One. Materia Medica Writings
1． The first great summary of Materia Medica knowledge: "Shennong Materia Medica" (本經), written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, contains 365 kinds of medicines, and divides the drugs into upper, middle and lower products. There are 120 kinds of products, non-toxic, and tonic. Zhongpin 120 can not only make up for deficiency, but also dispel evil and cure diseases, between poisonous and non-toxic. The next product 125 kinds, toxic, evil and disease-free, can not be taken for a long time. It set a precedent for the classification of Materia Medica by utility.
2． The Second Great Summary of Materia Medica Knowledge: Notes on the Materia Medica, Tao Hongjing; Book Date: Southern and Northern Dynasties Period, Medicine: 730 Species 365*2. This book is based on seven categories of combined medicines: jade, plants and trees, insects and animals, fruits and vegetables, rice food, and famous and useless drugs. This classification method from the primitive points out another major method of drug classification. And the use of Zhu Mo sub-book, small characters to add the source of the literature identification method, so that the source of pharmaceutical content is clear, right and wrong.
3． During the Liu song dynasty of the Southern Dynasty, Lei Xuan's "Lei Gong Cannon Burning Theory" was the first monograph on the processing of traditional Chinese medicine in China.
4． The Third Great Summary of Materia Medica Knowledge: "New Cultivation of Materia Medica" (Tang Materia Medica); Author: Su Jing et al.; Book Age: 659; Medicine: 844 species or 851 853; Innovation: First Medicine Map; Historical Value:
5． The Fourth Great Summary of Materia Medica Knowledge: "Historical Evidence-Based Prepared Materia Medica"; ; Book Date: 1108; Medicine: 1558 Species; Innovation: First Prescription (Compilation Style of Prescription Medicine), First Medical Case (Compilation Of Medical Cases Recorded in Materia Medica Works).
6． The fifth summary of Materia Medica knowledge: "Compendium of Materia Medica" (Compendium); Contents: 1892 species, more than 1160 pictures with drawings, 11000 appendages, divided into 16 parts and 60 categories. Features: rich content, large literature, detailed classification, accurate physical evidence; academic value: contributions to plants, animals, minerals, agronomy, meteorology, chemistry, metallurgy and other aspects.
7． The Sixth Great Summary of Materia Medica Knowledge: "Compendium of Materia Medica"; Author: Zhao Xuemin; Book Date: 1765 (Qing Dynasty); Medicine: 921 Species (716 New Species); Innovation: Creation of Materia Medica Works (16th-18th Centuries).
8． The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine "Chinese Materia Medica", published in 1999, contains 8980 kinds of drugs, especially rich in content, for the contemporary "official cultivation of Materia Medica".
Two. Origin, collection
1． Authentic medicinal materials: high-quality medicinal materials produced in a certain region, with good quality, good curative effect and long-standing application.
2． Collection of Chinese medicines: Harvesting time of botanical medicines
(1) Whole herb medicine: the plant grows fully and harvests during the lush period of branches and leaves. Such as ephedra, motherwort and so on.
Most plants are collected in summer and autumn during the period of full growth, lush stems and leaves, or flowering, but some plant leaves are also harvested in autumn and winter.
(2) Leaf drugs: harvested at the bud stage or full flowering period when the leaves are fully grown. Such as Su Ye and so on. But the mulberry leaves are harvested after frost.
(3) Antherinocyans: harvested at the bud stage or in full bloom. Such as safflower, Xinyi and so on.
(4) Fruits and seeds: ripe or will be harvested at the ripening period. Such as melons, cang ears and so on. However, green skin, citrus fruit and other young fruits are picked.
(5) Roots and rhizome drugs: harvested in early spring or late autumn. Such as gastrodia, ground bone skin and so on. However, Yanhuso, half summer and other summer harvest should be harvested in summer.
(6) Bark medicine: harvested between Qingming and summer solstice. Such as yellow cedar, hopper and so on.
(7) Root bark drugs: the same root drugs.
3． Storage of traditional Chinese medicines
(1) Why should we pay attention to storage? (Improper storage, loss or change of active ingredients, reduced efficacy, and even adverse reactions).
(2) General requirements for storage: dry, low temperature, ventilation, hygiene, safety.
(3) Storage time and function: the new goods in the same year are of good quality
Six. Chen medicine "half summer wolf poison and zhu yu, citrus fruit ephedra co-orange peel; six kinds of drugs should be aged for a long time, into the prescription knows that it works strangely".
Three. Processing
1． Concoction, also known as cannon burning, . Concoction principle: if it is not enough, the effect is difficult to find, and if it is too much, the smell is lost
2． Purpose of concoction
(1) Enhance the effect of drugs and improve clinical efficacy. Such as honey burning hundreds of strengthen cough, ginger juice bamboo ru to strengthen vomiting and so on.
(2) Reduce or eliminate the toxicity, intensity and side effects of drugs to ensure the safety of drugs.
For example, the attached cannon is used to reduce poison, rhubarb is steamed to alleviate the intensity, and the Changshan liquor is made to suppress the side effects of vomiting.
(3) Change the performance of the drug to make it more suitable for the needs of the disease. Such as raw land after steaming for cooked land, sex to sweet temperature, functional blood replenishment and sperm filling.
(4) Change some shapes of the drug to facilitate storage and preparation. For example, cistanche salt is easy to store, talc crushing is convenient for preparation, etc.
(5) Pure medicine to ensure accurate dosage. Such as going to dirt, etc.
(6) Correct odor, correction of taste, easy to take. Such as kombu water wash off the salt and so on.
3． Preparation method
(1) Repair (pure, crushed, cut)
(2) Water system (run, drift, water fly)
(3) Fire (stir-frying, searing, simmering, simmering, cannon, etc.)
(4) Water and fire co-production (boiling, steaming, pouring, quenching)
(5) Other preparation methods (frost making, fermentation, germination)
Common preparation methods:
(1) Water fly: water fly is one of the methods of powder research, suitable for ore and shellfish are not easy to dissolve in water drugs such as cinnabar, etc., the purpose is to make the drug crush more delicate, easy to take internally and externally. Before the water flies, the drug is beaten into coarse powder, and then placed in a mortar and studied with the water, the upper suspension is poured, and then the coarse powder that sinks to the lower part continues to be ground, so that the operation is repeated until the fine powder is placed on the tongue to taste the slag. Water flies and prevents the powder from flying during grinding to reduce losses.
:1) Stir-fried yellow Fried coke Fried charcoal Three different degrees. 2) Stir-fry with accessories Mineral or animal powder. (Sand, soil, rice, wheat bran, clam powder, talc)
(2) Sand burning, stir-frying with iron sand and drugs is called sand burning. First, stir-fry the iron sand to turn blue, pour in the medicine and stir-fry,
Loosen the fat for the degree, remove and sift off the iron sand. For example, mountain nail slices, turtle plates, turtle shells, etc. become crunchy after being sand-burned, and it is easy to fry medicinal juices or grind powder to make pills.
(3) Cannon: The cannon is basically the same as the charcoal fry, but the cannon requires fierce firepower and fast operation, so that the drug (generally must be cut into small pieces) can be processed into cannon ginger charcoal through high heat to achieve volume expansion and fatness, such as dried ginger.
: It is another way to heat and stir-fry the drug. () (honey, wine, vinegar, ginger juice, brine, child feces)
(1) Honey burning, that is, adding refined honey and stir-frying. First wash and dry the iron pot and spatula with water, heat the iron pot, pour in the honey, add water to the honey, and then put in the pills and stir-fry repeatedly, fry until the honey juice is sucked out, and then spray a little water to fry dry, so that the drug does not stick to the hand. For example, aster, agaric bell, licorice and so on. Medicinal honey burning is the effect of taking it to moisturize the lungs, replenish and correct the taste.
(1) Direct calcination (also known as open calcination): suitable for ore and shellfish that are not easy to break drugs such as magnets, oysters, etc. The drug is placed on a wire mesh and burned in a smokeless fire, depending on the nature of the drug. Ore drugs must be reddish; shellfish drugs are reddish and pale white after cooling.
(2) Calcination (indirect burning): A small number of drugs with light body loose, such as Chen Brown, Human Hair, etc., are subject to the simmering method. That is, put the medicine in an iron pot, cover it with a smaller iron pot, seal the edge of the pot with salt mud, press a heavy object on the small iron pot, facilitate air leakage, put it on the fire until the dripping water is immediately boiled on the small iron pot, or paste it on the small pot with white paper, until the paper is burned, and then take it out after cooling.
: Wrap the medicine in moist paper or wet flour and burn it over fire (such as kudzu, ginger, wood or nutmeg) to reduce irritation.
First burn the drug red, and then immediately put the calcined minerals or the carapace bones of the animal into the cold liquid, so that it will immediately be cold and shrink and disintegrate, which is convenient for mashing and preparation
Put a small amount of medicine in a large amount of boiling water and filter it up immediately,
Four. Pharmacological theory
1． Performance of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Also known as medicinal properties, that is, the generalization of the basic properties and characteristics of the action of traditional Chinese medicine.
Medicinal properties theory: theories about medicinal properties, including four qi, five tastes, lifting and falling, returning to the scriptures, toxic and non-toxic, etc.
2． Four qi
(1) Concept: cold, hot, warm, cool four properties, also known as the four sexes.
(2) Determination basis: summarized from the human body's response to drugs.
(3) Yin and yang attributes: cold and cool belong to yin, and warm is yang.
(4) Quantitative expression: big cold - cold - slightly cold - cool - flat
Big heat - heat - temperature - micro temperature - flat
●The role of the four qi:
(1) The role of warmness
Warm Cold: Treatment of cold and cold syndrome.
Replenishing fire and helping yang: treatment of yang deficiency.
Huiyang rescue rebellion: treatment of dead yang syndrome.
Warm ventilation blood: treatment of cold coagulation stagnation blood stasis.
Side effects: Wound fluid.
(2) The role of coldness
Clear heat and diarrhea: treatment of heat evidence and surface heat evidence.
Yin nourishment: treatment of yin deficiency internal heat evidence.
Cool Blood: Treatment of blood fever.
Side effects: Hurt Yang Qi
3． Five
(1) Concept:
It is the five flavors of acid, bitterness, sweetness, spice and saltiness of the drug, and it is also a high generalization of the different functions of the drug. In addition, astringency is attached to acid, and light is attached to sweetness.
(2) Determination basis: . (Mainly master the taste of performance)
(3) Yin and yang attributes: xin, sweet, light yang, acid, bitter, astringent, salty yin.
Function: (1) The role of spicy taste (aromatic odor)
:( Treatment Of Table Evidence, Thorn Mustard), (Cure Phlegm Nucleus Fistula, Summer Dry Grass)
:( Cure Qi Stagnation Certificate, Tangerine Peel), (Cure Blood Stasis Certificate, Sichuan Root).
(3) Noh run: moisturizing kidney dryness (treatment of kidney deficiency, silk seed).
Adverse reactions: gas consumption hurts yin.
(2) The role of bitterness
(1) Can drain: 3, (clear heat and fire, cure fiery internal blazing evidence, gardenia), 2, (laxative diarrhea, cure hot knot constipation certificate, rhubarb), 1, (lower lung qi, cure asthma and cough, Magnolia; lower stomach gas, cure vomiting, persimmon).
(2) Dry: clear heat and dry wet (bitter cold medicine, anti-damp heat certificate, huanglian), dry and wet cold (bitter warm medicine, cold and wet certificate, orange peel, magnolia, Cangshu)
(3) Nengjian: Suffering can be strong yin. Huang Cedar jian kidney yin, cure kidney yin deficiency fire delusional evidence.
Adverse reactions: injury, stomach defeat.
(3) The role of sweet taste
(1): Tonic Qi (Zhiqi Deficiency Certificate, Ginseng), Blood Tonic (Cure Blood Deficiency Evidence, Cooked Land), Yin Supplement (Cure Yin Deficiency Evidence, Mai Dong), Tonic Yang (Zhiyang Deficiency Evidence, Bayan Tian).
(2): Analgesia, soothing medicinal properties. Relieves tendon and vein confinement (cure tendon and vein contracture, licorice), alleviates impatience and irritability (cures dirty manic disease, wheat).
(3): And taste, and medium (deficiency medicine, dietary medicine), blend medicinal properties (licorice). Reference can and poison.
Adverse reactions: greasy diaphragm stagnation stomach.
(4) The role of sour taste
(1) Can be astringent: the treatment of slippage can not be prohibited. In the lungs, sweating and coughing, self-sweating night sweats, long cough, such as Schisandra; In the kidney astringent sperm to stop the remains, the treatment of sperm slip sperm enuresis, etc., such as dogwood; In the large intestine, astringent intestines to relieve diarrhea, cure long-term diarrhea, such as pomegranate skin; In the five viscera, astringent and solidified, the healing yuan qi will be de-evidenced, such as the keel.
(2) Noh Shengjin: Zhijin is short of thirst, such as Ume.
Adverse reactions: Convergence of evil qi.
(5) The role of saltiness
(1): Soft and firm loose knots, cure fistula, etc., such as turtle nails.
(2): Cure the evidence inside the dry stool.
Adverse reactions: if you eat more salty food, your pulse will be coagulated.
(6) The role of light taste
(1) Energy infiltration:
Refers to the effect of drugs on the selection of a certain part of the body.
The determination of the guijing: it is based on the theory of internal organs and tendons in Traditional Chinese medicine, and is based on the diseases treated.
Clinical significance:
4． Rise and fall
(1) Concept: Refers to the four different action trends after the drug enters the human body. Rising is rising, falling is falling, floating (outward) is divergent and layman, and sinking (inward) is convergence and consolidation.
(2) Yin and yang properties
(1) Ascending floating: shengyang publishing, dispelling wind and cold, gushing vomiting, opening tricks, etc.
(2) Sedimentation: diarrhea, water, heavy town calm, submerged yang extinguishing wind, reverse vomiting, cough and asthma, etc.
Sedimentation: diarrhea, water, heavy town calm, submerged yang extinguishing wind, anti-nausea, cough and asthma, etc.
The basis for determining the rise and fall of the drug:
(1) The texture of the drug: the light weight of the main rise and floating, the mass and heavy of the main sedimentation ()
(2) The sexual taste of the drug: spicy, sweet rise and float, acid, bitter, salty sedimentation; warm medicine rises and floats, cold medicine settles.
Clinical significance: change the trend of rising and falling floating and sinking disease. Conform to the trend of the gas machine, guide according to the situation, and get rid of evil spirits.
5. Toxicity
(1) Meaning:. Poison in the broad sense: Toxicity is the bias of the drug. Poison in the narrow sense: it is easy to cause typhoid fever in the human body.
(2) Factors affecting toxicity: the most important are ( Other: collection, storage, preparation methods, dosage forms and modes of administration, compatibility, individual differences in patients.
(3) How to correctly treat the toxicity of traditional Chinese medicine "toxic concept, non-toxic drug"
Reference 1 Defect reflection
Reference 2 Treatment of acute poisons
Five. Chinese medicine compatibility and contraindications
1． Compatibility concept: 2 flavors or more of the drug is used together. objective:
2 Compatibility Relationship:
Seven love matching content
(Two or more drugs do not affect each other in the same prescription, neither alleviating nor enhancing each other's function.) ）
Two. Contraindications to medication:
1, compatibility taboo: mainly eighteen anti, nineteen fear
2. Contraindications to medication
3. Contraindications to medication in pregnancy
4. Dietary contraindications when taking medicine
3. Dosage of Chinese medicine: (one-day dosage)
1, the drug (toxicity is not, non-toxic drugs consider the quality of the drug, good quality and less dosage. The weight of the texture, the general heavy dosage is heavy. The taste of medicinal herbs is thick and light, and the amount of heavy taste is small. The effect is strong or weak. ）
2, application (generally unilateral use of large amounts. In addition the position of the drug in the prescription. What dosage form to do, if the pill powder dose is small, decoction is large. Which effect of the drug is taken. ）
3. Patient (age, sex, physique, course, illness, illness, occupation, living habits. (Women menstrual period lactation.) ）
4. In addition()
Fourth, the use of traditional Chinese medicine
1. Route of administration (reference)
2. Application form (reference)
3. Decoction method of decoction (familiar)
1) Decoction utensils: clay pots (casseroles) ceramics (enamel products) especially can not use aluminum pots iron pots can not stainless steel can barely be used.
2) Decoction of the medicine of water: clean and hygienic can be edible.
3) How much water to add: head frying, dry herbs need to absorb water + evaporated water + drink water. In addition master time, time short waterproof less. Two or three frying only need to go through the medicinal herbs.
4) Steep before frying: Generally soak in warm water, soak for at least half an hour. (Short summer, long winter)
5) The heat of the decoction: first high heat (boiling), then low heat (minimum)
6) Squeeze the residue to extract the juice
7) Number of decoctions: ordinary three times, mix well and take in divided doses. (Look at the thickness of the tablets, as thin as paper twice.) ）
8) Mineral medicines, carapace of animals, and other toxic drugs can be reduced by long-term frying, and plant medicines that should not be dissolved need to be fried first. After the bottom: volatile drugs, decoction time is very short (eg peppermint).
9) Wrapping frying: Wrapping the drug in clean gauze to fry the drug is too light (always floating on water); fine particles; hairy.
Special Treatment: Decoction (precious herbs) Yttering (gum drugs) Preparation (liquid medicines)
4. How to take medicine (familiar)
1) Time to take the drug: generally avoid eating at the same time, deworming diarrhea (early morning); after meals on the stomach irritation of the drug; tranquilizer, at night.
2) How much to take: A dose of medicine is generally paid in three times within one day.
3) The cold and hot of taking the drug: generally in a warm state; divergent wind chill (hot service); from the treatment (obedience to the illusion)