Newcastle disease
What is it
Recently, the General Administration of Customs and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs issued a notice on preventing the introduction of Newcastle disease into Our country in relevant areas of North Macedonia, so what is Newcastle disease? Let Xiaobian take you to understand.
Newcastle disease, also known as Asian chicken plague or pseudo-chicken plague, is a highly exposed avian high-intensity infectious disease caused by the Newcastle disease virus. It was first discovered in Indonesia in 1926, and in 1927, Doyle was first isolated from Newcastle in the United Kingdom, and was subsequently named Newcastle virus. The first epidemic of chicken newcastle disease was detected in China in 1935, but it was not confirmed until 1948. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) lists it as a Class A disease, and China lists it as a Class I animal disease.
aetiology
Newcastle disease virus is avian paramyxovirus type I (APMV-1) of the genus Paramyxovirus of the family Paramyxovirus (Avulavirus). The virus is present in all tissues, organs, body fluids, secretions and excretion of sick birds, with the brain, spleen and lungs having the highest toxicity and the bone marrow containing the longest toxicity. Strong resistance at low temperature, it can survive for 1 to 2 years at 4 °C, and can survive for more than 10 years at -20 °C; vacuum lyophilized virus can be stored for 30 days at 30 °C and 230 days at 15 °C; the stability of different strains on heat has great differences.
The virus is not strongly resistant to disinfectants, high temperatures and sunlight, and dies after 30 minutes in direct sunlight. The common concentration of general disinfectants has a good anti-virus effect, such as 5% bleach powder, 1% sodium hydroxide, and 70% alcohol to kill the virus in 20 minutes.
Will humans be infected with Newcastle disease?
People can also contract Newcastle disease, but are less dangerous. Mainly poultry processing plant workers, veterinarians and laboratory workers, the incubation period is 48 hours, which can cause acute conjunctivitis and occasionally attack the cornea.
Most cases have a duration of 7 to 10 days, recover without treatment, and do not infect others.
Epidemiology of Newcastle disease
Chickens, pheasants, turkeys, guinea fowls, quail are susceptible. Among them, chickens are the most susceptible, followed by pheasants. There are differences in susceptibility among chickens of different ages, with young and middle chicks having the highest susceptibility.
Sick chickens are the main source of infection of the disease, and 24 hours before the clinical symptoms appear after infection, the mouth, nasal secretions and feces are excreted by the virus. The virus is present in all tissues, organs, body fluids, secretions and excrement of sick chickens. Poisoned chickens during the intermittent period of epidemics are also the source of infection of the disease. Birds are also important communicators.
Viruses can invade the body through the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and through the conjunctiva of the eye, injured skin, and cloaca mucosa.
The disease can occur all year round, but it is more common in spring and autumn. Once the disease occurs in chickens in chicken farms, it can spread to the whole herd within 4 to 5 days.
Newcastle disease has had three pandemics in the world, the first of which originated in Indonesia in 1926, moved slowly through Asia to Europe, and spread around the world over 30 years; the second pandemic began in the Middle East in the late 1960s and spread to most countries by 1973. The pandemic has taken a heavy toll on the world's poultry industry, and many countries have tightened controls on imported caged birds, but potential sources of Newcastle disease, such as pigeons, have been overlooked, and it was they who led to the outbreak of the third outbreak of Newcastle disease. The epidemic originated in the Middle East in the late 1970s, and the chickens were mainly neurotyped and asymptomatic, and quickly spread around the world after arriving in Europe in 1981. Since the 1990s, although there has been no worldwide pandemic, local epidemics and outbreaks have occurred frequently (such as Taiwan, Western Europe, South Africa and other places). At the same time, there are increasing reports of Newcastle disease virus infecting pigeons, ostriches, quails, cormorants, parrots and other wild poultry or domestic birds.
Symptoms and features:
1
It can occur all year round, the general incubation period is 3 to 5 days, and the ratio of chicks to brood chickens and adult chickens is serious.
2
Elevated body temperature, low energy, isolated fruit, loose feathers, shrunken neck and closed eyes.
3
Difficulty breathing, opening the mouth and extending the neck, sometimes stridoring or clucking, swallowing movements. The crown of the chicken is bluish-purple in color.
4
The corners of the mouth are drooling and there is often a head shake. A large amount of pale yellow sour and viscous liquid flows from the mouth when the sick chicken is poured.
5
Decreased or abstinent feeding, diarrhea, yellow-green or white watery stools.
6
Some sick chickens have neurological symptoms such as foot and wing paralysis, paralysis, head and neck twisting, and circle rotation, which are mostly seen in the sick chicks and breeding flocks and sequelae of Newcastle disease.
7
Egg production decreased, and soft-shelled eggs, faded eggs, and deformed eggs increased.
Prevention and control status
There are no effective treatments for Newcastle disease, and it can only rely on strict disinfection, isolation and vaccination to prevent it. In recent years, in accordance with the overall deployment of the state, all relevant departments in all localities have adhered to the principle of prevention, effectively implemented various comprehensive prevention and control measures such as immunization, monitoring, culling, disinfection, and harmless treatment, increased the intensity of prevention and control work, the probability of epidemic occurrence has dropped significantly, the infection rate has generally remained at a low level, and the national prevention and control work has achieved remarkable results. However, the local virus pollution is relatively serious, and the epidemic situation is continuous and endemic.
Customs is in action
With the globalization of trade in animals and their products and the increasing frequency of international people-to-people exchanges, the risk of newcastle disease being introduced from abroad is also increasing. In order to prevent the introduction of the Newcastle epidemic from the port, customs has taken the following measures:
The direct or indirect import of poultry and related products from Newcastle-endemic areas is strictly prohibited.
Strengthen the quarantine inspection of goods sent from epidemic areas and items carried by passengers, and once they are found, poultry and their products will be returned or destroyed.
If poultry and their products from the epidemic area are found on the means of transport such as ships, aircraft, road vehicles and railway trains entering the country, they shall be sealed, and during the period of stay or operation in China, they shall not be unsealed and used without customs permission. Its waste, swill, etc., shall be harmlessly treated under the supervision of the Customs and shall not be discarded without authorization.
Poultry and their products from the epidemic area intercepted by border defense and other departments that have illegally entered the country shall be destroyed under the supervision of the Customs.
·· Tips··
Customs reminds the majority of inbound and outbound passengers that poultry and their products from the epidemic area are at risk of spreading the epidemic disease, in order to maintain national biosecurity and their own and others' health, please strictly abide by the relevant provisions of the Law on Quarantine of Animals and Plants Entering and Leaving the Country, and do not bring poultry and their products from the epidemic area into the country.
-Contributed by: Changsha Customs-