people in Qamdo, Litang, Batang, and other places (Yazhou Fuzhi, vol. 20). Dipasan Jie Gyatso then sent battalion officers to manage the arrow furnace, kill Ming Zheng Toast, and seize its land. It was not until 1700 that the Qing Dynasty sent the Viceroy of Sichuan to lead troops into the arrow furnace, rebuild the iron rope bridge, recruit Muya La roll, Zhan and other toasts, and assign the area east of the Yalong River to the jurisdiction of Sichuan.
[8] Records of the Ancestors of the Qing Dynasty[Z], vol. 98, pp. 2-3, Kangxi 20, October Jiashen.
[9] Song Jun: "Weizang Tongzhi", vols. 31, vol. 15, Lhasa: Tibet People's Publishing House, 1982, pp. 350K, pp. 519--520.
[10] For example, Tsamdor ruled as a grain reserve and set up a guerrilla, a thousand generals, a general general, and a foreign commissar, leaving troops to defend. In 1719, Tsamdopabala sent down the Qing army to the Qing army with a register of lamas and residents. In 720, Pabala was enthroned by the Qing court as Hutuktu and given an indian letter.
[11] Compilation of The Kangxi Dynasty Han Dynasty Han Wen Zhu Pi Folding[Z], Beijing: Archives Publishing House, 1984, article 2735.
[12] Records of the Ancestors of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 285, pp. 1--2, Kangxi 58 July.
[13] Records of the Ancestors of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 287, p. 16, Kangxi 59 March
[14] The Chronicle of the Dianyun Calendar, vol. 11, p. 565.
[15] Records of the Ancestors of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 287, p. 14, Kangxi 59 February Jiazi.
[16] Records of the Ancestors of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 287, pp. 19-20.
[17] Ibid.
[18] Records of the Ancestors of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 290, p. 3, Kangxi 59 November 19.
[19] On February 25 of the first year of the Yongzheng Dynasty, the Qing court rewarded 10 nobles at the discretion of the Qinghai chieftain for his meritorious service in pacifying Tibet, of which Prince Lobzang Tenjin only gave 200 taels of silver and 5 horses of satin and dai qing and Shuoqi Chakhan Tenzin, the kings of the county, and The prince of Bele Erde Nierktorktok Tonai was promoted to the rank of prince of the county.
[20] Records of Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 16, pp. 26-27, Yongzheng 2nd Year February Bingyin Article.
[21] Records of Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 38, pp. 2-3.
[22] This influence was profound, so the Tibetan tribes left records that "only knew that there was Mongolia, but did not know that there were officials of the department, the guard, the battalion, and the wu". See Records of emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 20, pp. 26-37.
[24] Records of Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 38, pp. 2-3, Yongzheng 3rd November Yiwei. Here "West Sea" refers to Qinghai.
[25] Records of emperor Qing Shizong, vol. 38, pp. 2-3, November 2.
[26] Records of Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 52, pp. 29-30, Yongzheng 5th Year, Ding Wei.
[27] Records of Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 51, p. 34, Yongzheng 4th December Jiashen.
[28] See Tang Chi'an translation: The Biography of Po Luo Nai[M], Tibet People's Publishing House, 1988, p. 232. After Eqi arrived in Tibet, he proclaimed that Kang Ji Nai would preside over the Tibetan government, and no one dared to oppose it at that time, but his dissatisfaction can be seen from the later performances of the Dalai Lama.
[29] Records of Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 43, pp. 1-2, Yongzheng 4th Year, April 194. "Ben Za la" is the present Ben Zi Lan, "Qi Zong" is now QiZong, and "Lapu" is also known as Lap.
[30] See Ren Naiqiang, The Xikang Tujing and The Realm[M], Lhasa: Tibet Ancient Books Publishing House, 2000, pp. 100-102.
[31] Zhang Qiqin, Collected Works of Tibetan Affairs in the Qing Dynasty[M], Lhasa: Tibet People's Publishing House, 1983, p. 185.
[32] Tibet Chronicle [M] (vol. 1), Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 9, reprinted from A Brief History of the Tibetan Nationality, A Brief History of the Tibetan Nationality[M], Tibet People's Publishing House, p. 187.
[33] The General Chronicle of Weizang, vol. 5, "Lama", p. 270.
[34] Here, "Red Rock", also known as "Red Rock Cliff", according to volume 12 of the Chronicle of the Dianyun Calendar, in 1727," "the Yunnan and Sichuan Committees surveyed the boundary and divided the site with Red Rock Cliff", p. 589.
[35] Volume 15 of the Weizang Tongzhi records that "its land is Tubo, living between Sichuan, Tibet, and Qinghai, and was once a Qinghai Mongol slave", p. 505.
[36] In 1728, the Qinghai Affairs Minister (also known as the Xining Affairs Minister) was established in Xining, with jurisdiction over the Mongolian banners and Tibetan tribal pastures west of The Sun Moon Mountain, guide hall, and the Yellow River south of the Xunhua Hall, and the Gannan Tibetan area south of Hezhou.
[37] Weizang Tongzhi, vol. 15, p. 506.
[38] Jingwen Resident Song Manuscript[Z], Chengdu: Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House, 1986, p. 67.
[39] Jiaqing Reconstruction of the Unification Chronicle of the Great Qing Dynasty[Z], vol. 314, The Commercial Press, 1984, p. 8.
[40] In the first year of Xuanun (1909), zhao Erfeng, the minister of state affairs, consulted with the minister of state stationed in Tibet, and the thirty-nine ethnic groups were placed under the administration of the minister of border affairs, and a council member was set up to manage the affairs of the region. See Wu Fengpei, ed., Zhao Erfeng Chuanbian Song [M], Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House, 1984, p. 149.
[41] Records of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 69, pp. 10-11, Qianlong 3rd year, May Gengwu.
[42] Ibid.