<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="2" >1. Misload analysis of the "Dongmiao Rebellion" in the "Ming Shi • Guizhou Toast Column Biography"</h1>
The "Liping Province" article of the Ming Shi Guizhou Tusi Lie biography has the following record of the "Rebellion of Eastern Miao".
In the first year of Tianshun, the town guard eunuch Ruan Rang said: "Dongmiao is the head of the Guizhou Miao, the bearer of the risk, the arrogance of the king, forcing him to plant, and the Eastern Miao Ping is the Miao." The subject will discuss with Fang Ying and ask for a teacher. Therefore, he issued an edict to Sichuan and Huguang to proclaim consolation and to appease the teachers to beg thieves. For three years, the military governor Yushi Baigui planted a mountain basket with grain, which was the wing of the Eastern Miao, and it was advisable to suppress it first. Because Tongying entered qingya, the general Li Guijin entered the cowhide basket, the general Liu Yu entered the grain seed, and the general Li Zhen entered the ghost mountain. All directions are shortcut, Keshuimill Dam and other one hundred and forty-seven villages, the generals compound soldiers Qingya, attack Shimen Mountain, Ke Swing wounds and other thirty-nine villages. Still divided into four roads, attacking Dongnong, Zhu Gai, Jiadi and other 437 villages. The thief retreated the pig to Mount Liumei. The combined troops marched forward, cut more than 5,000 levels, and killed the pigs. Send Kyoshi Fu Jie.
After repeated examination of this paragraph, it was found that it was purely a misplacement of historical materials. The events mentioned in the original text certainly did not occur in the territory of "Liping Province" in the Ming Dynasty, but in the Ridge of Miaoling Mountain, southeast of the provincial capital "Guizhou City". There are six reasons for this.
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="36" >1</h1>
When the Ming Dynasty literature records involve "Liping Province", the Miao people are called "Miao", "Miao Thief" and "Zhu Miao", and there is no case of "Eastern Miao". In the (Hongzhi) Guizhou Tujing Xinzhi, (Jiajing) Guizhou Tongzhi, Yancheng Jiwen, Guo Zizhang's Qianji, and other classics, all references to "Dongmiao" have no connection with the "Liping Province" of the Ming Dynasty, but with the "Xintian" and "Longli" Zhuwei. It is enough to prove that the "Dongmiao Rebellion" will not occur in "Liping Province".
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="38">
2. From the paraphrasing of the self-designation of "Dongmiao"</h1>
"Dongmiao", according to contemporary fieldwork, is derived from a transliteration of the local Miao people calling themselves "Tama". The local Hmong language belongs to the Huishui sub-dialect, a western dialect of the Hmong language. This sub-dialect was commonly used in any Miao villages under the jurisdiction of "Liping Province" in the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, based on this, the "Dongmiao Rebellion" could not have occurred in "Liping Province".
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="42" >3</h1>
The "Liping Province" is between Huguang, Guizhou, and Guangxi, and the large-scale joint military operations of the three provinces should not use Sichuan's troops, but Guangxi's troops. Only in the war around guizhou city can it be possible to use the officers and men of Sichuan, Huguang, and Guizhou provinces and the tusi to jointly fight. Judging from the pattern of troop transfer, it is impossible for this war to occur in the territory of "Liping Province".
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="46" >4</h1>
In the original text of the Ming Shilu, it is recorded as follows: "In April of the second year of Tianshun (1458), Shuhu guang, Guizhou commander-in-chief Nan and Hou Fangying, etc.: 'Desong, the thirteen thieves of Dongmiao have called pigs and other false names, attacked and plundered Duyun and other places, and have sent the original recruiting officers and troops from Yunnan, Sichuan, and Shufu to listen to the tune. He was reinstated as the right deputy capital, Yushi Bai Guizan, to handle military affairs. Er and others will soon dispatch their officers and troops and the former transferred officers and soldiers from Huguang, Guizhou, and Bozhou to strictly supervise the training, and wait for soldiers and horses from all over the country to march together to March. Or points or combinations, the camera wins, and the gram is cherished to eliminate the side problems. "Ming Shilu of Yingzong Tianshun Shilu, vol. 290
In this passage of the Ming Shilu, the word "Thirteen Fan of Dongmiao" is explicitly mentioned, and "Thirteen Fan" refers to the "Thirteen Fan" under the jurisdiction of "Cheng Fan Fu" or "Ding Fan Prefecture" in the future. Although there are thirteen chief divisions under the jurisdiction of "Liping Province", this is only a coincidence of numbers, and the thirteen chief divisions under the jurisdiction of "Liping Province" have never been called "thirteen times". The territory of "Thirteen Fan" such as "Long Fan" is located in the south of the Miaoling Mountains of the "Dongmiao" distribution area, so the original text of the "Ming Shilu" is called "Dongmiao Thirteen Fan". Therefore, it is known that the distribution area of Dongmiao will certainly not be far away from "Liping Province", but only near the provincial capital "Guizhou City".
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="52" >5</h1>
The Ming Shilu also said: "In April of the third year of Tianshun (1459), Zanli Huguang and Guizhou's right deputy military governor Yushi BaiGui sang: 'The subject was ordered to enter Dongmiao with Nan and Bo Fangying. It is advisable to cut off the wings of the Eastern Miao first, so that the troops will advance into four advances: the subjects and the ying soldiers will enter the Qingya, the right deputy general Will Supervise Li Guibing into the cowhide basket, the right counselor General Liu Yubing will enter the grain seed, and the left counselor will supervise Li Zhenbing into the Ghost Mountain. Keshuichuan Dam and other 147 villages, beheaded 756 levels, captured more than 900 people. The generals compounded the troops to Qingya, marched into Shimen Mountain, and wounded thirty-nine villages, beheaded three hundred and eleven, and captured two hundred and seventy people. Still divided into four ways to attack Dong Nong, Bamboo Gai and Jia Di. Along the way, 437 villages such as Xiantang and Jinpi, Jiang Urn, and Pendulum Province were broken, and 5,000 thieves were captured and beheaded. The head of the thief took the pigs and others to the poor and retreated to Liumei Mountain, Weng Shouhe and other places. The soldiers of all roads marched in, captured pigs and other pigs and 620 thieves, beheaded 4,790 ranks, and captured more than 5,500 women. The whole division returned to camp. The gun sent the pig and twenty other people to the Beijing Division. Destiny in the city. "Yingzong Tianshun Shilu" of the Ming Shilu( vol. 302.
After comparing the Ming Dynasty 'Fang Zhi" with contemporary maps, it was found that all of these place names were located in present-day Guiyang City and Huishui, Longli and other counties, and none of the place names were located in the territory of "Liping Province" at that time. According to this, the entire war zone of the "Dongmiao Rebellion" had nothing to do with the "Liping Province" at that time.
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="57" >6</h1>
.“ The leader of the "Dongmiao Rebellion", "Gan Tong Pig", the word "handle" in the middle of his personal name is the honorific character used by the Miao people who speak the Huishui sub-dialect, meaning "father", and is often used as the honorific title of zhai lao. The "gan" in this name is a transliteration of the word "boat" in the Hmong name. And "pig" is also a transliteration of the word used in the name, which means "ancestral drum". Therefore, judging from the naming and characters of personal names, it was also very different from the Miao and Dong ethnic groups in the "Liping Province" area at that time. In the Ming Dynasty, the miao names in the territory of "Liping Province" implemented a three-generation joint name system of sons, fathers and ancestors, and the names of people were longer, which was very different from the naming format of "gan gang pig".
In summary, the editors of the "History of Ming" placed this paragraph of written records in the "Liping Province" item is a complete mistake, and it should be moved to the "Guiyang Military and Civilian House" item, before the "Cheng Fan Fu" setting.
Second, to calm the significance of the times of the "Eastern Miao Rebellion"
The "Eastern Miao Rebellion" was a key battle in the Qianzhong region of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming army won a great victory in this battle, officially took over this "habitat" inhabited by the Miao ethnic group, relieved the trouble of guizhou city in Guizhou Province, and thus laid the foundation for the Ming court to formally establish a government in the Qianzhong region. Now, according to the relevant records of the Ming Shilu, the special significance of this war is revealed.
"Ming Shilu": "In July of the second year of Tianshun (1458), Zhen shou Huguang and the Eunuch Ruan Rang of Guizhou sang: 'Dongmiao is the head of all kinds of barbarians in Guizhou, and he is in danger of being arrogant, and he claims to be the king, and many other types are coerced, and Dongmiao Ping is disobeyed by all barbarians.'" The chief officers of the imperial army, Nan and Hou Fangying, and others planned to discuss the matter of collusion, and he would like to hear: One tuning Yongshun, Baojing, and other Xuanwei Tu soldiers, begging for money and rewarding labor to reward and persuade them; Yidong Miao was accustomed to horse warfare, while our army rode more and less, begging officials to buy horses and divide the army into cavalry battles; Once transferred to various places, officers and soldiers should be added to the silver bowls, and the merits should be rewarded for morale; the place guarded by Li Zhen, the right counselor of Jingzhou in a town, is now Ningjing, and begs to lead the army to attack. "Ming Shilu "(Yingzong Tianshun Shilu) volume 293
In order to quell the "Rebellion of Eastern Miao", the Ming Dynasty's extensive range of troops and the amount of military expenditure consumed to boost morale are not difficult to see, and the Ming Dynasty is almost doing its best to ensure that it must be obtained. The goal is to completely open up this Miao "habitat" that can directly threaten the safety of the provincial city. It mentions that the Miao people's "habitual horse warfare" is worth noting, and this record helps to explain how the "Eastern Miao" can cross the lofty mountains and mountains to run to the capital and defend, and can safely withdraw, which is the key to the Ming Dynasty's determination.
The Ming Shilu also reads: "In July of the second year of Tianshun (1458), the edict Hu Guangyongshun Xuanwei Si YiWei made Peng Shijie, Baojing Xuanwei Si Xuanwei made Peng She afraid of Qi, Guizhou Xuanwei Si Yi Wei made An Longfu, Sichuan Bozhou Xuanwei Si Xuanwei Made Yang Hui, Sichuan Youyang Xuanfu Si Yi Fu Ran Tingfu, Jin Shi Ran Tingzhang, Guizhou Jinzhu Pacifying Si Shu Ren Jin Huan Yue: 'Recently, Because of the negative solidity of the Guizhou Dongmiao Ugly, the false number, the crowd gathered to intercept the road, and the castle was attacked, and the town guard huguang, the Guizhou general officer Nan and Hou Fangying had been ordered to mobilize a large army to attack and suppress.' to remove the side problem. Even if the elite native soldiers were selected to bring their own equipment, and the leader of the commission or the leader of the commission went to Fang Ying and other places to listen to the killing of thieves, it was not allowed to delay the wrong thing. On the day of meritorious service, the reward is increased again, and the ning family is released after the thief is leveled. After returning to the memory of Er tired of loyalty, he specially gave silver two and color sections in the table. To, can be collared also. "Ming Shilu of Yingzong Tianshun Shilu, vol. 293
Based on the above records, it can be seen that the Ming court mobilized the three provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan, and Huguang to participate in the war, and the Huguang and Sichuan toasts all came at the behest, but An Longfu did not dispatch troops in time to participate in the war. From this difference in behavior between toasts, it is not difficult to see that the pacification of the "East Miao" poses a threat to the power of shuixi toast, and the toast will be so yang and yin. This can reveal from one side that the special value of pacifying the "Eastern Miao" to ensure the safety of the provincial capital of Guizhou. Therefore, there will also be a phenomenon of "Dongmiao" after the peace of the dprk to request the immediate implementation of land reform and return to the stream.
The Ming Shilu also says: "In August of the second year of Tianshun (1458), first, the Guangxi general and other officers Wu Jin Bo Zhu Ying and other officials played, and begged to recruit the Guizhou general soldiers and other officials to kill thieves in coordination with themselves. Not from. At that point, Guizhou Commander-in-Chief and other officials Nan and Hou Fangying moved to Guangxi to transfer Wolf Soldiers from Sicheng and other prefectures. Ying waited to smell. The military department agreed to order the two generals to cut off the thieves and horses in each department, so that they could not push each other. From there. "Ming Shilu", "Yingzong Tianshun Shilu", vol. 294
Judging from this record, the Ming court also recruited troops from Yunnan and Guangxi to participate in the war. This record is even more enough to show the determination of the Ming court to completely pacify the "Eastern Miao".
"In July of the third year of Tianshun (1459), Huguang, Guizhou commander-in-chief Nan and Bo Fangying sang: 'The official army repeatedly conquered 234 villages of Miao Man, beheaded 2,367 ranks, captured Zhang Cheng and others, and captured more than 500 thieves from 463 thieves.'" "Ming Shilu) of Yingzong Tianshun Shilu, vol. 305
The content of this record is that the Ming Court took advantage of the opportunity to quell the "Eastern Miao Rebellion" and conveniently swept away the small settlements of other branches of the Miao people. This practice is also enough to show that the Ming Court's use of troops this time is intended to completely open up the Miao "habitat" in the surrounding areas of Guizhou City. The Ming dynasty made such a determination, obviously in order to gain a firm foothold in the Qianzhong region, and the sign of its foothold was the formal establishment of the prefecture. After the war subsided, after years of controversy, in the twelfth year of Chenghua (1476), the Ming court officially set up Cheng FanFu in the Qianzhong region.
From this point of view, quelling the "Dongmiao Rebellion" is, in essence, another key measure taken by Guizhou in the Qianzhong region after guizhou was placed in the province. Through this war, the Ming dynasty completely changed the embarrassing situation of passive fortification in the Qianzhong region, and could free up its hands to gradually improve the administrative setup of the Guizhou region, thus creating a new situation for the Ming court in the Qianzhong region. The editors of the Ming History ignored the value of this war, and even misplaced the historical materials, which was obviously due to the lack of a correct understanding of the essence and significance of this war.