plot:
1925, Liling, Hunan. The three provinces assigned by the Beiyang warlords were about to arrive in Liling for inspection, and the guards wantonly arrested the revolutionaries. Zhou Shining, claiming to be a representative of the Guangzhou Revolutionary Party, went to Liling to visit yang Liren, a teacher, and tried to persuade him to take advantage of his father Yang Tinghe's old friendship with the inspector to wait for the opportunity to assassinate, and Liren agreed.
Question 1: What is the official of the Beiyang warlord's patrol envoy? Who served as patrol envoys from 1920 to 1925?
Inspector General was a high-ranking official position during the Beiyang government, similar to the previous governor's position, equivalent to the commander of the Grand Military Region, and was usually awarded to warlords with territory in more than two provinces. It was first established during the reign of Yuan Shikai, who appointed Zhang Xun and Ni Sichong as envoys and deputy envoys of the Yangtze River, which was the beginning of this post. By December 11, 1924, it was completely abolished.
Inspector li Chun of the Yangtze River (1920.9.16 to Su Dou and -1920.10.2 to cut the SuWan Gan patrol envoy)
The patrol is generally formally under the jurisdiction of the War Department, and the maritime patrol is under the jurisdiction of the Admiralty.
Su Wangan Patrol Envoy Qi Xieyuan (23.11.11 Su Governor and Inspector -24.12.11 Exemption)
After the warlords who controlled a province expanded in strength, they had to control two or more provinces, so in the local military and political system of the Beiyang period, there were military and political officials who were higher than the provincial level, the most common of which was the patrol envoy.
Anhui Governor and Yangtze River Patrol Envoy Ni Sichong (16.4.10 Anhui Governor Reform Deputy Envoy - 17.9.8 Liter Patrol Envoy, died 25 years ago)
The position is between the Overseer and the regime, nominally in charge of the Overseers of two or three provinces, and if the Overseers are equivalent to the current commanders of the provincial military districts, then the inspectors are equivalent to the current commanders of the grand military districts.
Liangguang Patrol Makes Long Jiguang (17.11.8-18.5.10 Escape -21.1.1 Exemption)
At that time, most of the patrol envoys were actually virtual positions, but they were only used for the bright and dark demotion of those who had passed the rank of generals, and some were used to appease.
Zhilu Yu Patrol Envoy Wu Peifu (23.11.11 with the Two Lakes Parade Envoy changed to -24.10.24 exemption)
For example, Zhang Xun served as an envoy to the Yangtze River, and in fact a province could not manage it; Wang Zhanyuan's two-lake patrol envoy could only manage his own Hubei and could not manage Hunan;
Inspection of the Three Eastern Provinces envoy Zhang Zuolin (18.9 set--- 24.12.10 abolished)
There are only two real tour envoys in name only: Zhang Zuolin, the inspector of the three eastern provinces, and Lu Rongting, the envoy of the two Guangdong patrols—coincidentally, they are both from the green forest.
Zhilu Yu patrol envoy Cao Kun (20.8.20 to the four provinces of the economic envoy to change the presidency - 23.10.10 as president)
Wu Peifu's Zhiluyu patrol envoy not only managed Zhili and Henan, but also managed Hubei Shaanxi Rehe and other provinces, of course, compared to Zhang Zuolin's Lu Rongting scenery. However, here is simply a discussion of the authority of Yu Patrol, Shandong Zheng Shiqi did not listen to Wu Peifu's envoys, Wu Peifu is not a veritable Zhilu Yu Patrol Envoy.
The Two Lakes Patrol made Xiao Yaonan (23.11.11 E's Governor and Grant -25.2.14 died)
There is no unified regulation on the establishment, abolition, authority, and institutions of the patrol envoys, and they are completely set up for each person, depending on the needs of the internal balance of the Beiyang warlords, and the longest set is up to 9 years.
Rechasui Patrol Envoy Wang Huaiqing (22.5.29 Rehe Du Tong Tong - 24.7.1 resignation - 1924.11.11 abolished)
The main ones are the Yangtze River, Zhiluyu, the three eastern provinces, Suwangan, and the Two Lakes.
Sun Chuanfang, envoy of the Fujian-Zhejiang Patrol (24.9.20 Zhejiang Governor and Grant - 25.10.15 renamed commander-in-chief of the five provinces)
Question two: The real Xiao Yaonan in history
Xiao Yaonan (1875 – February 14, 1926), also known as Xiao Lanling (萧蘭陵) because of his ancestral home in Lanling, Jiangsu, was born in 1875 in Xiaojia Dawan ,Now Part of Xinzhou District, Wuhan City, Kongbu Town, Huanggang County. During the Beiyang government, he successively served as the commander of the 25th Division, the governor of Hubei, the inspector of the Two Lakes, and the governor of Hubei Province.
Xiao Yaonan's father was a country man, who had two sons, Xiao Yaonan was second, Xiao Yaonan's father divided the second son into one cultivation and one reading, and cultivated them separately, Xiao Yaonan was selected to study, and his father hoped that he would seek an official and a half-position through the road of the imperial examination, and the lintel of Guangyao.
Xiao Yaonan participated in the imperial examination twice, won the Xiucai, because his family was poor and could not continue to take the examination, so he became a private school gentleman in his hometown. At that time, the annual income of the master was only about twenty yuan, which was not enough to support the family. Not willing to live in poverty in the countryside, Xiao Yaonan came to the provincial capital of Wuchang in 1896 and joined the guard camp as a soldier to find another way out.
Xiao Yaonan was immediately admitted to the Hubei General Ben Academy, and after graduation, he served in the Hubei Standing Army, from sentry commander and sentry officer to inspector officer.
Due to his weak health and inability to adapt to the life of the troops, he left Hubei and went to Beijing to join Hahanzhang. Ha Hanzhang was a well-known figure among the early non-commissioned officers who stayed in Japan, who served as an instructor in the Hubei General Ben Academy, and had a teacher-student friendship with Xiao Yaonan, so he was introduced to the Army and Navy Training Department as a second-class section officer.
Hahan Chapter
Later, he was transferred to the Military Advisory Office as the deputy envoy of Hahan Zhang. Xiao Yaonan was a taciturn person, obedient and obedient to his superiors, familiar with official documents, and had a certain ability to do things, so he could get the trust of his superiors in the military training office and the military consultative office, and his relationship with colleagues was also very good, and he was able to be promoted step by step in a few years.
In the first year of the Qing Dynasty (1909), Xiao Yaonan was sent to the third town of Beiyang in Fengtian (present-day Shenyang) to serve as the third battalion of the ninth standard, and from then on he formed a deep relationship with cao Kun, the commander of the town, and was promoted to the third supplementary standard system the following year.
In late October 1911, the Qing government sent the third town to Shanxi to attack the Yan and Jin combined forces, the Qing army occupied Niangziguan, and Xiao Yaonan was promoted to the twelfth standard commander (roughly as the regimental commander) with military merit.
After the founding of the Republic of China, the town was changed to a division, Xiao Yaonan served as the colonel of the Ninth Regiment of the Third Division, and also the chief of staff of the division, and in 1913, he was awarded the title of major general of the army for his "meritorious service" in going to Henan to suppress Bai Lang.
Cao Kun
In 1914, Yuan Shikai appointed Cao Kun as the commander-in-chief of the upper Yangtze River garrison, and in the second revolution, Xiao Yaonan was promoted to chief of staff of the General Headquarters.
In 1915, Cao Kun's general headquarters moved to Chongqing to help the Governor of Sichuan, Chen Mi, suppress the Defending Army. Yuan ordered the third division to expand the army, Cao set up a five-battalion guard, and Xiao Yaonan was appointed as the commander, still serving as the chief of staff of the headquarters.
After Cao was appointed as the direct subordinate overseer, the Third Division immediately went to Zhili and stationed in Baoding, and Cao Kuanjun established the first, second, third, and fourth mixed brigades directly under him, and Xiao Yaonan served as the commander of the third mixed brigade.
When the Zhiwan War broke out in 1920, Xiao Yaonan defeated a division of the Anhui Army with the strength of a brigade. After the victory of the direct line, the army was expanded on a large scale, and Xiao Yaonan was promoted to lieutenant general of the 25th Division, still stationed in Shunde.
In 1921, The Hubei overseer Wang Zhanyuan withheld military salaries for a long time, causing a mutiny in the Second Division. Officials and gentry from all walks of life organized a movement to drive out the king, advocating "the people of Hubei governing Hubei." At the same time, Zhao Hengti, the overseer of Hunan, took the opportunity to send troops to attack Wang Zhanyuan and seek territory in Hubei. Wu Peifu ordered Xiao Yaonan to lead the Twenty-fifth Division south to reinforce.
On August 9, 1921, the Beijing government appointed Wu Peifu as the envoy of the Two Lakes Patrol, and Xiao Yaonan as the overseer of Hubei.
In order to consolidate his rule, Xiao took great care to win the support of all parties while controlling military power. Drawing on the lessons of his predecessor Wang Zhanyuan, he adopted some easing measures, no longer excessively withholding the salaries of his subordinates to enrich his own pockets, and the salaries and supplies of the troops were all replenished. Xiao Yaonan gave generous treatment to the Hubei chief righteous generals and idle soldiers, allowing them to hang up idle posts and receive salaries, so that these Hubei elders and individuals were very happy. Xiao Yaonan also made extensive contacts with the business celebrities in Wuhan, and Xiao also contacted the leaders of local gangs, appointed officials, and gave preferential treatment to make them useful. For the central officials, local forces, and celebrities, Xiao also expressed his admiration for Hubei's property and made wide friendships. Through this effort, Xiao's rule in Hubei was supported by all parties and his control over Hubei was consolidated.
On February 4, 1923, a general strike of Beijing-Hankou railway workers broke out, and the center of the strike was the locomotive section of the Hankou Jiang'an Railway and the Jiang'an Rolling Stock Factory. From the Jiang'an locomotive section to Beijing Changxindian, the train stopped, the rolling stock factory stopped, and the railway, which was more than 1,200 kilometers long, was suddenly paralyzed.
The Beijing-Hankou Railway Strike
This move of the workers made Wu Peifu angry, and he ordered Xiao Yaonan to force the workers to return to work immediately on February 7, and instructed Shi Yang to be shot on the spot for funds. After Receiving the telegram, Xiao Yaonan immediately sent Zhang Housheng, chief of staff of the Hankou Town Guard And Envoy Office, to lead troops to the Jiang'an Branch Trade Union, killing a large number of workers, including Communist Party member and worker leader Lin Xiangqian, and single-handedly creating the "February Seventh Massacre" that shocked China and foreign countries. On the same night, Xiao also sent Li Shikun, commander of the guard battalion of the 25th Division, to lure Shi Yang, legal adviser, communist party member, and barrister of the Wuhan Federation of Trade Unions, to the outside of the Dadong Gate and shoot him to death on the side of the road. February 7, the Chinese New Year's Eve of the lunar calendar, was originally a traditional Chinese New Year festival, but Xiao Yaonan's bloody suppression of the workers' movement made it the darkest day of his five-year rule in Hubei.
Cao Kun bribed the election of the President in October 1923. In this bribery election, Xiao Yaonan not only let Hubei Province bear the bribery fee of 600,000 yuan, but also instructed the Hubei National Assembly to participate, which can be described as contributing and paying money, cao Kun returned the favor after taking the presidency, promoted him to general of the army, the inspector of the two lakes, awarded Bingwu general, xun two, and the following year officially appointed him as the governor of Hubei Province (before it was self-care).
In October 1924, the general Feng Yuxiang launched a coup d'état in Beijing, which caused Wu Peifu to be defeated in the Second Zhifeng War and forced to go south on a warship, and the Hubei side (Xiao Yaonan) demolished the railway in order to prevent Wu from entering the country with the call of "protecting the border and the people". As a result, Wu Peifu entered Hubei alone.
After the Beijing coup, Duan Qirui became the ruler of the Beijing government, and as soon as he came to power, he began to exert pressure on Xiao, explicitly canceling Xiao Yaonan's two lakes patrol envoy.
On the one hand, Xiao Yaonan secretly enriched the strength of the Twenty-fifth Division and increased the number of combat soldiers by 2500. On the political front, Xiao Yaonan made a gesture of uniting with the revolutionary government in Guangdong to resist Duan Qirui's repression. On the one hand, he used a number of Hubei Kuomintang members, such as Zhang Daxin, Liu Chengyu, Guo Zhaoming, Zhang Guoen, and so on, and at the same time sent his fellow classmate Cheng Shouzhen, an old Kuomintang member, as a representative, to Guangdong to contact Dr. Sun Yat-sen. Dr. Sun Yat-sen also sent Sun Ke and Wang Jingwei to Hubei to discuss cooperation with Xiao Mi.
In the military field, xiangxiang Hunan overseer Zhao Hengti's proposal for joint provincial autonomy, contacted The Hubei governor Fang Benren of Jiangxi, Sun Chuanfang, who also belonged directly to Zhejiang and Fujian, and Yang Sen of Sichuan, to gain momentum. He also met with Yue Weijun, the governor of Henan, at Jigongshan to discuss joint defense.
In 1925, Feng Yuxiang became isolated after the death of Sun Yat-sen. Duan Qirui and Feng Zhi were unfavorable to him, so they wanted to turn around and unite with their direct families, so they sent representatives Duan Qishu, Liu Ji, and Xiao to consult and support Wu Peifu to rise up against Duan and Feng. Xiao also sent Cheng Shouzhen to the liaison. At this time, Sun Chuanfang, a rising star of the direct lineage, defeated the Feng clan and controlled the five provinces of Fujian, Zhejiang, Gansu, Jiangsu, and Anhui, and also advocated that the direct family should not consider the previous resentments and unanimously go external.
Feng Yuxiang
In order to unite the various factions of the direct line against Duan Qirui and the Feng clan, Xiao Yaonan expanded his army on a large scale, with the Twenty-fifth Division as the backbone, and set up the Seventeenth and Twenty-first Mixed Brigades.
In this situation, Wu Peifu believed that the time was ripe to go out of the mountain, so he sent someone to Hubei to seek Xiao Yaonan's consent, and Xiao Yaonan sent a telegram to welcome Wu on October 20, 1925.
On the 21st, Wu arrived in Han by the decisive River ship, and Xiao led the military attaches to greet the riverside. After Wu Peifu arrived in Han, he formed the Fourteen Provinces Combined Army Headquarters of the Thieves in Chajiadun, made a comeback, and appointed Xiao Yaonan as the commander-in-chief of the Hubei Army and the commander-in-chief of the rear preparations of the Thieves Coalition Army, Chen Jiamu as the deputy commander, Kou Yingjie as the commander-in-chief of the First Road of the Hubei Army, Chen Jiamu as the commander-in-chief of the Second Road, and Lu Jinshan as the commander-in-chief of the Third Road.
Wu Peifu
For Wu Peifu, the mortal enemy is Feng Yuxiang, not Feng Zhang. Therefore, as soon as Wu came out of the mountain, he sent out a telegram, turning Lian Feng into Lian Zhang, and came a big change of one hundred and eighty degrees. This telegram also had Xiao Yaonan's name on it, but Xiao was completely unaware. Wu Peifu originally admitted not to interfere in Hubei politics, and as soon as he arrived in Hankou, without Xiao's consent, he removed the director of the Hanyang Arsenal and the director of the Hankou Telegraph Bureau and appointed him as a private person. Xiao Yaonan could not bear it, lost his temper, scolded Wu Peifu for disregarding his faith and righteousness, betraying his friends, and causing great rifts between them, which also affected Xiao Yaonan's health, and the root of his illness was from this.
On February 11, 1926, Cai Fuqing, president of the Hankou Charity Association, returned from the front line and asked to see Xiao Yaonan, weeping bitterly about the unfavorable war in front of him, and the situation of death and injury, which greatly moved Xiao. It was the twenty-seventh day of the lunar month, the wind and snow, Xiao sent Cai out, stood under the eaves of the porch and talked for too long, suffered from wind and cold, immediately fell ill and fell unconscious, treated by chinese medicine Cao Yuansen, soup medicine can not be poured. The next day, I invited a German doctor from Hankou for treatment, thinking that it was excessive fatigue, after an injection, it returned to normal, and when the doctor left, he instructed the patient to sleep more, and left 3 sleeping pills, and told him to eat only one tablet at a time. On the evening of February 13, the 29th day of the lunar month, Xiao Yaonan was still in good condition, and he personally wrote an edict that during his illness, "the supervision was represented by Chief of Staff Zhang Yuebo, and the governor was represented by Yang Huikang, the head of the Government Affairs Department." "And prepare to send some people's New Year's fees."
That night, Xiao Yaonan once ate all 3 sleeping pills left by the doctor, so his physique could not stand it, and the window opened too much, and he braved the wind and cold, so he turned to acute nephritis. On February 14, the morning of the first day of the first lunar month, a German doctor was invited to come for treatment, the doctor thought that it was impossible to save, only the enema had a glimmer of hope, with the consent of the family, the enema was carried out, and Xiao Yaonan died in the process of the enema, at the age of fifty-one.
Question three: Why did the Guangzhou Revolutionary Party assassinate Xiao Yaonan?
I thought it was impossible!
1. In the play, it is said that Xiao Yaonan is a parade envoy of the three provinces, but in fact, Xiao Yaonan is only a parade envoy of the two lakes.
Nominally he was in charge of Hunan and Hubei, but in fact he was only the overseer of Hubei and could not control Hunan.
Let's see who were some of the Overseers of Hunan during the Republic of China?
In other words, Zhao Hengxi is the real king of Hunan.
Zhao Hengti (1880~1971) Character Yi Wu, number Yan Noon. Hunan Hengshan people. In his early years, he entered the Hubei Dialect School, studied in Japan after graduation, and entered the Artillery Department of the Army Non-Commissioned Officer School. Joined the Chinese League in Tokyo.
In 1916, he was appointed commander of the Hunan First Division of the Beijing Government Army, and soon became the commander-in-chief of the Hunan Marine Army. In November 1920, he was appointed by the Guangdong military government as the commander-in-chief of Hunan (hunan army commander-in-chief). He and Governor Lin Zhiyu announced the establishment of the Hunan Constitutional Preparatory Office and issued the propositions of "joint provincial autonomy" and "autonomous statehood" in order to win the hearts and minds of the people and safeguard the reactionary rule of the landlords, bureaucrats, and warlords.
In January 1921, the workers of the First Spinning Factory in Hunan province were suppressed and the famous workers' leaders Huang Ai and Pang Renquan were hunted down. In April, Lin Zhiyu ran away and became the governor of Hunan Province. In the same month, in the name of all the generals of the Xiang Army, Sun Yat-sen was elected to oppose the election of Sun Yat-sen as the extraordinary president of the Extraordinary National Assembly in Guangzhou.
In September 1922, he was elected governor of Hunan Province. In December of the same year, after a delegation of the Hunan Provincial Federation of Trade Unions headed by Mao Zedong argued in person, the workers were forced to have the right to assemble, associate, strike, and so on. But he ordered the military and police to suppress the peasant movement that had already emerged in Hunan and sabotage peasant associations. In August 1923, he was once expelled from Changsha by Tan Yanmin, the governor of Hunan Province and commander-in-chief of the Xiang Army, appointed by Sun Yat-sen. In late November of the same year, with the support of the warlord Wu Peifu, he led troops to force the Tan army to retreat into Guangdong.
In September 1925, troops were sent to suppress the Anyuan workers' movement, the Anyuan Road Miners' Club was closed, and in November, the suppression of the Changsha student movement was ordered. In March 1926, he was expelled by Tang Shengzhi and fled to Suizhou. Later, he went north to join the warlord Zhang Zuolin and opposed the Northern Expedition. After the Nationalist government in Nanjing unified the north, it lived in seclusion and did not care about political affairs.
2. Xiao Yaonan and the Guangdong revolutionary government looked at each other, and Zhao Hengxi had a blood feud with the Guangdong revolutionary government.
(1) Zhao Hengxi drove away a big man in Guangdong's revolutionary politics---- Tan Yanmin
After the Wuchang Uprising in 1911, he served as the president of the Senate of the Hunan Military Government and the minister of civil affairs. At the end of October, he was elected by the Consultative Bureau as the governor of Hunan Province. In July 1912, he was officially appointed as the governor of Hunan by the Beijing government, and in September he was also the civil administrator of Hunan Province, and joined the Kuomintang as the head of the Hunan branch.
In 1913, he participated in the Second Revolution, declared the independence of Hunan, and published the "Discussion on Yuan Yuan" in Changsha Daily, but was removed from his post as governor by Yuan Shikai. After leaving office, he successively lived in Qingdao and Shanghai.
In 1915, Yuan became emperor, and Yan Min participated in the Patriotic Movement. After August 1916, he was reinstated as governor and overseer of Hunan Province, and president of the Hunan Senate.
In the War of Defense, in order to exclude the warlords from other provinces from controlling Hunan, he put forward the slogan of "Xiang people returning the Xiang people". After Yuan's death, he served as governor of Hunan Province, governor of Hunan Province, and was expelled by Zhao Hengti to Shanghai in November 1920.
In 1922, he defected to Sun Yat-sen, rejoined the Chinese Nationalist Party, and in June was appointed commander-in-chief of the Quanxiang Thief Army.
After 1923, he served as the minister of internal affairs of the headquarters of the Grand Marshal's Office of the Army and Navy in Guangzhou, the minister of construction, the governor of Hunan Province and the commander-in-chief of the Xiang Army.
In January 1924, he was elected as a member of the First Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang, a member of the Central Political Committee and the secretary general of the base camp.
In July 1925, he was appointed as a member of the National Government, a standing committee member, a member of the Central Military Commission and a member of the Standing Committee of the National Revolutionary Army, and the commander of the Second Army of the National Revolutionary Army. In September, he acted as Minister of Military Affairs of the National Government in Guangzhou.
(2) In January 1921, the strike of workers in the First Spinning Factory in Hunan was suppressed, and the famous workers huang ai and Pang Renquan were hunted down.
In the same month, in the name of all the generals of the Xiang Army, Sun Yat-sen was elected to oppose the election of Sun Yat-sen as the extraordinary president of the Extraordinary National Assembly in Guangzhou.
In December of the same year, after a delegation of the Hunan Provincial Federation of Trade Unions headed by Mao Zedong argued in person, the workers were forced to have the right to assemble, associate, strike, and so on. But he ordered the military and police to suppress the peasant movement that had already emerged in Hunan and sabotage peasant associations.
In September 1925, troops were sent to suppress the Anyuan workers' movement, the Anyuan Road Miners' Club was closed, and in November, the suppression of the Changsha student movement was ordered.
To tell the truth, it was not only the Communist Party that played a role in the workers' movement at that time, but also many Kuomintang. The Kuomintang also started with the workers' movement, and the information can be checked.
Although Xiao Yaonan also suppressed the railway strike, he had ties with the Guangzhou Revolutionary Party and belonged to the revolutionary object that could be won, and Yang Liren wanted to kill him, which was not in line with historical truth.