Continuing from the previous article, "Miao for Miao" XII: Wang Yangming wrote a letter to deal with the Yi Miao dispute, to the conscience and peace of the border people.
Even the greatest dynasties have reached the end of the road, and the Ming Dynasty is no exception. By the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the imperial court monarchs and ministers had big eyes and small eyes, no pioneering spirit, and no good policies in the face of the bustling crowds under the world and the national crisis on the frontier.
This chapter is the last one related to the Ming Dynasty. Let's review the Miao policy of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang fixed the capital in Nanjing, and the Ming Dynasty became the last dynasty in ancient Chinese history to be controlled by han Chinese power. From the very beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Zhu Yuanzhang began to strengthen the centralization of power, abolished the system of ministers in charge of central power, and set up "three divisions" at the local level -- the department of political envoys was responsible for civil affairs, the department of criminal envoys was responsible for justice, and all of them commanded the department of envoys to be responsible for military affairs -- to exercise jurisdiction. However, in the southwest region inhabited by ethnic minorities, the Ming Dynasty still implemented the toast system.
In the Qing Dynasty Chen Hao's "Wild Miao Tushu", the Miao people near Anshun
With the strengthening of centralized power, the Ming Dynasty was eager to bring the areas controlled by the Southwest Tusi under the direct jurisdiction of the imperial court. The toasts in the southwest region divided one side and controlled local finances, which caused great trouble to the imperial court. Therefore, "returning the land to the stream", abolishing the southwest ethnic minority toast division, and directly ruling the minority areas by the imperial court to send officials to directly rule the minority areas have become the needs of social development. However, in the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty's "land reform and return to the stream" in the southwest region was not smooth, and many places still implemented the toast system.
The Ming Dynasty did not completely solve the Mongol problem, so to enter and control Yunnan, it was necessary to open up the Guizhou road into Yunnan, "if you want to take Yunnan, you must emphasize Guizhou." In the Ming Dynasty, Guizhou was the only way for the Central Plains to enter Yunnan, and to open up this road, it was necessary to take down the Shuixi tribes at the junction of Sichuan, Qian, and Yunnan, most of which was in the northwestern region of present-day Qian, which had been ruled by the Yi Tusi, and the Miao people were the subjects of the Shuixi Yi Tusi.
The Hmong people's half-sided stilt house to prevent attacks by beasts of prey in the mountains
Ming Taizu's policies that had a deep influence on the Miao were: military conquest, transportation construction, and Tuntian migration. To this day, the Miao people still have legends such as the Ming Dynasty Anshun building the city, the luxury incense lady, and the northern expedition to the south.
Wu Fu was a famous general of the Ming Dynasty, who was brave and strategic in his youth, and gathered the villagers to protect his hometown at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and later responded in Haozhou and submitted to Zhu Yuanzhang, with outstanding military achievements. In the first year of Hongwu (1368), Wu Fu was given the title of General Huaiyuan and Commander of An Luwei. Later, he followed Fu Youde to pacify Sichuan and conquer Yunnan and Guangxi. In the sixteenth year of Hongwu (1383), due to the old wounds of gold sores, he died in Puding (present-day Anshun, Guizhou) and posthumously recognized the Duke of Qianguo. To this day, the historical records of Anshun still record the merits of Wu Fu, because Anshun was built by Wu Fu.
In order to consolidate the southwest, Zhu Yuanzhang not only let Mu Ying lead a large army to garrison Yunnan, but also let Wu Fuxuan set up a fence to build a city in the Adab Village, where "the southwest rushed to the opera, the Throat of yihan, the soil was thick and the water was deep, and the peaks of The Chuan Dynasty were listed", and merged Pudingwei and Xi'an Prefecture to establish the Anshun Military and Civilian Palace, and from then on "Anshun" officially became a place name. The Guizhou Tujing says, "The city is surrounded by 715 steps, the four gates of the perimeter wall, the east is chaotian, the west is Hu'an, the south is Huaiyuan, the north is Zhenyue, and in the fourteenth year of Hongwu (1381), Anlu waited for Wu to restore it." ”
Later, part of the 300,000 Ming army that entered Qian "raised soldiers in the field on the spot, and the family members were subsequently discharged." History calls it "Transferring the North to the South", and as a result, the villages named after the TunJun garrison were scattered throughout Anshun. The Tun army from Jiangnan brought advanced farming and culture from Jiangnan, and by the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Anshun had become increasingly prosperous, becoming "a region with three states and a domain of control and a hundred barbarians". When Xu Xiake passed through this place, he praised: "The city is steep and tidy, the streets are magnificent", "the floors cross the streets, and the market is very prosperous".
The descendants of the Ming Dynasty in Anshun Han Army Tun hu are now called Tunbao people, and to this day they still adhere to the Ming Dynasty cultural customs and costume characteristics passed down from generation to generation, and their costumes originate from the early Ming Dynasty, with the characteristics of the Central Plains, and their customs have gradually evolved into today's unique "Tunbao culture" after more than 600 years of inheritance. Tunpu is a "living fossil" of Han culture and is the last ancient village in the world with the style of the Ming Dynasty.
The people of Tunbao are preparing for the festival
Today, with Anshun as the center, including Puding, Pingba, Zhenning, Ziyun, Qingzhen, Changshun, Qinglong and other hundreds of square kilometers, there are Han Chinese who are different from the local ethnic minorities in terms of tone, customs, clothing, beliefs, architecture, etc. Most of the villages inhabited by these Han Chinese are named after tuns, forts, officials, guans, sentries, cards, guards, and institutes with a military nature, of which tun and fort are the most, "Anping County Chronicle of People's Livelihood", "Tunbao people with their place of residence". "Anshun Fu Zhi , Customs Andi " , " Tunjun Bao people , all under the command of Hongwu , were transferred to the north and marched south ... Scattered in the townships of Tunbao, the family followed to Qian." "The Tunbao people are the descendants of the Tunjun army of the Ming Dynasty." The language of the Tunbao people maintains a Ming Dynasty Jiangnan accent, close to today's old Nanjing dialect.
The process of the Ming Dynasty establishing a guard house in northwestern Qianxi was the process of conquering the Yi and Miao tribes in the shuixi region. In the fourteenth year of Hongwu (1381), Ming Taizu sent his ministers Umeng and Usa to pay tribute to the Ming Dynasty, and Fu Youde unified an army of 300,000 to suppress Zhu Tusi. According to the legend of the Miao people of Bijie and Weining, when the Wusa army was defeated and fled from the territory of present-day Yiliang County, Yunnan, the Ming Dynasty army passed through the watershed of Wumengdi, the mountain was originally a forest, it was razed to the ground for tens of miles, and the bamboo and trees were destroyed where the soldiers went, which showed that the number of people and horses was unprecedented in the Miao ancestors. Legend has it that the Han army came to Weining via the Wild Horse River (between Weining and Bijie), and did not rest for dozens of days, and the Miao people were terrified and fled into the mountain of Wujiao. Later, Lady Xiangxiang entered Beijing to complain about the Ma Ye incident, and opened the Qianchuan Yidao and submitted to the Ming Dynasty forever in exchange for killing Ma YeXue. Ming Taizu finally realized that the Sichuan army entered Qian through the Yidao Road, opened the Sichuan, Qian, and Yunnan communication lines, and the large army passed through Usa Umeng, and from then on controlled the Yimin in Yunnan and Guizhou. In the 24th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1287), the Xuanwei Division of Usa Umeng and other divisions was established, which was subordinate to Yunnan Province, and set up the division at Wusa Road (present-day Weining, Guizhou), leading the four roads of military and civilian administration of Wusa, Wumeng (present-day Zhaotong, Yunnan), Dongchuan (present-day Huize, Yunnan), and Mangbu (present-day Xiongbei, Yunnan). It can be said that the Ming Dynasty firmly controlled the main traffic routes from Guizhou to Yunnan through luxury incense, which led to local economic development and also had a good cultural impact on the local ethnic minority people.
Later, Ming Taizu also had a large number of troops in Bijie, Dingbian, Qujing and other places, and a large number of Han people entered the northwestern region of present-day Qian, and a large number of Miao Yi had to migrate to southern Yunnan. In present-day northwestern Qian, except for the large flower seedlings and some small flower seedlings, some Dading white seedlings and cattle horn seedlings, the other Miao tribes all stated that their history began in Hongwu, which was due to the historical memory of the hasty migration during the war.
After the establishment of Guizhou Province, the Ming Dynasty strengthened its rule over the Guizhou region, but due to the oppression and exploitation of the rulers, the people's resistance struggles rose and fell. In June of the eleventh year of Yongle (1413), More than 2,000 people, including Sizhou Tailuo and other 14 zhai Miao Puliang and Others, and More than 2,000 people, including Hongjiang and Hongpi, attacked Zhenyuan and Qinglangwei, and were suppressed by Gu Cheng, the Marquis of Zhenyuan, early the following year.
In the second year of Xuande (1427), Shuixi Awuyi led more than 8,000 people to hold a tax resistance campaign, and in August of the fifth year of Xuande (1430), the prefect of Ula Province, Yan Luji, said: "Shi Geye, the chief of the Zhigu and Zhiyi Chiefs, gathered to haunt Tongren, Pingtou, and Urn Bridge, and lured Shi Jiniang and Wu Bilang, the chief of Ziping, to rebel. "In the eighteenth year of Jiajing (1539), a people's revolt broke out in the border areas of Hunan Province, Qian, and Sichuan Provinces for more than ten years. In the thirteenth year of orthodoxy (1448), King Ji of Bingbu Shangshu was ordered to conquer the Tusi of Western Yunnan, and in the Miao areas through the Miao area, the Miao people rebelled because of the wanton requisition of grain and grass. At the end of the year, the Ming Dynasty appointed Wang Ji as a general of Pingman, the general soldiers "to recruit rebellious Miao", and the Miao people in Chishui, Bijie and other places blocked officers and soldiers in northwest Qianxi.
By the end of the Ming Dynasty, heavy taxes and class oppression caused a large number of Soldiers to flee, and the Imperial Court had to use the power of Tusi to rule the Guizhou region, which made the Power of Tusi swell and support the soldiers themselves. The Ming Dynasty used the strength of several provinces to quell the rebellion of Theoji of Bozhou and an An Bangyan, the official of the Western Tutu of Dingshui. In the first year of the Apocalypse (1621), after the rise of the Jin Dynasty in Liaodong, the Ming army was repeatedly defeated, in order to relieve the urgent need, the Ming Dynasty requisitioned Yongning Xuanfu Si Tusi Su Chongming led his troops to rescue Liaodong, And Su Chongming took the opportunity to send his son-in-law Fan Long and the general Zhang Tong to lead 20,000 infantry and cavalry to Chongqing, choosing the opportunity to launch a rebellion. In February of the second year of the Apocalypse (1622), An Bangyan raised an army in response to the rebellion of Su Chongming, calling himself the "King of Luodian" and leading 100,000 rebels into Guiyang. During the 10-month siege, there were no reinforcements outside Guiyang, and there was a shortage of grain inside, so that the people in the city "cannibalized". An Bangyan's rebels spread to most of Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Hunan and other places, and besieged Guiyang three times. When An Bangyan raised an army, "every time he tries to succeed, he will seduce miao (species) outside the water to disturb me", which shows that An Bangyan attracted many ethnic minorities living along the way during his attack on Guiyang. In August of the second year of Chongzhen (1629), An Bangyan was pacified by zhu Xieyuan of the Bingbu Shangshu and the soldiers and horses of the five provinces of Guigui, Sichuan, Hu, Dian, and Guangdong, and was killed in the Red Earth River of Sichuan due to the defeat of the army.
The Ming Dynasty made many attempts to change the land and return to Guizhou, "In the eleventh year of Yongle (1413), Sinan and Sizhou killed each other, and they were ordered to send 50,000 soldiers to the Beijing Division." After the "land was changed and returned to the stream" at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the central government set up "three divisions" to administer the local area, "but divided into eight provinces and four prefectures, and set up the Guizhou Cloth Administration Division... Place the Guizhou Capital Command Division, place the Eighteen Guards...". After the land was rehabilitated and returned to the stream, Guizhou was divided into eight provinces and four prefectures, and the imperial court appointed exile officials to administer it.
The status of Guiyang, the capital of Guizhou Province, was also established after the "land reform and return to the stream" in the early Ming Dynasty, and the history records: "Guiyang Province, formerly known as the Chief Minister of Cheng Fan. Hongwu Chu, placed in Guizhou Xuanwei Division, under the jurisdiction of Sichuan. In the eleventh year of Yongle (1413), it was transferred to Guizhou".
The Ming Dynasty abolished toast in ethnic minority areas, re-assigned officials, and implemented the jurisdiction of the three divisions, which was conducive to centralized rule. Guizhou has cleared the barriers of the Miao people, Li Dong and other ethnic minorities on the divided side, strengthened regional control, and facilitated the central government's governance and control of Guizhou and the surrounding southwest regions.
At the same time, the policy of "changing the land and returning to the stream" in the southwest region also made many Miao compatriots and Han people work together to tun tian shu bian, which shows that the Ming Dynasty's ethnic integration policy has achieved certain results. However, the integration relationship between the various nationalities in the Ming Dynasty was reflected in the national oppression events of the Ming Dynasty.
During the Ming Dynasty, the Li people of Hainan Island developed rapidly, but the Ming Dynasty's management of the Li area mainly relied on local powerful toasts. The tuguans and tushes of the Li people, who were supported by the Ming Dynasty, often squeezed and bullied the Li people. Tuguan was generally the upper echelon leader of the Li appointed by the Ming Dynasty, and Tushe was a local armed organization established under the weishou system. These tuguans and tushe nominally worked full-time to fuli, commanded the Li soldiers, and actually held the military and political power in the region and became the local tu emperor. They are committing crimes everywhere in the areas under their jurisdiction. The Li people nominally "paid grain to the tushe and lost to the officials", but in fact the tushe "requisitioned and allowed it to be calculated and paid into their own pockets", and the peasants' cultivated land "can be seized from the tushe" at any time. The Chronicle of Anding County says: "The fierce flame of suppression in the present-day tushe is light, but it is a long cockroach and a silkworm to be fattened by adultery, and a flattering official mansion to be carved... Borrowing the office of the Emperor, he made himself a small court." Many li people who lost their land were forced into exile, and they were extremely resentful of the local officials and the earthhouses, and often held uprisings.
In the fourteenth year of Hongzhi (1501), Qiongzhou suffered from floods and droughts, and the two prefects of Zhang Huan and Yu Jun were not sympathetic to the hardships of the people, and still wantonly levied and were even more greedy, especially greedy, and greatly lost the hearts of the people. Fu Nansnake of Qifang Pass (present-day Qifang Township, Baisha County) led a large-scale uprising of the Li people in Danzhou, "all the Li people in the ten counties of the three prefectures led the arrows and responded to the wind", "there were more than 10,000 people", "the number of the crowd was 100,000", "the number of the people was 100,000", "shaking the overseas three thousand miles, Hainan several dangers". The rebel army wiped out more than 3,000 Ming troops in one battle. Mao Rui, the general of the Liangguang General Army, once led "100,000 Handa officers and wolf soldiers" to Danzhou to suppress it. The uprising later failed, and Fu Nan snake fell into the river with an arrow and died. "Wolf Soldier" is "Wolf Soldier" and "Soil Soldier". It is generally believed that the "wolf soldiers" originated in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and were local armed forces formed by the Zhuang Tusi at that time (the main ethnic components of the wolf soldiers are the Yao and Dong ethnic groups). "Wolf soldiers" are mainly distributed in northwestern Guangxi and parts of southern Guizhou, and are called "wolf soldiers" because of their bravery in combat. The Ming court once dispatched "wolf soldiers" to the Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions to fight against the Wokou and suppress the Yaomin uprising in Guangxi. After the end of the war, the "wolf soldiers" were sent by the imperial court to settle down on some of guiping's key transportation routes in the remote mountainous areas. "Tubing" refers to the Tushi soldier of the Tujia family in western Hunan Province. It is difficult to say whether there were Miao among these "wolf soldiers", but it is known that the Ming Dynasty army would recruit a considerable number of ethnic minority members when fighting.
In the Yazhou area, where the Li people are more concentrated, the Li people have a relatively high degree of Sinicization and a relatively developed economy, but they are also deeply oppressed by Han landlords and Li tuguans and tushes. The landlord bureaucracy "treacherously and corruptly harassed the Li people and extorted cattle and wealth", blackmailed the Li people, and constantly provoked the people to resist. In April of the twenty-seventh year of Jiajing (1548), Shao Jun of Yazhou Zhizhou and the judge Huang Benjing were greedily harassing the Li people, and the contradictions intensified, and an uprising led by Nayan and Naqiao in Shizhi Village (present-day Zhizhong Township, Ledong County) broke out, with as many as 4,000 people participating for a while, and receiving responses from Thanksgiving, Changhua Ancient Town Prefecture Fu Menqin and others. The uprising centered on Yazhou, from Lingshui in the east to Changhua in the west, to sanzhou county, which greatly shook the rule of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty had to mobilize more than 80,000 "Liangguang Handa Tushe Soldiers" and "(Guangxi) Liangjiang Wolf Andu Officials and Soldiers" from Liangguang to enter the country, and it took 3 years to suppress the revolt of the Li people. According to Hainan folklore, the Miao people moved to Hainan Island as early as during the Jiajing period. This shows that among the indigenous soldiers of the ethnic minorities in the two Guangdong provinces, there may be some Miao native soldiers.
Statue of a bull's head hanging from a Hmong home
However, the Ming Dynasty's way of handling ethnic issues without starting from the perspective of reducing the burden on the nationalities did not alleviate the contradictions and oppression of the local people, and the Li people in the Yazhou area launched many uprisings one after another. In the winter of the 40th year of the Wanli Calendar (1612), Nayang, Naga and other leaders of the Li tribe in Yazhou (present-day Sanya City, Ledong County, and other places) launched a mass uprising of Luo huo, Baoyou (present-day Sanping and Baoyou town, Ledong County) and Zhu Tong (ancient general name for ethnic minorities in southwest China). The rebels burned government offices everywhere and killed bureaucratic landlords. In the face of a massive uprising of the Li people, the Ming Dynasty ordered the sub-general Xue Hong'ao and Zong Zengzhong to lead troops to encircle and suppress in the first month of the forty-first year of the Wanli calendar (1613), while Fu Litong ordered Tushe Fu Qifeng to go to Zhaofu. The two factions disagreed on whether to suppress the uprisings of ethnic minorities, resulting in discord.
Fu Qifeng and Bao Yuyu initially made a pact to prepare for the court's appeasement, and Zong Zengzhong disobeyed the order to ask for merit, in an attempt to take advantage of the lack of preparation for negotiations between Fu Qifeng and the rebel army to suppress the rebel army in one fell swoop. The conspiracy of the Ming generals was discovered by the rebel army, and Hu Youzhi "turned his back on the alliance" and fought jointly with the rebel army of Luo Huozhi, shooting Xue Hong'ao, defeating the Ming army, and Fu Qifeng was also shot dead in the melee.
In November, the Ming Dynasty urgently dispatched Zhang Wanji, deputy commander-in-chief of Nantou, Yang Yingchun, deputy commander-in-chief of Lei Lian, and Zhang Shougui, a staff general, to lead an attack. Due to the corruption of the Ming army, the incompetence of command, and the inferior combat effectiveness, the rebel army defeated the Ming army, and Zhang Wangi, Zhang Shougui, and others were killed.
After the Ming army suffered two crushing defeats, the Ming government, in order to find countermeasures to suppress the uprising, appointed Zhao Menglin to lead the garrison officers and soldiers and the reinforcement army to jointly defend and confront the rebel army. Yazhou arrested General Wu Ye, a member of the more prestigious Li people, Zhang Bangnian and others, and escorted them to Yazhou City to be imprisoned as hostages in a vain attempt to disintegrate the rebel army, which backfired and provoked more Li people to participate in the rebellion. The rebel army captured the Ming army's Leping camp stronghold and marched south to besiege the city of Yazhou, and the situation in Yazhou was "as dangerous as an egg".
Emperor Mingzong ordered The Ming Emperor to dispatch all officers and soldiers and Guangxi wolf soldiers to converge in Yazhou. After meticulous planning, the Ming army carried out large-scale encirclement and suppression of the rebel army in seven ways with absolute superiority in troops. In December, the rebels of Luo Huo and Baoyou were outnumbered, and their positions were first broken through by the Ming army from the east road and forced to retreat. After the Ming army's various roads and horses converged, they formed a powerful offensive, broke through the rebel army's defense line, and captured Baoyu. The rebel army suffered heavy losses, some jumped off cliffs and jumped into the river and died, and the Ming army burned the rebel army's base area to hug Youzhi.
After the loss of Baoyu, the rebel army lost its barrier, and the Ming army drove in, and the rebel army gathered in Luo Huo burned the village and entered the deep mountains. Soon, Luo Huotong fell behind. The Ming army entered the mountains to search for them, and 182 people, including the leader of the uprising, Na Wei, were arrested and killed. The Ming army again beckoned the masses down the mountain, and the Uprising of the Li people, which lasted for a year, ultimately failed.
After the uprising was suppressed, the Ming Dynasty learned its lesson and had to make some rectifications to the corrupt officials at that time, such as removing the corrupt official Fu Litong and judging ge jing, removing the earthen houses in some areas and changing them to grain chiefs. The Ming government took the advice of the general He Binchen to build castles in Luohuo and Baoyu Ertong, set up garrisons, and sent troops to defend them. "Changed the reason to Le'an camp, transferred 396 long soldiers to defend, and proposed to set up a garrison member; changed Lehuo (Luo Huo) to Le'an, transferred 300 Guangxi medicine crossbowmen to guard, and ruled the general." At the same time, the land of the rebellious masses was confiscated, and Li Tian was cleared, "giving 300 medicine crossbowmen in Guangxi with 30 hectares for Tun Tian" (屯田).
According to the above historical records, these 300 Guangxi medicine crossbowmen are one of the ancestors of the Miao people who first moved to Hainan Island. Book XIII of the Chronicle of Yazhou states: "There is a kind of Miao Li, where hundreds of families ... During the Ming Dynasty of Gaiqian, Pingluohuo, Baoyou Erzhi, Jianle (An) Dingying, transferred the Guangxi Miao soldiers to defend, called the medicine crossbowmen, and the rear camp was abandoned, and the descendants scattered in the valley, still under the name of Miao. It can be seen that these Miao soldiers were Tuntian soldiers with families who were transferred from Guangxi by the Ming Dynasty to defend against the uprising of the Li people. But later, the descendants of these Miao soldiers in Tuntian, Hainan Island, the land was annexed by the landlord bureaucracy, and they had to disperse deep in the mountains. Luo Huo Tong (Le'an Camp), the area around present-day Sanping Township in Ledong County, is still a settlement of Miao compatriots. Now the Miao people throughout Hainan Island speak the same language, and there are few differences in phonemics, which shows that they are all descendants of the Miao people.
Hainan Li and Miao traditional festival "March 3" performance
It has always been the long-cherished wish of the Ming Dynasty to return to the land in ethnic areas, including the ethnic areas where the Miao people live, but the Ming Dynasty did not solve this problem in the end in 276 (not counting the Southern Ming). The thorough and irreversible transformation of the southwestern ethnic regions, then, can only be left to the Qing Dynasty, the last feudal dynasty in China.
To be continued.