In everyday life, we are mainly in contact with solid, liquid and gaseous states, which are often referred to as the first, second and third states of matter, respectively. It is well known that when the temperature changes, solid, liquid and gaseous states transform into each other. These changes have enriched our lives. But, apart from these three states, are there any other states? With the development of science and technology, people have discovered that there are many new states of matter.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > plasma state</h1>
As we all know, atoms are made up of nuclei and electrons, and electrons usually rotate around them. If the temperature continues to rise, when the temperature rises to thousands or even millions of degrees, the electrons of the gaseous substance can get rid of the attraction of the nucleus, so that the negatively charged electrons begin to roam freely, the atoms become positively charged ions At this time, the substance becomes a mixture of electrons and cations, and the whole system is neutral. Scientists call ionized gases "plasma states." In addition to high temperatures, irradiating gases with strong ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays can also turn the gas into a plasma state.
Maybe you think this state is very rare! Scientific studies have shown that 99.9% of the matter in the universe exists in a plasma state. Because most of the bright planets in the universe have extremely high temperatures and pressures inside, almost all of the material in these planets is in a plasma state. There are also plasmas on Earth: the high-altitude ionosphere, lightning, aurora, etc. Fluorescent lamps and mercury lamp ionization gases are artificial plasmas. The most observable plasma state in life is flame.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > two, supersolid</h1>
If we continue to pressurize matter at pressures of several gigapascals, the electrons in the atom will be compressed to squeeze tightly with the nucleus. Not only will the space between atoms be compressed and disappeared, but the periphery of the atom will also be compressed and disappeared. The electron layer was also crushed. All the nuclei and electrons are tightly squeezed together. At this point, there are no longer gaps in the substance. Scientists call it supersolid. Because electrons are all "squeezed out" from atoms to form electron gas, the exposed nuclei are tightly arranged, and the density of this substance is very high. It is about 36 million to hundreds of millions of times denser than water. A piece of super material the size of a ping-pong ball weighs at least 1,000 tons.
Substances in ultra-solid are crystalline solids, but it can flow smoothly, non-viscous liquids. Astronomers have discovered that there is a dense white dwarf in space far from Earth, and its interior should also be filled with "supersolid" material. At the center of the earth in which we live, the pressure reaches about 350 gpa, and the matter should be present in supersolid form.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > third, neutron state</h1>
If more pressure is applied to the supersolid material, the final nucleus and electrons will not be able to be squeezed together, at which point the nucleus will be destroyed and protons and neutrons will be released from it. The protons released from the nucleus will combine with electrons to become neutrons under extreme stress. In this way, the structure of matter has undergone a fundamental change, and the atomic nucleus and primordial electrons have now become neutrons. This state is called a neutron state.
Much of this shape exists in the form of a type of star called a "neutron star." Moderate-mass stars (with masses 1.44 to 2 times the mass of the Sun) transform into "neutron stars" during contractions in later years. In the universe, it is estimated that only a few stars have this form of matter. What is even more frightening is the density of neutron matter, which is 100,000 times larger than that of supersolid matter! Ships with a capacity of 10,000 tons can only hold neutron matter the size of sesame seeds. The matchbox-sized neutron-like substance weighs 3 billion tons and requires more than 960,000 heavy locomotives to pull it!
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >4</h1>
If we continue to cool the material and lose its resistance at a certain critical temperature, they can have perfect conductivity due to the zero resistance of the superconductors. A superconducting state is a specific state of matter that occurs at very low temperatures. When in an external magnetic field, it will have a weak repulsive force on the magnetic field. Superconductivity was discovered in 1911, and in the 30K absolute temperature range, only certain metals and alloys have this property. It was not until 1986 that a property called high-temperature superconductivity was discovered in certain ceramic oxides, and the temperature produced by this substance rose to an absolute temperature of 164 K.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > five, antimatter state</h1>
In 1930, when the British physicist Dirac used mathematical methods to describe the laws of electron motion, he discovered that the charge of an electron could be negative or positive. Therefore, he speculated that there may be some positively charged "abnormal" electrons in nature. Two years later, when the American physicist Anderson studied cosmic rays in space, he did discover particles with the same mass and quantity of charge as electrons but with opposite charge properties. This doesn't dovetail with Dirac's predictions, which Anderson called positrons. However, positrons cannot exist stably, and they will collide with adjacent electrons and combine to form photons shortly after they appear. This is the phenomenon of "annihilation".
Just as the positron is the anti-state of the negative electron, the antimatter is also the antimorph of normal matter. Positive and negative protons are counterions, which have the same mass but have opposite electrical properties compared to so-called electrons and protons. Once antimatter and matter meet, they attract and collide with each other and convert 100% into light and release enormous amounts of energy. This process is called annihilation.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > last</h1>
There are about 5 states of matter that we are not common to list, and there are other states that are not listed, such as glass, liquid crystal, superfluid, etc., as well as superionic, radiation field, quantum field, etc. If you are interested, you can consult the information yourself.
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