Turning over a three-thousand-year history of ancient China, in a series of ups and downs of historical events, if you want to count the most dramatic, the difficulty of Jing Kang can at least rank in the top ten. The conflict between the northern nomadic civilization and the central plains civilization runs through almost the entire ancient history, from the Han Dynasty conquest of the Xiongnu to the Wuhu Chaohua, from the Mongol south to the Qing army entering the customs and so on. The particularity and drama of the Jing kang difficulty lies in the fact that the emperor of the Central Plains Dynasty was captured by the barbarian tribes in the north, resulting in the destruction of the country and the death of the family.
"Jing Kang shame, Yu Wei Xue, courtier hate, when will it be extinguished." This sentence in Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong" is a good reflection of how shameful the famous "shame of Jing Kang" in history really is.
Jing Kang shame is known as one of the eight great shames in Chinese history. The change of Jing Kang can be said to be a great shame and humiliation of the Song Dynasty, to what extent is it humiliated? If the reader can't imagine the extent of shame, then next, let's review the history of 900 years ago, and use historical materials and data analysis to see how shameful the shame of Jingkang really is!
Shame of Jing Kang I: How much money did the Northern Song Dynasty lose to the Jin Dynasty?
In ancient times, money was still circulated as independent currencies with gold, silver and copper, and the amount of gold and silver content was not considered here. When discussing ancient currencies, a hypothesis is usually used: one or two gold = 10 two silver = 10 copper coins = 1000 copper coins.
How much yuan did the Song Dynasty consistently sum up today?
In 2019, the price of gold is basically around $1300 an ounce, an ounce of 31.1 grams (on a gold scale). The Song dynasty had 640 grams of one pound and 16 pounds, so one or two in the Song Dynasty was 40 grams today. In this way, one or two gold in the Song Dynasty is equivalent to 1672 US dollars, and today's US dollar is 6.87 yuan against THE YUAN, which is equivalent to 11487 yuan. According to the assumption that one or two gold is 10 silver, that is, 10 yuan, the Song Dynasty consistent copper coin is equivalent to 1149 yuan.
In the second year of Jing Kang (1127), the Jin army attacked Beijing in two directions, east and west, and the Jin army was like a bamboo, and within a few months, it was approaching the city. With only a few tens of thousands of Jin troops trapping 200,000 Northern Song troops in the city, the Northern Song Emperor Song Qinzong was powerless to resist and could only seek peace, and wrote in Guo Jianlong's "The Siege of Beijing" that the Jin army proposed a demand for compensation:
Ten million gold ingots, twenty million silver ingots, converted into two, is 100 million gold, 1 billion silver, and also need 10 million horses.
What is this concept, according to the 2019 exchange rate, the calculation is about 2.2973 trillion yuan. Wikipedia data shows that even in the three years of Xianping ( 1,000 yuan ) , the most prosperous and economically developed in the Northern Song Dynasty , GDP reached a maximum of 26.55 billion US dollars , and the per capita GDP was only 450 US dollars (from Angus Madison. Millennium Statistics of the World Economy, calculated at the 1990 exchange rate of 4.78). By 1127, the economic strength of the Northern Song Dynasty, which had been conquering for many years, had declined, and even according to the calculation of the most prosperous period, the compensation of a small Golden State would also lose the financial resources of the Northern Song Dynasty for decades.
The so-called "soldiers will come to block, water will come to cover", how can the living, especially the emperor, let the money be kidnapped, Song Qinzong still thought of some ways.
1. Squeeze the royal family and ministers, and demand that the kings, the internal servants, the emperors, the ministers, etc., take out the golden veils in the house. Because the amount of gold and silver demanded by the Jin people was too large, and the speed of the central government alone was too slow, Song Qinzong also issued an edict, saying that it was already a gift for the Jin people not to burn and loot, requiring the public and private, the magnates, and the rich and powerful in the city to hand over the gold and silver, even if the queen's gold and silver could not be hidden. The administrative, judicial, and procuratorate worked together to search for gold and silver in the whole Kaifeng Province, especially the gold and silver shops, and even the noble relatives and the gongren and wives of the powerful families did not let go, and the emperor's rewards were all recovered.
2. In order to obtain gold and silver faster, Emperor Qinzong ordered the opening of an institution for purchasing gold and silver, and used money to buy gold and silver from the people;
3. Adopt a reward policy of mutual whistle-blowing and whistle-blowing, and mobilize and supervise the whole people to contribute gold and silver to the country, and whistleblowers can receive three percent rewards.
In the matter of fundraising, the officials of the Song Dynasty showed a rare top-down efficient execution and selflessness, they drew up a list according to the size of the official rank, each official below the zaizhi had indicators, if the number of officials and the difference between the indicators were too large, they would be immediately arrested and beaten until they were willing to pay more gold and silver. In the face of gold and silver, all the officials lost their dignity, and their lives were not even worth one or two gold.
Jing Kang's Shame II: Selling his wife and daughter to pay off debts
In the first year of Jing Kang (1126), when the Jin army launched an encirclement and suppression of the Northern Song Dynasty, the compensation demand put forward by the Jin army was 5 million taels of gold and 50 million taels of silver, which was far more than ten times the upper limit set by Song Qinzong, that is to say, this compensation task was basically impossible to complete. In the second year of Jing Kang (1127), only one year after the first encirclement and suppression of the Jin army, the Jin army submitted a compensation request for the second time, and the gold and silver could no longer meet the needs of the Jin people, and in the compensation clause proposed this time, there was such a clause, "The two emperors, four zongji, and four clan ji, 2,500 palace women, 1,500 female musicians, and 3,000 craftsmen of various colors must be handed over to the Jin army." "If the compensation money cannot be delivered on time, the royal woman will be sold to the gold army at a price to fill the amount of gold and silver." The specific price is, Emperor Ji and the princess each have one thousand gold ingots, Zong Ji one person has five hundred gold ingots, Clan Ji one person has two hundred gold ingots, Zong Ji has five hundred silver ingots for one person, clan woman has two hundred silver ingots for one person, and noble relatives have one hundred silver ingots. That is to say, as long as the amount of gold and silver payment cannot be completed, almost all the women of the Zhao clan will not be spared. The prestige and dignity of the Zhao and Song imperial families were lost, which is also a unique event in the entire history of ancient China.
Women in war can not escape a tragic fate after all. Once the emperor's concubine, Emperor Ji (daughter) could not escape the fate of accompanying the wine and treating the army. There were also many women in the court who were hidden in the people, but the Kaifeng government used super high efficiency to pull them out one by one, because only by finding them completely could the Jin Army leave early. Guo Jianlong recorded the time and data of this woman's humiliation in detail:
There were martyrs Zhang, Lu, and Cao who refused to submit to the second prince Han and were strung up by the Jin army with iron rods and erected in front of the camp, and died three days later.
At that time, there was a concubine surnamed Zhu, who was only thirteen years old, and refused to submit to the second prince Han Li, so Han Li did not say: "You bought a thousand ingots of gold, how dare you not take it from me?" "She was sold by the emperor to enrich the army for money.
On February 16 of the second year of Jing Kang, the women were assembled, and the two marshals of the Jin Army ordered the women assigned to the generals of the Jin Army to change into the clothes of the Jin people, and some of the women were already pregnant at home, and the marshals specially sent doctors to give them a fetus.
On February 17, they selected three thousand women from the Song Dynasty as tributes to the Emperor of the Jin Dynasty, and then rewarded 1,400 people to the soldiers.
On February 18, the second prince Han could not find twenty concubines and thirty-two prostitutes to persuade them to drink, and Emperor Huizong of Song, Emperor Qinzong of Song, and their empress were also present.
The robbery of women began in February of the second year of Jing Kang (1127) and basically ended on March 15. According to the price of the woman marked in Kaifeng Province, the price of the princess, the emperor and the princess forty-six people is one thousand gold ingots per person, adding up to 134,000 gold ingots. It took great effort for the Kaifeng government to gather a total of forty-nine thousand five hundred and twenty ingots of gold. In the compensation to the Jin Army, in addition to the fifty-one concubines and princesses, eleven thousand five hundred and six women were sold by the emperor to the Jinren, and a total of 607,700 gold ingots and 2,583,100 silver ingots were exchanged.
Even if the income from the sellers is added, it is still not enough to pay the amount of compensation, so zhang Bangchang has to rely on Zhang Bangchang to ask the Jin people for forgiveness. In this sense, the capital was not saved by the emperor, but by the women and Zhang Bangchang joining forces to take it out of the abyss.
Shame of Jing Kang III: The two emperors were taken prisoner
The Golden Army received a large number of women and war reparations and began a great evacuation. According to the Records of the Jin Dynasty, among the captives of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were more than 3,000 wives and other emperors, more than 4,000 men and women in the clan room, more than 5,000 men and women of noble relatives, and more than 3,000 craftsmen and churches.
According to the "Compilation and Supplement of the General Jianchang of the False Zizhi", the Hui and Qin Emperors who traveled north gradually disappeared out of the vision of the people in the south, and only a few people met occasionally. Fan Zhongxiong, who had resisted the Jin army in Huaizhou, had the honor of meeting Song Qinzong for the last time. On the fourth day of The first month of April, Muhan returned to Zhengzhou and decided to send Fan Zhongxiong and those whose original origin was south of the Yellow River, but happened to be north of the Yellow River during the war, to the Southern Dynasty, and he released Fan Zhongxiong. Before his release, Fan Zhongxiong saw several internal servants and women, and they sandwiched a thin man in the middle, this person was Song Qinzong, known as the Young Emperor. Fan Zhongxiong hurriedly prayed and told the young emperor that he was humble and shallow, and was powerless to reverse the situation, so that the emperor was greatly humiliated by this strange shame. But the emperor was so cold that he didn't even reply.
Emperor Huizong of Song showed great generosity, and on the way north, he met guo yaoshi, Zhang Linghui, and others who were former Liaochen (also former Song courtiers), and Guo Yaoshi met with Emperor Taishang and said that since he used to be a monarch, he must now maintain the etiquette of a monarch. But he excused himself for his apostasy, and he was really unable to catch him, so he had to surrender and ask the Emperor Taishang to pardon him. The Emperor Taishang said graciously: "Heaven and time are like this, and if it is not a public sin, how can it be forgiven?" ”
In the process of Emperor Huizong of Song and his march north, humiliation was inevitable, and a famous ritual in the Jin Kingdom was the "Leading Sheep Ceremony", which was specially established for captives who were surrendered to express the nobility of the victors.
On the morning of August 24, thousands of Jin troops broke into the Shangjing tent where the Second Emperor was located, where 1,300 people, including the emperor, the crown prince, the concubine, and the princess, were imprisoned. The soldiers forced them to go outside the Temple of the Golden Kingdom, stripped off the robes of the emperor and empress, changed them into civilian clothes, and wrapped them in sheepskin, and the rest of the people, whether they were horses, concubines, princesses, emperors, or clan women, were all naked, wearing only a sheepskin and holding a sheepskin rope.
The humiliation is not over. Emperor Huizong of Song was given the title of Duke of Xiade, and the Young Emperor Qinzong of Song was given the title of Marquis of Chongxiao.
Emperor Huizong of Song was imprisoned in Han Prefecture (present-day Changtu County, Liaoning Province) and later moved to WuguoCheng (五国城, in present-day Yilan County, Heilongjiang Province). During his imprisonment, Emperor Huizong of Song suffered mental torture. Emperor Huizong of Song was imprisoned for 9 years. On The day of The Koshi in April 1135, he finally died at the age of 54 due to mental torture in the Five Kingdoms Castle.
In June of the 26th year of Shaoxing (1156), the Jin Emperor Finished Yan Liangming, the 57-year-old Song Qinzong Zhao Huan and the 81-year-old Liao Tianzuo Emperor Yelü Yanxi went to play polo. Yerushalayim was good at riding and tried to escape from the siege on horseback, but was killed by a random arrow. Emperor Qinzong was physically weak, suffering from a severe wind disease, and was not good at equestrianism, and soon fell off his horse and was trampled to death by the horse.
Zhao's clan, in addition to those who had already died, also slowly merged into the blood of the Jin people. The originally nomadic Jin people completed the evolution to an agrarian civilization through plunder.