introduction:
Although Kou trumpeted 100,000 people, he would use strategy and personally attack it.
- Kangxi
In June 2004, the relevant departments in Xianyang began to rescue the ancient temple Anguo Temple. In the process of rescue construction, a stone plaque of the Kangxi Imperial Pen was accidentally found, and the four characters of deep moderation were written on it.
To whom was this plaque written?
……
In the last years of the Ming Dynasty, the mountains and Shaanxi were dry for thousands of miles, and civil unrest was everywhere. Li Zicheng, who was born in northern Shaanxi, is calling the wind and rain and marching into Beijing. During these chaotic years, a couple who had fled from Qinshui County, Shanxi Province, came to Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, and settled down. In 1643, when the Ming Dynasty was in turmoil, the couple gave birth to a boy named Yin Huaxing.
The times are swinging, the mountains and rivers are changing, and how many lives are ruined. The couple who suffered a bitter fate died one after another, and on their deathbed, they entrusted Yin Huaxing to a friend surnamed Wang, and the child was renamed Wang Huaxing from then on.
Xianyang is the capital of Qin, and since ancient times, there has been a saying - Qin soldiers are resistant to hard fighting.
This sentence will be perfectly embodied in this bitter orphan.
A will be an alliance
After the battle of Ulan Butong, the Qing Empire declared that it had defeated Kaldan.
Geographically, after the Battle of Ulaanbutong, Gardan retreated and the threat of the Kyoshi was lifted. The Qing Dynasty did have the upper hand.
However, given Mongolia's all-out military system and nomadic life, as long as Kaldan is still there, he may rise again at any time, annexing various tribes in a very short period of time, and snowballing the gathering of living forces to make a comeback. The fierceness of the Mongol nation lies in the shouting of the arm and the gathering of responders. A hundred horses can envelop thousands of people, and the Mongolian iron horse can be instantaneously thousands of miles, and the sky and the sun are covered by electric light and flint.
Kangxi was of Mongolian descent, so why didn't he know the mobilization ability and speed of the Mongol system?
And Manchuria?
Once upon a time, the Jurchens galloped in the snowy fields of LinHai, and their martial courage was second to none.
But that was half a century ago.
Most of the Manchurian armed forces that fought in Kaldan half a century later grew up in the capital or in various places stationed in Manchuria. By the end of the 17th century, the Qing dynasty's mobilization and logistics system had become more and more similar to that of the Central Plains Dynasty, and the only constant was that the cavalry still maintained combat capabilities.
This is why the Qing Dynasty repeatedly emphasized the art of riding and archery and the spirit of martial arts. This was their almost only strategic advantage after entering the customs except for the Mongol alliance. If this advantage were changed or degraded, the Qing dynasty's rule would collapse.
The Mongol League was still under the threat of Kaldan. After the Battle of Ulaanbutong, Gardan led his people to nomadic herds in the desert north and maintained contact with Tsarist Russia. At the same time, the Mongol tribes were invited to oppose the Qing Dynasty.
What about the Kangxi Emperor?
In May 1691, under the organization of the Qing Dynasty, the Taiji of the various Mongol tribes in southern and northern Mo gathered at Duolunor (present-day southern Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia), and on the banks of the beautiful Seven Lakes, the Kangxi Emperor declared that the Northern Khalkha Mongols belonged to the Qing Dynasty. At this point, the Mongol tribes in the south and the desert in the north and south were all under the command of the Qing Dynasty.
This is an important historical node, symbolizing the determination of the ownership of the Mongols in the northern Khalkha, and the Qing Dynasty Khalkha will no longer have anything to do with Tsarist Russia, and the Tsarist Russia's southern invasion strategy will be curbed. In the upper echelons, the nobles of the Khalkha clan were uniformly enthroned by the Qing Dynasty, adopting the Qing Dynasty's title and official system. At the grassroots level, Khalkha Mongolia, like Inner Mongolia, established the Zazak league flag system. At the same time, the Qing Dynasty established Huizong Temple in Duolun to commemorate this historical event.
The Qing Dynasty used the huimeng system to block the Tsarist Russia's southward journey, and at the same time used the huimeng to compress the space of Kaldan, trying to contain the two enemies at the same time.
In 1692, the Qing Dynasty sent the chancellor Ma Di to Moxi in an attempt to establish contact with Tsedu Alabutan. When Madi walked to Hami, he was surrounded and killed by Kaldan's men.
Why did Gardan kill the Qing envoy Ma Di?
Gardan, of course, wanted to stop the alliance between Kangxi and Ceyu. Geographically, once the Qing Dynasty allied itself with Ce yu, Gardan would be attacked on his back. From the perspective of the khan's struggle for the throne, Ceyu was the son of the sangha of the previous Dzungar Khan, and had a better advantage in ascending the throne, and once he obtained the canonization of the Qing Dynasty, wouldn't Kaldan want everyone to rebel and leave?
Kaldan's siege of the Qing envoys, once again announcing his unwillingness to accept the rule of the Qing Dynasty, also meant that he and Kangxi went from distrust to break with each other.
For Kangxi, Kaldan was not removed, he was like a thorn in his back, and it was difficult to sleep and eat. The Great Qing Dynasty has been fighting non-stop until now, entering the customs, destroying the Southern Ming, pingsan fan, resuming Taiwan, and resisting Russia, fortunately, they have basically been solved one by one. Imagine if Gardan suddenly gathered heavy troops to attack the Beijing Division when the south was opposed to the Qing Dynasty, what kind of passive situation would the situation of the Qing Dynasty be?
For Kaldan, Moxi was already under the control of Ceyi, and only by controlling Mobei could he continue to compete with the Qing Dynasty.
After the Battle of Ulaanbutong, Kaldan's men were attacked by the plague. This was most likely triggered by post-war injuries. Although his strength weakened, Kaldan continued to contact the allied tribes. How could Kaldan,a generation of tyrants, not understand that everyone else could be clear, but he couldn't? He was definitely dead.
Kaldan had only one way left and continued to be hostile to Qing. Until he found an opportunity to defeat the main force of the Qing army in one fell swoop.
In 1694, Kaldan went to war with Cedu, a civil war between the Dzungar Khanate, and the Qing Dynasty mediated unsuccessfully. Neither side ate anyone.
For the Qing Dynasty, the Mobei Hui League has been completed, if the next move is not carried out, let Kaldan continue to conquer the West, where is the authority of the Qing Dynasty?
Unlike the sick descendants of the late Qing Dynasty, who had long been intermarried with nobles, the Kangxi Emperor himself was a multi-ethnic mixed-race child, energetic, physically strong, and had many children. He loves to hunt and has absolute confidence in his skills. When he was pacifying San Francisco, he was about to march on the throne, but he was stopped by the ministers. During the Battle of Ulan Butong, he fell ill with a serious cold and returned to the capital. This time, he thought that he must be on the defensive to have the best results.
In 1695, Kaldan moved to Bayan Ulaan on the banks of the Krulum River, southeast of present-day Ulaanbaatar. Ulaanbaatar and Bayan Ulan, the Mongolian meaning of these two names is actually similar. In short, the capital region of Mongolia is now under the control of Kaldan, and the Qing Dynasty's control over the desert north has ceased in name only.
Kangxi again proposed that the imperial conquest of Gardan be carried out.
Once again, the ministers were collectively opposed.
Why?
Of course, the ministers had to oppose the emperor's personal conquest, and no one dared to advocate putting the emperor on the front line. Even if the ministers agree in their hearts, they must oppose it, which can show that the emperor is strong enough to overcome the public opinion, and is not heroic and invincible?
What was kangxi's design idea for this battle?
In view of the fact that Ulan Butong let Kaldan run, this time Kangxi focused on ensuring that he was alive. So he set up a great strategy of three armies to jointly encircle and suppress Gardan.
In hindsight, this great strategy was more or less achieved.
It's just not the same as the kind that the Kangxi Emperor envisioned,-the Emperor of The Imperial Household attacked it.—it was really not the same.
The Middle Road, the main force led by Kangxi Himself, the whole army of 57,000 people embarked on a journey of 1,000 kilometers. The future Yongzheng is also in the Middle Route Army - exercise well, and he will have to deal with the Dzungars in the future.
The East Road, led by the anti-Russian veteran Sabsu, had 10,000 people. This one did not participate in the war at all.
The Western Road was divided into two branches, one for the Naturalization Army and one for the Ningxia Army led by Fei Yanggu, with 30,000 troops. A naturalized army led by Sun Sike, 10,000 people.
Basically, the commanders of the armies are all flag bearers. This time it was another outpouring of Manchurian force.
Two Confrontations
What is the mission of the Western Route Army?
Cross the Gobi Desert vertically and intercept Kaldan's escape route.
First of all, this is not a march, but a desert expedition.
After completing the expedition, it is also necessary to ensure the completion of the combat mission.
At this time, Wang Huaxing had changed from an orphan to the viceroy of Ningxia, and when he was pacifying San Francisco, Wang Huaxing had fought hard with Wu Sangui's army at Niutou Mountain. This time he put forward the idea of grain and grass first.
The Western Route Army began to collect military food, and when it came to the grain depot, the grain bag was full of sand, much like the plot in the TV series.
There was no way, the Western Route Army could only buy its own grain. In addition, the horses were not ready, the horses were thinner than the yellow flowers, and they did not look at all like the horses that were going to shoot the wilderness survival genre films. However, in order not to let the emperor wait for them, in order to successfully complete the great strategy of the three-way package to copy the bottom of the transmission, the Western Route Army set out with a strong spirit.
The next plot, you can make a movie, it is called - the great adventure through the Gobi.
Adventure Disaster War Film.
The Zhonglu Army had always thought it was the key to determining the outcome of the war. Therefore, when I was in Beijing, I was busy worshipping the heavens and the earth, and I went to the major tangible cultural heritage parks. On February 30, 1696, The victorious Kangxi led his anxious courtiers from Deshengmen to set out. The whole army brought eighty days of rations, which shows that the Qing army may have been centralized at this time, and its mobility to come and go like the wind is weakening. Gradually, it became a unit that relied on the formation to win. This is a changing trend, it is difficult to say good or bad.
At that time, there was a problem of reconnaissance communication in the war, no telephone, no radar, no positioning. That is to say, when the main force of the Great Qing Dynasty came out, it did not know whether Kaldan was still in Bayan Ulan. Fortunately, when walking halfway, the Qing army was sure that Kaldan was still in place. At the same time, the Middle Route Army received information from the West Route Army that it was expected to reach the Krullen River on April 27.
On April 10, rumors spread on the front that Gardan had 20,000 Mongol soldiers and 60,000 Russian soldiers. This message is not trivial, why?
The Battle of Yaksa between the Qing Dynasty and Tsarist Russia, the Tsarist Russia from the beginning to the end of the army of no more than a thousand people, has spent the Qing army nine cattle and two tigers, now there are really sixty thousand, how to deal with it?
Once again, the courtiers urged the emperor to come back. If there is still a stylized element of dissuasion in the Beijing Division, this time the persuasion is likely to be true, after all, even the future emperor is in the army.
The Kangxi Emperor was also anxious, go! Must go! Fight to the death!
This was also inevitable, because the Qing army could not allow Gardan to sit on the throne again and destroy the achievements of the Doron Alliance. Dragging on time is not good for the Qing Dynasty, and it is good for Kaldan. In addition, as emperor, Kangxi retreated on his own, leaving the Western Route Army as a place of isolation and helplessness, which was impossible to do with Kangxi's imperial character.
On 12 April, the Qing army approached the paramilitary position. The whole army rested and camped for defense.
On April 19, through the interrogation of the prisoners, the news came that there were any Russian musketeers anywhere? Gardan's fighting soldiers are only 10,000, and the rest are the families of the army. However, on the same night, the Middle Route Army received news from the Western Route Army, and the planned arrival date was postponed.
What is the Western Route Army doing?
The Western Route Army takes a big adventure in the desert. When the Western Route Army went north, it was prepared three horses per person, and at this time the horses in the desert were almost dead, and none of them had arrived, and they were marching hard, looking for water everywhere. In order to prevent the Western Route Army from moving north, Kaldan did not hesitate to adopt the ecologically destructive burning behavior, that is, setting fire to a large area of grassland, so as to block the survival of the Western Route Army.
On April 22, the Imperial Council discussed how the Middle Route Army would respond if the Western Route Army failed. Finally, it was decided to continue waiting for the Western Route Army.
On 24 April, the Qing Army's Zhonglu Army saw the paramilitary scouts and highly suspected that it had been exposed.
On 6 May, the Qing army came into contact with Gardan's nephew Tanzira. Tell Danzira Kangxi that he is in the army. Danzira was resourceful and told the Qing army that the main force of Gardan was still far away. It bought time for Kaldan's calm deployment.
In this way, Gardan also knew that the Kangxi Imperial Conquest was in the middle of the battle.
On May 7, Gardan climbed the mountain and saw the imposing company camp of tens of thousands of Qing troops.
Kaldan immediately ordered a retreat.
On May 8, the food convoy of the Zhonglu Army arrived, and the Zhonglu Army received supplies and began to advance slowly, and many generals wore several layers of raw silk in their armor to defend against bullets and bows and arrows. The breath of battle suddenly became stronger.
The Middle Route Army must have believed that a bloody battle was inevitable. Kangxi also secretly prayed to heaven that he would defeat Kaldan.
On 9 May, the Qing army arrived on the banks of the Krullen River and found that the paramilitary had retreated and the steppe was empty.
Kangxi was furious and sent elite cavalry to pursue.
Kaldan's retreat showed that his army no longer had the strength to confront the main force of the Qing army. You can only rely on high mobility to win. The retreat did not mean defeat for the Mongol army, but it meant once again looking for fighters.
During the Mongol Empire, the Mongol army used several days of continuous retreat to drag down the European enemy forces pursuing them, and then used the famous Mangu tactics to lead the pursuing enemy into an ambush circle and defeat the enemy army.
Can Gardan use this trick?
Gardan detected the movements of the Western Route Army during the retreat. It was learned that the Western Route Army was going to intercept him.
Time is of the essence.
Kaldan decided to take the initiative to attack the Western Route Army and solve his own retreat.
Three hard battles
Zhao Moduo, Mongolian is the place of a hundred trees. As the name suggests, it's a wooded area. In addition, there are hills and rivers.
The Qing Army's Western Route Army and the Paramilitary Army will fight here.
As can be seen from the terrain, Gardan's tactics are only one, that is, to find a hill and attack the Qing army from a commanding height. In ancient times, occupying the commanding heights allowed for a better view. You can give priority to seeing the enemy army, or you can condescend to defend it. More than 200 years ago, in the Battle of Kulan and Suddenly Lost Temperature, Mahamu, the ancestor of the Dzungar Mongols, used the same tactics against Ming Chengzu Zhu Di, which was the traditional tactic of Dzungar.
On May 14, the Supply of the Zhonglu Army was in short supply, and after several days of bad weather, Kangxi led the Zhonglu Army to retreat under the persuasion of the ministers, and Kangxi was very upset when he left, and he finally failed to see Kaldan's shadow.
What Kangxi didn't know was that just the day before the Middle Route Army retreated, the Qing Army's Western Route Army and the Paramilitary Army had already encountered it.
On May 13, the exhausted Western Route Army arrived at Zhaomoduo, and Wang Huaxing led his army to garrison the west of Shangang, where he encountered the vanguard troops of the Qing Army's Western Route Army running wild around the mountain.
Wang Huaxing was very strange, stopped a question, and the deserter told him-
Kaldan is just to the east of the mountain.
At this moment, Wang Huaxing's mind came up with his mountain combat experience during the San Francisco Rebellion. He immediately suggested that the commander of the Western Route Army, Fei Yanggu, go up the mountain! Grab the high ground!
Fei Yanggu said, No, it will be late, and the army should not move rashly.
Wang Huaxing said, No, go up the mountain! Up the mountain, my lord!
Feyangu said, you line you on.
Wang Huaxing therefore organized his troops to go up the mountain, and to what extent were the soldiers tired?
Wang Huaxing used a whip to whip the soldiers up.
At the top of the mountain, Wang Huaxing suddenly found that the paramilitaries were climbing the mountain! Already climbed halfway up the mountain! That is to say, if the Qing army came for a few hours at night, the commanding heights were occupied by the paramilitary.
Wang Huaxing immediately ordered the firearms battalion to shoot.
The paramilitary had fewer than a thousand musketeers at this time. Seeing that the top of the hill was occupied by the Qing army, he immediately returned fire. Suddenly, the gunfire was thunderous, and the scene was definitely not the big knife and spear in the Qing Dynasty movie, but quite like the American Western gunfight film.
The sun is like blood.
From the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the descendants of the Erut Mongols, who had traversed the interior of Asia for hundreds of years, ushered in a fateful moment in this evening. Snowflakes like blood pounced on battle robes, seized the Yellow River as a manger (Dzungar song), and the Dzungar Mongols who rode on the vast land were eroded by Tsarist Russia and severely attacked by the Manchu Qing, these two giant hands were like iron tongs, mercilessly tearing apart their dreams of empire. At this moment, their indomitable blood was floating in the sunset of the desert north.
Beauty is twilight, and the tyrant is at the end of the road.
The quasi-army was trapped in the beast, the offensive was like a tide, and the Qing army's front was unstable in the fierce battle, and Wang Huaxing immediately asked all the Qing soldiers to dismount and fight, in case any Qing soldiers retreated on horseback and rushed to the Qing army front.
The paramilitary army had entered a state of bloody battle, and Anukodun, who loved Gardan deeply, joined the position in armor and led the army to fight to the death.
What the outcome of this battle meant was known to every Dzungar.
The Qing army began to be unable to hold on, and repeatedly the generals asked to retreat, and were angrily reprimanded by the Qing general Sun Sike - fleeing from the front and killing without mercy.
The long-distance Qing Army's Western Route Army encountered the main force of the paramilitary army, and it was almost unable to resist.
In the midst of the fierce battle, Wang Huaxing looked down the mountain and found a part of the paramilitary at the foot of the mountain, and no matter how anxious the battle was, these people did not go up the mountain to join the battle.
It was the family of the soldiers who followed Kaldan, old and young, women and children. Mongolia is a soldier for all, and the military and the people are not separated.
Wang Huaxing immediately suggested that the troops should raid the paramilitary rear and form a front-and-rear attack.
The main force of the Qing army, the Middle Route Army, was about to retreat, and the Western Route Army was basically a lone army at this time. If they do not copy the paramilitary rear, the only thing waiting for Wang Huaxing to kill them is to die in battle.
This is the cruelty of war.
At this time, Fei Yanggu had already obeyed Wang Huaxing's five-body surrender, and he immediately sent troops around the mountain to raid the rear of the paramilitary army.
The Qing army rushed to the rear of the paramilitary in the deep blue night...
Defeated.
The paramilitary had no more men to defend the rear.
The sons of Erut, who were able to fight, and the elite soldiers who repeatedly won more with less, failed to survive this evening.
The morale of the Qing army that stood firm on the top of the mountain was greatly boosted, and the roar resounded through the clouds.
Many paramilitary soldiers saw their rear troops attacked by the Qing army halfway up the mountainside, their livers and gallbladders were torn apart, exhausted, and fell off the cliffs, shattered to pieces.
At dawn the next day, the Qing army found Anu Kotun in the battlefield, and she was already dead in battle, lying on the side of the mountain road.
The sacrificial Anu kedun wore bright yellow armored robes.
Anu put on bright yellow armor, most likely posing as Kaldan to inspire the army. It may also be to attract the attention of others, so that Kaldan can once again get the cicada out of its shell. Anu probably traded his life for Gardan's life.
IV The ending
That night, Gardan once again successfully retreated. However, he had lost everyone's hearts and betrayed his relatives, and from then on he could only wander in the grasslands.
When Gardan retreated, Wang Huaxing led his army to chase for thirty miles - unlike the imagination in the TV series, when there is a real battle, people cannot be distracted, and there is no situation of swinging two knives and then looking at their teammates around. In actual combat, the eyes of the combatant can only focus on the enemy in front of him until there is no enemy in front of him. And your surroundings can only be handed over to your comrades-in-arms, otherwise everyone will die faster. So Wang Huaxing kept chasing, chasing for thirty miles, there was no one in front of him, only to turn around and count the number of people around him, and this inventory only knew that there were only more than three hundred people left around him... After The Return of the Banshi to the Dynasty, Wang Huaxing changed his name back to his original name, Yin Huaxing.
The four words of deep moderation on the stone plaque discovered in Xianyang in 2004 are the commendation given by the Kangxi Emperor to Yin Huaxing.
The wind in the desert north is still blowing. The war between the Qing Dynasty and the Dzungars continued.
Between the clearances, the attack and defense are transposing.
Deficiencies are welcome to be corrected
bibliography:
History of Dzungar
Dzungar Chronicles
Image from the web