National parks refer to specific land areas or sea areas approved by the state, with the main purpose of protecting natural ecosystems represented by the state, to achieve scientific protection and rational utilization of natural resources, and are the most important parts of China's natural ecosystem, the most unique natural landscapes, the most essence of natural heritage, and the richest biodiversity. On October 12, the list of The first batch of national parks in China was officially announced, including: Sanjiangyuan National Park, Giant Panda National Park, Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, and Wuyishan National Park. The protected area is 230,000 square kilometers, covering nearly 30% of the terrestrial areas of wild animals and plant species under national key protection. The national park system is a national strategy, which establishes its primary position in the summary of key areas for maintaining national ecological security, and implements the strictest protection, based on three major concepts: adhere to ecological protection first, adhere to national representation, and adhere to the public welfare of the whole people.
Sanjiangyuan National Park
Sanjiangyuan Gora Dandong
Located in the west of China, the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the south of Qinghai Province, is the birthplace of the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and the Lancang River, is a veritable "China Water Tower" "Asia Water Tower", is an important fresh water supply place in China, maintains the lifeblood of aquatic safety in the country and even Asia, is one of the most sensitive areas for global climate change response, and is also one of The Priority Areas for Biodiversity Conservation in China, with a total area of 123,100 square kilometers, accounting for 31.16% of the area of the source of the Three Rivers, between 89° 50'57"-99° east longitude 14'57", between 32°22'36"-36°47'53"N. It mainly protects the important ecological function area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and is the largest national park in the world.
Sanjiangyuan Oring Lake
The headwaters of the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and the Lancang River have charming scenery and unique characteristics. The source area of the Yangtze River is famous for its handsome alpine glaciers; the yellow river source lakes are dotted with lakes, presenting the wonders of "a thousand lakes", Eling Lake and Zhaling Lake are like two pearls embedded in the plateau grassland, and the two banks of the lancang river source canyon are not only unlimited scenery, but also a paradise for plateau life.
Sanjiangyuan Zaqu
In the area, there are famous Mountains such as Kunlun Mountain, Bayankara Mountain, Tanggula Mountain, etc., which are long and horizontal, and glaciers are towering. With an average altitude of more than 4,500 meters, the snowy fields are vast, with many rivers, swamps and lakes, and there are 167 lakes with an area of more than 1 square kilometer.
There are 760 species of vascular plants in the park, belonging to 241 genera in 50 families; There are 270 species of wild terrestrial vertebrates, including 62 species of mammals, 196 species of birds, 7 species of amphibians and 5 species of reptiles; There are 69 species of animals under national key protection, including 16 species of wild yaks and snow leopards, and 35 species of national second-level key protected animals, such as rock sheep and Tibetan hartebeest. There are about 60,000 Tibetan hartebeests, about 36,000 Tibetan wild donkeys, about 10,000 white-lipped deer and wild yaks, and 392 to 659 snow leopards.
snow leopard
Wild yak
Giant Panda National Park
Spanning the three provinces of Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu, the Longitudinal Anding Min Mountains, Qionglai Mountains, Daxiangling Mountains and Qinling Mountains are important areas of national ecological security "two screens and three belts", and the number of wild giant panda populations in the country is more concentrated, the habitat area of giant pandas is 15,000 square kilometers, accounting for 58.48% of the country, and there are 1340 wild giant pandas, accounting for 71.89% of the country. The geographical coordinates are between 102°11'10"-108°30'52"E and 28°51'03"-34°10'07"N.
The overall terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, with a maximum altitude of 5588 meters, and the soil types include mountain brown soil, yellow brown soil, paddy soil, fluvo-aquic soil, mountain cinnamon soil, etc. It belongs to the continental northern subtropical transition to warm temperate monsoon climate zone, with a forest coverage rate of 72.07%, 3446 species of seed plants in 197 families and 1007 genera, and 641 species of vertebrates.
Giant Panda National Park involves more natural protected areas, mainly including Sichuan Wolong National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Qianfoshan National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Wanglang National Nature Reserve, Shaanxi Taibaishan National Nature Reserve, Shaanxi Foping National Nature Reserve, Gansu Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve, etc.
Sichuan Wolong National Nature Reserve is located in the southwest of Wenchuan County, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, on the southeast slope of the Qionglai Mountains, and was founded in 1963 with an area of 200,000 hectares. There are more than 100 giant pandas in the area, as well as more than 50 other rare and endangered animals such as golden snub-nosed monkeys and antelopes.
Golden Snub-nosed Monkey
Sichuan Qianfoshan National Nature Reserve is located in Mianyang City, An County, Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County, founded in 1993, an area of 11,083 hectares, the main protection objects are giant pandas, Sichuan golden snub-nosed monkeys mainly rare wild animals and their habitats.
Sichuan Wanglang National Nature Reserve, located in Pingwu County, Sichuan Province, was founded in 1965 with an area of 32,297 hectares, making it one of the first four giant panda nature reserves in China.
Shaanxi Taibaishan National Nature Reserve is located at the junction of Taibai, Zhouzhi and Mei counties in Shaanxi Province, and was founded in 1965 with an area of 56,325 hectares, which is the northernmost boundary of the distribution of giant pandas.
Shaanxi Foping National Nature Reserve is located in the northeast of Foping County, Shaanxi Province, on the southern slope of the middle section of Qinling Mountains, with an area of 35,000 hectares, is a forest and wildlife type nature reserve approved by the State Council in 1978 to protect giant pandas and their habitats.
Gansu Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve is located in the southernmost part of Gansu Province, in the territory of Wen County and Wudu County, was founded in 1978, with an area of 223671 hectares, is the largest giant panda nature reserve in Gansu Province.
Siberian Tiger and Leopard National Park
Located in the southern part of Laoyeling at the junction of Kyrgyzstan and Heihe Provinces, it stretches from the Qinglongtai Forest Farm of the Hunchun Forestry Bureau of Jilin Province in the east, borders the Primorsky Krai region of Russia, to the Nangou Forest Farm of the Forestry Bureau of Wangqing County, Jilin Province in the west, from the Jingxin Forest Farm of the Forestry Bureau of Hunchun Forestry Bureau of Jilin Province in the south, and to the Forestry Bureau of Tokyo City, Heilongjiang Province in the north, with a total area of 1. 46.12 million square kilometers. Among them, the Jilin Provincial Area accounted for 69.41%, and the Heilongjiang Area accounted for 30.59%. It is the largest, most active and most important settlement and breeding area of Siberian tiger and Northeast leopard in China, as well as an important distribution area of wild animals and plants and one of the most biodiverse areas in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere.
Siberian tiger
Located in the heart of Asia's temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest ecosystem, The Siberian Tiger and Leopard National Park preserves an extremely rich species of temperate forest plants, with thousands of higher plant species, including a large number of medicinal, wild vegetables, wild fruits, spices, honey sources, ornamental, wood and other plant resources. Among them, there are many rare and endangered species such as ginseng, rock orchid, northeast yew, Siberian juniper, etc., which are listed on the national key protection list.
red deer
sika deer
The Siberian Tiger and Leopard National Park preserves the most complete and typical wildlife population in the temperate forests of Northeast China. At present, within the national park, there is a complete food chain composed of extremely rare large to medium-sized mammals in China, including large Siberian tigers, Northeast leopards, brown bears, black bears, medium-sized lynx, green ferrets, Eurasian otters, small leopard cats, sables, weasels, shrews, and shrews. Herbivorous groups include large red deer, sika deer, medium-sized wild boar, Siberian roe deer, proto-musk, impala and so on.
sable
Red-crowned crane
Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park
Located in the central mountainous area of Hainan Province, from The Hanging Luoshan National Forest Park in the east, to the Jianfengling National Nature Reserve in the west, to maoganxiang in Baoting County in the south and to the Limushan Provincial Nature Reserve in the north, it is the only "continental island type" tropical rainforest with the most concentrated distribution, the most complete type, the best preservation and the largest contiguous area in China, and is the only distribution place in the world of Hainan gibbons, the treasure house of tropical biodiversity, and the resources are extremely valuable. The total planned area is more than 4,400 square kilometers.
Five Finger Mountain and Wanquan River
Five Finger Mountain
The soil is divided into 9 soil types and 11 subcategories, mainly brick red soil, red soil, etc., with an altitude of 1867 meters (Wuzhi Mountain), which belongs to the tropical oceanic monsoon climate zone, the forest coverage rate is 95.56%, and the vegetation is mainly tropical rain forest. The vegetation includes tropical rainforest, South Asian pine forest, rubber forest, eucalyptus forest, horse-cham acacia forest, Caribbean pine forest and other types. There are 3577 species of wild vascular plants in 220 families and 1142 genera, including 6 species of national first-class protected plants such as Po Lei, Bole Tree, Hainan Cycad, Gourd Cycad, Dragon's Tail Cycad, Taiwan Cycad, etc., 34 species of national second-level protected plants such as Quercus alder, earth agarwood, incense-reducing yellow sandalwood, Hainan bauhinia wood, butterfly tree, etc., and 428 species of endemic plants include Pinnacle Qinggang, Overlord Magnolia, Luofu Wood of Hanging Luoshan Mountain, Wuzhishan Hanxiao, Hainan Chrysanthemum, Hainan Cypress, and Jakarta Pine.
There are 627 species of vertebrates in 5 classes, 38 orders, 145 families, 414 genera, including 67 species of national first-class protected animals such as Hainan gibbon, po deer, clouded leopard, python, round-nosed monitor lizard, Hainan mountain partridge, Hainan peacock pheasant, and shrew, and 33 species of national second-level protected animals such as macaque, sambar deer, black bear, Chinese pangolin, small-clawed otter, prototynx, white stork, etc., and 33 species of Hainan endemic animals include Hainan gibbon, parrot ridge tree frog, Bawangling eyelid tiger, Hainan mountain partridge, Hainan peacock pheasant, And Hainan new woolly otter.
Wuyishan National Park
Spanning Fujian and Jiangxi provinces, including Wuyishan National Nature Reserve, Wuyishan National Scenic Area and The Upper Reaches of Jiuqu Creek, the total planned area is 1001.41 square kilometers. The forest coverage rate reaches 87.86%, which is the key area for global biodiversity conservation, preserves the most complete, typical and largest subtropical native evergreen broad-leaved forest ecosystem in the same latitude of the earth, and is also the gene pool of rare and unique wild animals, known as "the paradise of birds, the kingdom of snakes, the world of insects", the natural landscape is magnificent, has unparalleled ecological and cultural resources, is the birthplace and inheritance of Zhuzi Lixue culture, and is a dual heritage site of world culture and nature.
The relative altitude in the park is up to 1700 meters, with the increase of altitude, the decrease in temperature and the increase in precipitation, the vertical band spectrum of vegetation is obvious, and there are five vertical bands in the southeast of Chinese mainland, including evergreen broad-leaved forest, mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest, temperate coniferous forest, Zhongshan moss dwarf forest and Zhongshan meadow. A total of 2799 species of higher plants were recorded in 269 families (including subspecies and variants, the same below), including 345 species of bryophytes in 70 families, 314 species in 40 families of ferns, 26 species in 7 families of gymnosperms, and 2114 species (including subspecies and variants) of 152 families of angiosperms. In addition, 239 species of algae in 191 genera of 73 families, 503 species of fungi in 83 genera of 38 families and 100 species of 35 genera of 13 families of lichens were also recorded.
The number of seed plants ranks first in the central subtropical region, with 31 species in 27 genera and 31 species in China's endemic genera, and many such as ginkgo biloba, catalpa and silver bell tree, which are 3728 species of relict plants of the single genus. Orchids are particularly abundant , with 78 species known in 32 genera.
ginkgo
Goosefoot
A total of 558 species of wild vertebrates were recorded in 5 orders, 35 orders, 125 families, 332 genera, including 79 species in 56 genera of 8 orders and 23 families of mammals, 302 species in 167 genera of 18 orders and 59 families of birds, 80 species in 52 genera of 2 orders and 17 families of reptiles, 35 species in 26 genera of 2 orders and 10 families of amphibians, and 62 species in 41 genera of 5 orders and 16 families of fish, accounting for 33.27% of wild vertebrates in Fujian Province, showing rich species diversity. In addition, the area where Wuyishan National Park is located has now identified 6849 species of insects in 31 orders and 599 families, accounting for about 1/5 of the number of insect species in China.
A total of 115 species of national key protected species, CITES appendice species and threatened species were recorded in Wuyishan National Park, and 9 species, including black chamois and yellow-bellied horned pheasant, were listed in primary protection. There are 97 species protected by the China-Japan and China-Australia Agreement on the Protection of Migratory Birds. There are 74 species of wild animals endemic to China, including Chong'an toad (horned monster), Chong'an lizard, Chong'an oblique scaled snake, and hanging pier crow and bird are more unique to Wuyi Mountain. There are 139 species of higher aquatic plants in 42 families and 51 genera, 67 species of zooplankton, 104 species of 56 genera of 22 families of fish, and aquatic animals such as Chinese turtles and giant salamanders.
Nature has blessed Wuyi Mountain with a unique and superior natural environment, attracting generations of noble people and gentlemen to visit or visit, or live in seclusion, or write, or disciple, and come and go. Natural landscapes have cultivated people's temperament, enlightened people's wisdom, spread human activities, developed Wuyi Mountain, and added brilliance to natural landscapes. The wisdom of the ancestors and the scribes' stops have left many cultural relics on both sides of the Jiuqu Creek: there are 18 coffins of ships with high cliffs and walls that have been immortal for thousands of years; there are 35 ruins of hongru daya such as Zhu Xi, You Shu, Xiong He, Cai Yuanding, etc.; there are more than 450 stone carvings of the past dynasties that can be called the treasure house of ancient Chinese calligraphy art, including 13 prohibitions on the protection of Wuyi landscapes, animals and plants by ancient governments and villagers; and more than 60 temples and ruins of the monks' temples and ruins. At the beginning of the fifth dynasty at the end of the Tang Dynasty, Du Guangting listed Wuyi Mountain as one of the thirty-six cave heavens in the world in the "Record of Cave Heaven and Blessing", calling it "the sixteenth liter of Zhenyuanhua Cave Heaven".
Zhu Xi
Data Collation & Editor / Gushan Postman
Source: Gushan Postal Dialect