1
Calligraphy
Calligraphy is not simply writing. Chinese characters are only their carriers, just like although the human body has five features and limbs, but the appearance is the main place to identify the difference between people. Calligraphy has its own appearance on the "body" with facial features and limbs.
2
Legal books
Dharma book, as the name suggests, has a legal calligraphy work. In the final analysis, the fadu belongs to the summary of experience, and everyone generally believes that the law of beauty is the "law."
3
Hammer
Han Mo is just another name for calligraphy. "Han" originally referred to long, hard feathers, and later borrowed to refer to brushes, articles, letters, etc. Later, it was merged with "ink", specifically calligraphy.
4
Gold stone
The term is very simple, it is nothing more than "gold" and "stone". Explained separately, "gold" is the ancient bronze ceremonial vessel, and "stone" is the writing carrier of stone such as stele, epitaph, and cliff. Writing and casting on bronze or cliffs, tombstones, etc. is gold stone calligraphy.
5
Authenticity
Authentic and reliable handwriting rather than being prevaricating and falsifying by others.
6
Ink
Ink, i.e. handwriting written in ink. Generally refers to surviving calligraphic works.
7
Topology
Using rice paper and ink or cinnabar, the calligraphy originally engraved on bronze or stone is copied in the form of reverse printing, which is called a takumoto. Physical objects were first seen in the Tang Dynasty.
8
Carved stone
It generally refers to the calligraphy and painting engraved on the stele and cliffs. Such as "Dragon Gate Twenty Pins", "Epitaph Seven Pins" and so on.
9
stele
Before the Han Dynasty, there were very few personal tombstones. Most of the stele is used to record and pass on certain important things. Later, during the Wei and Jin dynasties, the form of epitaphs began to be transformed into above-ground monuments to write biographies.
10
stone tablet
A type of form in carved stone. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty dou xian notes: "The square is called a stele, and the round one is called a jie." "The existing stone drum text, engraved on the drum-shaped cobblestone, is a song about the hunting of the monarch of the Qin Kingdom, so it is also called "hunting jie".
11
Inscription
The "forehead" of the tombstone is called the forehead. As shown in the following figure.
12
Seal
The seal is the inscription written in the seal!
13
Seal cover
From the Sui and Tang dynasties onwards, epitaphs buried in the ground usually have stone covers, and the use of seal books to decorate the stone covers and play a record role is the seal cover.
14
Monument Yin
The front of a tombstone is called "Beiyang", and the back is called "Beiyin".
15
Tablets
Generally refers to the genus of inscriptions. "Broad Examples of Tablets": "In the twenty-fifth year of the new century, Yang Yu wrote the record of the body tower of Master Jingxian, which was detailed in the inscription at the end, and there are no more words, and the stele of the New Temple of King Feng of Wei Chang has a stele version of annihilation; the name of the later stele version has been lost since then." See also "Epigraphy".
16
Epigraphy
Also known as "epigraphy". Research and examine the origins, systems, and new and old equivalents of inscriptions. It refers to the Qing Dynasty after Ruan Yuan and Bao Shichen advocated the Northern Stele, and the study of books advocating the atmosphere of inscription was great, so there were the divisions of the Northern School of Steles and the Southern School of Thesis.
17
Le Shi
Inscription terminology. Refers to the process of copying the back of the facsimile of the Fashu hook and adding zhu to the stone surface. Tang Dynasty inscriptions often have special records of those who le shi, such as the "Huairen Ji Wang Shu Sacred Order" at the end of the stele with the words "Zhuge Shen Li Le Stone".
18
Zhu back
Also known as "back Zhu". That is, "Le Shi".
19
Cliffs
Moya is an important way to preserve calligraphy works and writing content in ancient times. It is written on the appropriate stone block of the cliff.
20
Erosion
Whether it is the damage of the paper, or the corrosion of bronze gold by patina, or the weathering of the cliff stone carving, it can be called erosion.
21
Dharma
The Fa Thesis is similar to the Dharma Book. However, the Fa Ti mainly refers to the inkblots of ancient celebrities and the Fa books (including its extensions) engraved on stone (or wood) plates. For example: "Chunhua Ge Ti", "Daguan Ti", "SanxiTang Fa Ti".
22
Thesis
(1) The schools that advocate the style system of wei and Jin, such as Zhong Xuan, Wang Yizhi, Yan Zhenqing, etc. To distinguish it from epigraphy. (2) Refers to a kind of study of the origin of the Fa Thesis, the quality of the version, and the authenticity of the handwriting. It flourished in the Qing Dynasty.
23
South Post
Inscription terminology. In the Qing Dynasty, Ruan Yuan's calligraphy was divided into two schools, the Southern Dynasty stele was very few, and most of them were QiMu's thesis, hence the name. See also "North-South Faction".
24
Book Dan
Inscription terminology. Refers to the use of cinnabar to write the text directly on the stele. "Li Shi": "The Stone Classic, Cai Yong Shu Dan, made the worker engraved." Southern Song Dynasty Jiang Kui "Continuation Book Notation": "The pen is thin when it gets ink, and it is fat when it gets Zhu." Therefore, Shu Dan is especially thin and strange, and the round and mature beauty is often more than enough, and the dryness is often insufficient, and Zhu Zhiran is also. Later, the epitaph of the book was called Shu Dan.
25
Copy
A way to learn the calligraphy of previous generations. The stele is placed aside and imitated by its strokes, which is called "Lin"; on thin paper, it is called "G", or "Shadow Book", which is reproduced according to its shape. Elementary school students learn to write, and use red books, which are also imitations. The "General Record of Dan Lead" quotes Yue Ke as saying: "The two copies are different. The post is like a room made by a Ziren, and the beams are full of trees, although they have a criterion, and the creation is complete, and the weather is clumsy; the post is like a double crane flying together, and the green dog floats in the clouds, and the vast miles go with it. The Southern Song Dynasty Meikuo's "Genealogy of Continuation Books" said: "Beginners have to copy books, but also with their hands, easy to achieve." Also known as: "Linshu is easy to lose the position of the ancients, and more of the ancient penmanship; the imitation of the book is easy to get the position of the ancients, and more lose the ancient penmanship." It is easy to enter the book, easy to forget the copy of the book, and it is also intentional and inadvertent. In addition to copying, there is still a "hook" method, using oil paper to cover the inscription or the real handwriting, with a very fine stroke to double hook the handwriting under the oil paper, and then fill the empty space inside the double hook with ink, called "hook filling".
26
Tweet
Inscription terminology. A method of copying a law book. Due to the long age of the inkblots in the French book, the dark color of the paper, and the difficulty of distinguishing the words, when molding, it is necessary to illuminate the light, cover it with paper, and then fill it with ink pen. Xiangtuo is also known as "Shadow Book" and "Shadow Cover". Zhao Xihu of the Song Dynasty wrote in detail in his "Dongtian Qinglu Ji Ancient and Modern Stone Carvings".
27
Film books
See "Copying", "Xiangtuo".
28
Hook fill
Calligraphic terms. A method of copying a law book. A more transparent paper is draped over the law book, first with a thin pen double hook, and then filled with ink outline, so it is called. Also known as "double hook contour filling". The Southern Song Dynasty Jiang Kui (sequel to the book spectrum) said, "The method of double hooks must be so that the ink cannot be blurred out of the word, or the outline is filled in."
29
Wash the monument
Inscription terminology. Ancient stele due to weathering erosion or artificial wear, posterity according to the original old painting to engrave, called "washing stele". However, once the inscription is washed, the spirit of calligraphy and painting is inevitably inferior, and the Yan Zhenqing book "Yan Family Temple Stele" that is now stored in the Forest of Steles in Xi'an is the one who was washed.
30
Seal book
Font name. 1 Generally refers to the ancient script before the Han Dynasty Lizi. Such as small seals, fences, gold letters, oracle bones and so on. 2 refers to the Qin script (such as the Shigu script) that was used in the Qin State during the Spring and Autumn Warring States period; the small seal after Qin Shi Huang unified the Six Kingdoms; and the Miao seal of the Han Dynasty. For example, the Six Books of Wang Mangshi, "Three Seal Books, that is, Small Seals".
31
Literature
Its generation is also called "Book of Qi" and "Great Seal". It is named after the "Shi Shu". Fonts overlap. The Spring and Autumn Warring States passed through the Qin State. Present-day existence * stone drum text is the table.
32
Oracle
It is also known as "Qiwen", "Bu ci", "turtle shell script", "Yin Ruins script", and "Zhenbu script". The oldest surviving script in our country. Because it is engraved and written on the tortoise shell and animal bone, it is named. During the Yin Shang Dynasty, tortoise shells and animal bones were often used, and inscriptions and chronicles related to divination were written. The oracle bones were excavated in Xiaotun Village (the ruins of the capital city of Yin Shang, also known as Yin Ruins) in Anyang, Henan, and were first discovered in the 24th year of Guangxu (1898). In the 30th year of Guangxu, Sun Qi rang first interpreted the oracle bones, and wrote the "Example of Qiwen" After 1928, after many archaeological excavations, more than 100,000 pieces were excavated successively, which were objects from 273 years after Pan Geng's relocation to Yin and his death. The total number of words is about 4,600 words, and the number of literate characters is 1,700 words. The structure of the text has tended to be integrated from a single body, and there are a large number of shapes and sounds; but the strokes and parts of the multi-digit numbers have not yet been fixed. The text hieroglyphs are simple and ancient, vigorous and beautiful, and have high roots and artistry.
33
Deed
An alternative name for Oracle. QitongQi is named because the qi knife is carved on the turtle shell and animal bone. In the Qing Dynasty, Sun Qi Rang wrote two volumes of "Examples of Qiwen", which was the beginning of the interpretation of the oracle bone.
34
Ke Douwen
Also known as "Kedou Book" and "Kedou Seal". Seal characters (including ancient, 籀) handwriting is a common name. Because the pen is dipped in ink or lacquer to make a book, the pen is thick at the beginning of the pen and thin at the end of the pen, which is shaped like a tadpole, so it is named. This name first appeared at the end of the Han Dynasty, and Lu Zhishang wrote that "ancient literature and science fighting, near to the truth". Zheng Kangcheng's "Shang Shu Zan" said: "When the book first came out of the wall, it was all zhoushi hieroglyphs, and now it is called the Kedou Book. In the Yuan Dynasty, Wu Qiuyan demonstrated the formation of the shape of the Kedou book: "In ancient times, there was no pen and ink, and the bamboo was pointed out on the lacquer book, the bamboo was hard and greasy, and the painting could not be done, so the head was thick and the tail was thin, like its shaped ears." ”
35
Jin Wen
Also known as "Zhong Dingwen". i.e. the writing on ancient bronzes. It is named because it is mostly cast or engraved on metal utensils (such as bells, dings, etc.). The body of the book is evolved from the oracle bone, round and simple, full of variations. The Zhou Dynasty Jin Wen is mostly recorded about rituals, tin orders, conquests, and contracts. The Yin Shang Jin Wen and the Oracle Bone Are Similar, and the number of inscriptions is also small, but it is not as long as the Zhou Dynasty had up to 500 words. To the unification of the six kingdoms by the Qin Dynasty, the small seal was passed, and it was abolished. After the Qianlong Jiaqing (1736-1820) of the Qing Dynasty, the study of script exhortation gradually flourished, and the study of jinwen continued to deepen, becoming an important material for the study of ancient history, and also an important font for learners. For example, inscriptions such as "Sanshi Pan", "Mao Gongding", and "Shi Songdun" are all representative works of Jin Wen.
36
Great seal
Font name. In the narrow sense, it refers specifically to the script. In the broad sense of the fingernail bone script, jin script, 籀 script and the Spring and Autumn Warring States period in the Six Kingdoms script.
37
Zhong Dingwen
That is, "Golden Text".
38
Small seal
Also known as "Qin Seal". It was used in the Qin Dynasty. The shape is long, uniform and neat, and is derived from the large seal. Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty said: "Qin Shi Huang emperor was also the head of the world,...... Those who do not cooperate with Qin Wen. (Li) Si wrote "Cangjie Chapter", Zhongche Fu Ling Zhao Gaozuo (Love Calendar Chapter), Taishi Ling Hu Wujing wrote "Erudite Chapter", all took the Shi Li Great Seal, or quite provincial reform, the so-called small seal also. "The remnants of the present (Langyatai carved stone) and the "Taishan carved stone", that is, the representative work of the small seal.
39
Books
Another name for the Qin Dynasty Xiaozhuo. Liu Fengshi of the Song Dynasty said: "When Gai Zhao Gao wrote the "Love Calendar" teaching book, the prison guard's book body was covered with this "document that records prisoners' confessions"), so it was commonly called '爰書' also. ”
40
Tick
In the Qin Dynasty, it was a seal script with special purposes. Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty", "Shuowen Jiezi Shu": "The Book of Qin has eight bodies and three inscriptions. Used for letters. Duan Yu's note: "The WeiShu Jiangshi Table has a book character under the symbol, one of the six sections of the Zhou system, a Han bamboo, six inches long, divided and combined." "This kind of seal body is specially engraved on the rune, because it is engraved on the metal with a knife, and it cannot be gracefully as desired, so the stroke is close to straight, and the shape is close to the square, such as the text on the existing Yangling Tiger Symbol.
41
Bird worm book
Also known as the "Worm Book". The flower body in the seal book. There was this font in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, most of which were cast or engraved on weapons and bells. Often use the prototype of animals to form strokes, like books and paintings, which is interesting. Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Explanation of Words and Characters. The Shu records the Eight Bodies of the Book of Qin, the "Book of Four Worms"; the Six Books of the New Mang, the Book of Birds and Worms, so the Book of Letters also. Duan Yu's commentary: "Banner, as 旛, ShuYi, shuqi, shuqi; letter, shufujie." It shows that such books are mostly used for flags and runes, and there are also examples of birds and insect books in the Chinese seal.
42
Miao Seal
A type of seal script used in the Han Dynasty to imitate seals. One of the Six Books of Wang Mang. The Eastern Han Dynasty Xu Shen's "Commentaries on the Interpretation of Characters and Narratives" records the six books of Xin Mang: "The five miao seals, so the imitation of the seal is also." "The squares of the body are evenly arranged, and the gestures evolve from the round and uniform of the small seal to the buckling winding. With the meaning of silk, hence the name. The Qing Dynasty Guifu's "Miao Seal Rhymes" refers to the multi-body seal text used by the Han Wei Seal as "Miao Seal". Also known as "seal".
43
Jade seal
Also known as "Jade Seal". A type of seal book. Its writing pen is round and warm, shaped like a jade basket (chopsticks), hence the name. Beginning in the Qin Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty Qi has already written a poem in the "Book of The Seal of the Master of Xie Yaocheng": "The true text of the jade tendon has not been happy for a long time, and Li Si has been passed on to Li Yangbing." Later generations discussed the book, and other fonts that used round and strong pens were also called "jade tendons". For example, Wang Shizhen of the Ming Dynasty commented on Yan Zhenqing's book: "The author of the "Family Temple" and "Maoshan Stele" in the main book. ”
44
Jade seal
That is, "Jade Seal".
45
Iron wire seal
A kind of small seal. It was detached from the Qin Dynasty's "Taishan Carved Stone" and "Langyatai Carved Stone" and other jade books. With a pen round work, thin and hard like iron, draw a head and tail like a line, hence the name. Later generations called li Yangbing's seal book of the Tang Dynasty "iron wire seal." ”
46
Grass seal
Title of the book. (1) Another name for flying white. Cai Yong of the Eastern Han Dynasty said: "He Cao seals the foot of meditation, and Swen's unannounced." "Introduction to the Golden Stone Forest": "A flying white, the seal looks like a bone, mixed with ancient and modern methods, barely made a grass seal, made by the instrument, self-made, had to be so." "(2) Refers to a seal character written in cursive writing. The "Book History Society" said: "(Zhao) Eunuch Guang was committed to the study of Cangshi, created grass seals, covered the "Heavenly Seal Stele" and changed slightly, and his character was surpassed, and the book did not trample on the ruins. "Fu Shan and others are good at cursive seal writing.
47
Affiliation
Also known as "Zuo Shu" and "History Book". Font name. The shape is flat and square folded for easy writing. It began in the Qin Dynasty and was commonly used in the Han and Wei Dynasties. Tang Dynasty Zhang Huaihuan's "Book Break" quotes cai yong's "Holy Emperor Chapter" of the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Cheng Mi deleted the ancient Li Liwen. Pudai Weiheng's "Four-Body Calligraphy": "Qin used seals, played a lot of things, and the seal characters were difficult to achieve, that is, lingli people (Xu Officials) adjutated the book, known as lizi." Cheng Mi collected and sorted out this writing style at that time, and later generations have cheng mi created a book. Qin is based on the Qin seal, and the glyph structure still has more seal book traces, which was continuously developed and improved in the Han Dynasty, becoming a font with completely different gestures and structures from the Qin seal. The emergence of Lishu broke through the principle of creating characters in the Six Books, laid the foundation of calligraphy, and marked a turning point in the history of the evolution of Chinese characters and the history of calligraphy. During the Wei and Jin dynasties, it was mixed with the Book of Letters as Lishu, because the Lishu of Youbo was called "Eight Points", and the "Qin Law Jane" unearthed by Hubei Yunmeng and the Han "December Jane of the Five Fengs" were representative works of the Qin and Han handwritten Lishu.
48
Han Li
A collective term for the Lishu of the Han Dynasty. Because the Lishu inscribed on the Eastern Han Dynasty inscription has vivid gestures and diverse styles, and the Tang people lishu, the characters are more stereotyped, called "Tang Li", so those who learn to write Lishu attach importance to the Eastern Han Inscription, and call the various styles of Lishu in this period "Han Li" to distinguish it from "Tang Li".
49
Eight points
That is, "Lishu". From the Wei and Jin dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, the Book of Letters was also called Lishu, and the Lishu that originally had Bo Zhen was called "Eight Points." Wang Yan of the Southern Dynasty Song Dynasty said, "The second zhong began to use the ancient book Fang Guang Shao Bo, and the construction of junior high schools was based on the grass as a model, the characters were eight points, and the words were exemplary." The "Six Classics of Tang" said: "Four is known as eight points, which is used by the stele of the Stone Classic." Liu Xizai of the Qing Dynasty said: "Xiao Seal, Qin Seal also; eight points, Han Li also." Qin has no name for XiaoZhuan, Han has no eighth name, and those who are famous are all descendants. Later generations took the seal as the larger, so the small Qin seal was subordinate to the main book, so the eight points of Han belonged to the ear. The Qing Dynasty Bao Shichen's "Art Boat Double Maple" says: "Cai Yong changed his affiliation to eight points, eight Yi training back, and the distribution of speech left and right also contradicted." "Kang Youwei's "Guangyi Zhou Shuangyi" said: Eight points to the degree of speech, this is a living name, stretching and contracting can not be done." Recently, some scholars have researched that because the Lizi was originally created as the new Lishu (楷書), the old Lizi characters must be given a different name or upgraded, and distinguished, so it is called "eight points", which means that it is 80% of the ancient or elegant style.
50
Book
That is, "Lishu", "History Book", also known as "Zuo Shu". The Eastern Han Dynasty Xu Shen's "Shuowen Jiezi Shu" records that the six books of Xinmang are ancient texts, qizi, seal books, zuo books, miao seals, and bird and insect books. And indicate that the left book is the Qin Lishu. The "Book of Han and Yiwen Zhi" also says: "The Han King Mangju is photographed, and the book has six bodies, which are ancient texts, qi characters, seal books, lishu books, miao seals, and insect books." "The Book of Aritsuki is called the Book of Azo. Duan Yujie believed: "Its method is convenient and can be caught by Sasuke Seal. "Recent scholars have further believed that the name of Lishu is from the book of Tu Li, or from the book of Shu Zuo, or from the book of Shu Zuo's "Low-level Officials Drafted and Written by the Han Dynasty Officials"), hence the name.
51
Present-day affiliation
The ancient name of the main book. The Zhengshu was developed and evolved from the Han Dynasty, and in the Tang Dynasty, the Zhengshu was still called "Lishu". For example, the "Tang Six Classics" says: "The school secretary Lang Zhengzi, the palm of the school classics, the publication of correct characters." Its body has five: ... The Five Books of Affiliation, classics, performances, and public and private texts are used. This "Lishu" refers to the canonical book that was common at that time. In order to distinguish it from the common Lishu in the Han and Wei Dynasties, it is also called the Main Book as "Present Li". In the Ming Dynasty, Li Zhen's "Doubtful Yao" said: "The book of the Tang Dynasty is called Jinli, because it is said that Han li is guli. The "Variation of the King of Zhong" mentioned in Lu Shen's "Book Collection" refers to the Book of The Present Dynasty.
52
Grass
Another name for cursive. The "Biography of Nanshi Liu Xiaoxiao" says: "Qiu and Good Grass, thinking that the book resembles the father, but becomes a different body." Zhang Yanyuan's "Records of Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties" of the Tang Dynasty said that the son of righteousness was dedicated, "rarely famous, high-spirited, and the beauty of the grass to the stepfather." Nowadays, people also call the Han Dynasty bamboo and wood Jian on the Lishu as caoli.
53
Cursive
Font name. Also known as the "Book of Gnosus". The broad sense refers to those who scribble the writing method regardless of the era and font; the narrow sense refers to the font with continuous strokes and convenient writing. The Eastern Han Dynasty Xu Shen's "Commentaries on the Interpretation of Characters and Narratives" says that "Hanxing has cursive writing". The handwriting style commonly used in the early Han Dynasty was Caoli (i.e., sloppy Lishu). Later, it gradually developed into "Zhang Cao" to the end of the Han Dynasty, and it is said that Zhang Zhi took off the "Zhang Cao" containing the inconsistency of the strokes and characters of Lishu Bo, and became a "present grass" that was borrowed from each other and the strokes were continuous and convenient, that is, the cursive script called cursive in later generations. To the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the king of righteousness and perfection. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Xu and Huai Su wrote "Jincao" more indulgent and strange, and the pen walked the dragon and snake, which was called "wild grass" to distinguish it from "Jincao".
54
Book
Another name for cursive. The "Hanshu Dong Zhongshu Biography" contains: "Grass is not on the top", which can be proved that cursive writing preceded, because of the origin of the grass, the name of the grass book is synonymous with cursive writing. Tang Dynasty Zhang Huaihuan's "Book Break" said: "Gao Yicao also." "Du Cao (degree) is good at cursive writing, so the "Thousand Character Text" written by Liang Zhou Xingsi of the Southern Dynasty has the sentence "Du Artemisia Zhongli".
55
Chapter Grass
Early cursive writing. It began in the Han Dynasty. The predecessor of "Imakusa". Evolved from a cursive letter. The difference from "Imakusa" is mainly to retain the shape of the calligraphy, and the upper and lower characters are independent and not consecutive. Its name has several theories: First, the "Shuyuan Jinghua" quotes Cai Xizong of the Tang Dynasty as saying: "Zhang Cao flourished in Emperor Zhang of Han. "It is believed to have been founded by Emperor Zhang of Han. Ii. The Book Break quotes Wei Xu of the Tang Dynasty as saying: "Because of Emperor Zhang's favored name. "It is believed that it was named after the hobby of Emperor Zhang of Han. III. The Book Break contains that after the King of Beihai of the Han Dynasty was ordered by emperor Ming to write ten cursive rulers, Emperor Zhang ordered Dudu to write cursive. It is thought that it is named for its use in chapters. IV. The "Book Break" quotes Wang Yu as saying: "When Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty shi you wrote "Anxious Chapter", disbanded the subordinate body of the rough book cloud, the Han customs were simple and degenerate, and gradually became practiced. "It is believed that it was named after Shi You's "Urgent Chapter". In modern times, some scholars have researched that "chapter" contains a font structure that shows the strict meaning, hence the name.
56
Present grass
Also known as "grass". A type of cursive. It began at the end of the Han Dynasty. It is an innovation of the chapter grass. The strokes are continuously wrapped back and forth, and there are links between the words, making the writing simple and convenient. It was carried forward and perfected by the Eastern Jin Dynasty Wang Xi. Zhang Huaihuan of the Tang Dynasty's "Book Break" says: "(Wang) offered to taste the father's cloud: the ancient chapter grass, not grand, the real body, the principle of poverty and hypocrisy, the traces of the extreme grass, not between the lines, in the past law, the adult should change the body." The more indulgent "wild grass" for the development of "imakusa".
57
Wild grass
Also known as "big grass". One of the most indulgent in cursive. Get rid of the Eastern Jin Dynasty Wang Xi one road cursive style of gentle and elegant style, the gesture is continuous and rushing, the glyphs are varied, and the extreme dragon flying snake dance, named after Zhang Xu and Huai Su in the Tang Dynasty. Zhang Xu's "Four Ancient Poems" and Huai Su's "Self-Narration" are representatives.
58
Book
Also known as "Letters", "Letters", "True Books". Font name. In order to straighten out the rambling norms of cursive writing and reduce the waves of Han Li, it was developed and evolved from Lishu. It began at the end of the Han Dynasty and is a font commonly used by the Wei and Jin Dynasties to this day. The strokes are flat and the shape is square, hence the name. The Xuanhe Book Genealogy states: "In the early Han Dynasty, there were Wang Cizhong, who began to use the character li as a method. The so-called Dhamma is also the shoshu of imaging. Even if man is convenient, the world will do what he wants. Therefore, at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the lizi stone carvings were dyed into the main book. Descending to the Three Kingdoms, there is the "He Kejie Table", which is the ancestor of the main book, and the work of King Xi of Jin, "On Le Yi" and "Huang Ting Jing", once born in the world, it is a treasure that is not lost in the past and present. ”
59
Letters
That is, "the main book".
60
Italics
61
Real books
62
Line book
Also known as the "Book of Execution". Title of the book. Legend has it that it was created by Liu Desheng at the end of the Han Dynasty. Writing is generally based on the shape of the script, making smooth and convenient writing, which is not as easy to distinguish as cursive, but also more vivid and simple than the script, and is a handwritten style widely used in society. Writing lines and books without stopping, writing paper without engraving, turning lightly and pressing heavily, like water flowing in the clouds, without interruption, forever existing in business. The Southern Song Dynasty Jiang Kui believed that the xingshu "is expensive to the old pen, and there are few mistakes, and it can also be reflected." All the precious thick fibers are out, the blood veins are connected, the bones are old and strong, the wind god is sprinkled, and the posture is ready. ”
63
List book
Also known as the "List Office". Refers to the large characters written on the plaque. In ancient times, it was called "signature book". In the Han Dynasty, Xiao He used the title "Canglong" and "White Tiger" to "Two Que". It is also known as the "Book of The Book of Books".
64
Signature
Also known as "list books". Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty said in the Shuowen Jiezi Shu that the Book of Qin had eight bodies, "Six Signature Books". The Qing Dynasty Duan Yujue's "Notes on the Interpretation of Words and Characters" says: "Inspectors, the book office, all sealed and inspected inscriptions, are known as the signature, the title list is known as the signature." ”
65
Book
Another name for the big characters. The ancients wrote tablets for uniformity, and there were those who drew squares with horizontal and straight lines, called "擘窠". In the Tang Dynasty, Yan Zhenqing's "Beggar's Imperial Book Release Pond Stele Table" said: "The previous book is slightly thinner, and I am afraid that it will not last for a long time. In the Qing Dynasty, Zhu Luzhen's "Essentials of Calligraphy" said, "There are books that are written in books, and there are also big books." The meaning of the special unspecified, the meaning of the big pen, the big one, the giant also; 窠, the hole also, that is, the hole in the big finger, grasp the big pen in the big finger of the hole, that is, the tiger's mouth also. Small characters and Chinese characters are used for stirrups, and large pens and large books are used for stirrups. " is used to refer to large characters in general.
66
Lacquer books
Title of the book. (1) Words written in lacquer. According to legend, the ancient scriptures found in the walls of Confucius's residence are named after lacquer. Southern Dynasty Liang Zhou Xingsi's "Thousand Character Text": "Lacquer book wall scripture." "(2) Calligraphic form. In the Qing Dynasty, Jinnong painted the dots of the characters into square circles, horizontal and thick, straight and thin, as if brushed with lacquer brooms.
67
Fly white
Also known as "grass seal". A font with a special writing method. The strokes are parallel to the dry silk, and the strokes are revealed at the turn. According to legend, the Eastern Han Ling Emperor retouched the Hongdu Gate and the craftsmen brushed the characters with a broom painted with white powder, and Cai Yong was inspired to make a flying white book. In the Tang Dynasty Zhang Huaihuan's "Book Break", it is written: "Flying white, the later Han Zuo Zhonglang will be Cai Yong's work." Wang Yin, Wang Yan and Yun: "Flying white becomes italic system also." "This is the inscription of the palace, the situation is both looking for the zhang, the word should be slightly dissatisfied, and the name is feibai." Huang Bosi of the Northern Song Dynasty said, "Take the white of its silk hair, and its momentum is called flying." Zhao Eunuch guang of the Ming Dynasty said: "Those who are white but do not fly are like seals, and those who fly but are not white seem to be subordinate." Nowadays, people refer to the dry brush strokes of calligraphy and painting as "flying white".
68
Skinny Gold Book
Also known as "skinny gold body". A type of calligraphy. Song Huizong Zhao Yi Kai Shu Shu Chu Suiliang, Xue Yao, Xue Ji and out of the new meaning, the pen is very strong and sharp, the pen is thin and hard and has a plump and free wind god, into a family law, self-titled "thin gold book". The Ming Dynasty Tao Zongyi's "Book History Will Be Essential" called it "Xue Ji at the beginning, changed its legal degree, and called himself a thin golden book." A close friend, Ye Changzhi's "Yushi", called his book: "Out of the bronze Yong book." And Chu Dengshan, Xue Shaobao, thin and hard, like Cut Jade, known as Thin Golden Book. Surviving works include the "Thousand Character Text of the Book of Letters" and the "Stele of the Qing Palace of shenxiao jade". Today's imitation Song style is also free from this.
69
Finger book
Also known as the "Book of Touches". Use your fingers to dip ink into the book, so it is called. It existed during the Northern Song Dynasty. Ma Yongqing's "Lazy True Son" says, "Duke Wen (Sima Guang) was privately in the northwest of the county, and the Chu office list was all publicly infected with books. The method is to press the second fingertip against the first finger; the finger is slightly curved, and the ink book is dyed. "To learn the book, it is necessary to study it after the pen has achieved considerable achievement.
70
Hospital
Calligraphic terms. The evaluation of the calligraphic style is generally derogatory. The Northern Song Dynasty Huang Bosi's title "JiwangShu Sacred Order" said: "Shuyuan Yun: 'Tang Wen Emperor system of holy religious order, shi capital city Zhu Shi Hongfu Temple Huairen set the right army to write the stone, tired years of fang, Yi Shao drama traces salty in it. 'The chinese characters in the present view of the stele and the posthumous post of the Right Army are all, and the words of the "Shuyuan" are believed; however, in recent times, the Hanlin scholars have learned this stele a lot, and they have learned from the Buddha, and there is no high rhyme, because they know that their books are the courtyard body. Tang Haotong's micro-Kundi already had Simu, so there were few scholars and doctors playing this today; however, those who learned to be able to reach them were vulgar, and the words in the stele were not vulgar. Those who are not deep in this are not enough to speak of this. ”
71
The Book of Scriptures
Calligraphic terms. In the Tang Dynasty, Buddhism prevailed, and most of the believers worshipped the Buddhist scriptures, and the Buddhist scriptures were mostly copied by hand in small and stable hands, and the people who copied the Buddhist scriptures were called "Jingsheng", and the word you were "Jingsheng Shu". This type of hand-copied scripture also has a high standard in calligraphy, reflecting the popularity of calligraphy in the Tang Dynasty. However, the "Book of Jingsheng" by later generations contains a pejorative connotation.
72
Six and a half minutes book
Another name for the Qing Dynasty Zheng Xie (Banqiao) Law Book. Zheng Xie mixed it into the line kai in the form of a calligraphic pen, and sometimes used a blue bamboo face pen to make it his own face. This book is between the Kai Li and li, and the li shu is also called "eight points", so the book he created is called "six and a half points".
73
Vibrating pen
A kind of calligraphy with a pen. Because it seems that the dot-drawing lines seem to be written with trembling, it is called "vibrating pen", and in modern times, Hu Xiaoshi, Li Ruiqing and others make good use of this brushwork.
74
Writing method
The method of writing brush words with the finger holding the pen tube. Writing is the basic means of writing activities. There are roughly the following points: such as double bracts (that is, * double hooks), single bracts (that is, * single hooks), back wrists, pickets, grips, and picks. It is a synthesis of the "five-character writing method" (i.e., 擫, pressing, hooking, grid, and resisting) that is derived from Chung Xuan, Wang Xizhi, Yu Shinan, Lu Yanyuan, etc. After a long period of practice of writing by generations of calligraphers, Xian believes that it is the correct method that is physiological and effective.
75
Stirrup method
A technique of moving a pen. Stirrups are made of lamps, so there are also metaphors for writing and carrying fingers like picking up the wick. There are two main sayings. I. "Shuyuan Jinghua" quotes the late Tang Linyun's "Stirrup Sequence": "Stirrups, stirrups, cover with pen tubes the middle finger, the tip of the index finger, so that the circle is easy to rotate; the pen tube is straight, then the tiger mouth is empty and round like stirrups." Shallow stirrups are easy to transport. If the pen pipe is also shallow, it is easy to move. Pushing, dragging, pulling, dragging, the trick is all here. Second, "Taoyuan Hand Listening" quotes the Northern Song Dynasty Qian Ruoshui: "The ancient good book rarely has a penmanship, Tang Luxisheng has obtained five words, squeeze, pressure, hook, grid, and resist, with a pen double hook, then the dot painting is vigorous and wonderful, which is called the stirrup method." However, Lu Xisheng's five-character writing method recorded in the Chronicle of Tang Poetry and the Xuanhe Book Notation does not have the words "stirrup method". The yun of case LinYun refers to the four-character technique and Lu Xisheng's five-character method of writing two different meanings. Many scholars have said that the writing method is more than the main land.
76
Double hook
Calligraphic terms. (1) Techniques for reproducing legal books. The law book is stoned, and the outer edge of the pen is hooked with a thin line along the sides of its pen, called "double hook", and the Southern Song Dynasty Jiang Kui's "Continuation Book Spectrum" says: "The method of double hook must be inked out of the outside of the word, or the outline fills in it, or the back of Zhu Qi, which is fat and thin." Lu You has the verse "Miao Mo Double Hook Post". (2) A technique for writing "hollow characters". According to the report: Pu Yuan of the Song Dynasty, tried to write the "Tao Te Ching" on the river with double hook characters, the pen and ink are fine, if the gossamer is lingering, the lone smoke is windy, continuous, or a stroke is a number, the distribution is even, and the flavor is more than enough. (3) The name of the fingering of the penmanship, as opposed to the "single hook". Huang Tingjian of the Northern Song Dynasty wrote: "When learning words, first use double hooks, use two fingers to overlap each other, and press the ring finger with a pen." Raise the pen and make the wrist go as it pleases. Nowadays, the upper and middle segments of the index finger and the middle finger are stacked on top of each other, and the pen tube is hooked, which is called "double hook".
77
Single hook
Calligraphic terms. Fingering names. The index finger hooks the pen tube and the thumb to form a clamp shape, and the remaining fingers are cushioned behind the pen tube. Because only one index finger is used as the main hook, it is called "single hook". As opposed to the "double hook". Han Fangming of the Tang Dynasty said: "If the seal book is written, you can use more single hooks, and the circle is straight and accurate." The Yuan Dynasty Wu Qiuyan's "Xuegu Compilation" also said: "Writing a seal handle pen, only need a single hook, that is, the middle finger is extended under the lining, the square is straight, and there is no unsatisfactory." The Qing Dynasty Zhu Luzhen's "Essentials of Calligraphy" said: "The single hooker's index finger and middle finger are uneven, the index finger is hooked to the big finger, and the middle finger is hooked to the name finger, which is a single hook," The Northern Song Dynasty Su Shi used this method to write a book, slightly cutting his pen.
78
Pillow wrist
Calligraphic terms. When writing, the back of the left palm is flat under the right wrist, which is called the "pillow wrist". It is mostly used for writing small characters, and there are also arm rests (mostly bamboo, wood) and other objects instead of the left hand pad under the wrist.
79
Hanging wrist
Calligraphic terms. One of the methods of writing. Wrist dexterity is crucial to the pen, the elbow is not against the table, the wrist hangs out of thin air, called "hanging wrist". Writing is only a levee wrist can not move the pen up and down freely. The hanging wrist can loosen the shoulders, and the strength of the whole body can only be concentrated on the end because there is no obstacle, and the pointill painting can be strong.
80
Wrist return method
A calligraphic term, one of the calligraphy techniques. The palm of the wrist is bent back, and the fingers are facing the chest, so it is called. He Shaoji of the Qing Dynasty used this method to write, when writing, the wrist elbow was hanging high, and he could lift and press, but he could not rise and fall left and right, which violated the physiological functions of ordinary people, so it was generally not used.
81
Wrists are flat and palmed
A calligraphic term that deals with the palm of the wrist when writing. Derived from "finger real palm virtual". Shen Yinmo, a close friend, said: "The palm must not only be empty, but also erect." The palm can be erected, the wrist can be flat; the wrist is flat, the elbow can be naturally suspended, and the elbow and wrist can be used flexibly. The theory of "vertical palm" is an argument for the method of writing in the calligraphy world. Some people think that "vertical palm" writing, the book wall can be, the table is written, easy to affect the flexibility of the pen.
82
Phoenix eyes
Calligraphic terms, the name of the fingering of the penmanship, when holding the tube, the thumb node bone is straight, the inside is slightly convex, and the inward curved index finger forms a narrow and elongated gap, because of its name "phoenix eye". The large finger bone is convex, and the tiger's mouth is called "dragon's eye", which is another way of writing.
83
Executive
Calligraphic terms. The general term for holding and using the pen, the Tang Dynasty Sun Guoting's "Book Genealogy" said: "The reason for the transfer of the current author's envoys is the shallow, deep, long, and short; the so on is also the kind of vertical and horizontal entanglement." Zhang Shen of the Ming Dynasty said, "Insist on writing, make the word use." See also "Pen".
84
Pen
Calligraphic terms. Refers to the process of writing dot painting of words. The Southern Song Dynasty Jiang Kui's "Continuation Book Genealogy" said: "The desire to cling to it is tight, and the desire to live on the transport cannot refer to the pen." When the pen is transported with the wrist. The hand is not in the hand; the luck is in the wrist, and the wrist is not the master. ”
85
Raise your wrist
Calligraphic terms. One of the methods of writing. Refers to a person who lifts his wrist without resting on the table. The method is to write a case with an elbow and a false wrist, mostly for writing medium-sized words. Because although the wrist is raised and the elbow is written, it cannot exert all its strength, so it is not taken by most scholars.
86
Elbow and wrist method
Calligraphic terms. Use elbows and wrists when writing. The Northern Song Dynasty Zhou Yue's "Ancient and Modern Decree Garden" said: Those who write cases with elbows and falsely raise their wrists are wrist lifters, and those who are suspended in the air are hanging wrists. In the Yuan Dynasty, Chen Xuan once said: "The pillow wrist is in small characters, the wrist is in the book, and the hanging wrist is in the big character of the book." Zheng Yu said: "Within the inch, the law is in the palm finger, and outside the inch, the law is also the elbow wrist." The method of the elbow wrist discussed by predecessors not only emphasizes the right wrist of holding the pen, but also pays attention to the left wrist of the paper, as Yao Peizhong of the Qing Dynasty said: "Use the left hand to call the wing like a trend." Weng Fanggang said: "This person knows that the wrist strength must be used in the work, but the strength of the right wrist must be from the left wrist." Kang Youwei, a close friend, believes: "If the right wrist is straight, the front is aligned, and the wrist suspension is shoulder back." If the left wrist is open and pasted, the qi stops evenly, and the right wrist is weak. ”
87
Press Mention
Calligraphic terms. The work of ups and downs in the writing pen. Press, is the pen down; lift, is the pen up, the line pen has a press to lift, you can keep the pen in the center. Jiang He of the Qing Dynasty said: "It must be mentioned after the moment, and it must also be mentioned after squatting and stationing." The proposer lifts the pen and subtracts it from the score of the required and the score of squatting and stationing. Jiang Heng said: "Whoever turns the shoulder hook must lift the pause, but the word Teton is connected, and it is better to influence, less late, and then commit the disease of shoulder disconnection." Liu Xizai's "Outline of Art and Books" said: "All books should be pressed with pen and pen, and pens should be mentioned." Discernment should be especially at the beginning of the pen, and discernment should be especially at the end of the pen. "The scholar yu ti pressed the two words, and there was a combination but not a separation. Therefore, the heavy place with the pen must be lifted, and the light place with the pen must be pressed, so as to avoid the fall and the two diseases. See also" line pen. ”
88
Wrist
Calligraphic terms. A technique for using a pen. Because the brush is soft, it is necessary to have the correct way of writing Chinese characters, and also to have the correct way of carrying the wrist. Huang Ting of the Northern Song Dynasty insisted that "the wrist follows its own will", the wrist was pressed up and down and the left and right were adjusted to correct the pen edge, "so that the pen heart is often in the pointill painting", and the pen path written was strong and round, full of texture.
89
peck
Calligraphic terms. A technique of stippling with a pen. The "Yongzi Eight Laws" call short skimming "pecking". The writing of the pecking pen should be fast. Tang Taizong Li Shimin's "Pen Technique" said: "Pecking whiskers lie down and write sharply." In the Yuan Dynasty, Chen Xuan once wrote in the "Hanlin Tips": "Pecking, nodding the head and tail left out of the slight upwards, like the pecking of the beak of a bird." The Qing Dynasty Bao Shichen also said: pecking is "like the pecking of a bird, sharp and fast, it is also said that its painting is gradual, and it is cut like a bird pecking".
90
Bricks
Calligraphic terms. A technique of stippling with a pen. The "Yongzi Eight Laws" call the pen "磔". In ancient times, when the animal was split, it was called a brick, and the method of making a crack was used, which means that the pen is spread out as much as possible and is urgent. Also, the oblique is called the brick, and the lying is called the wave. Tang Taizong Li Shimin's "Pen Technique" said: "The pen of the war is sent out, and Xu Nai is proud of it." "You are three folds and you are left behind." When writing, the pen is reversed to the left, and the paper is folded and turned over, and the control is tried to lay down, and when the length is right, it is pulled out.
91
Gofa
Another brushstroke in addition to the Yongzi Eight Laws. Legend has it that: "(Tang) Emperor Taizong Gongli (楷書), with (Yu) Shi Nan as his teacher, often suffered from GeFa, and the word '戬' was empty and fell, and (Yu) Shi Nan took the pen to fill it in to show Wei Zheng, and the sign was: Looking up at the holy works of the eye, but the character Ge Fa is quite realistic, and the upper sigh wei is algae knowledge. "Ge painting is longer, if you do not calmly write when writing, you will inevitably be heavy on the head and tail, and light in the middle." Han Li Gefa * dropped the pen Gu right, Kai from the subordinate, so as not to be stiff. Tang Taizong Li Shimin said: "For the sake of Ge Birun, Gui hesitated and looked to the right. ”
92
Center
Calligraphic terms. Keep the main edge of the brush at the center of the pointille when pointing to the pen to distinguish it from the side edge. The money bar written by the center is round and textured. The Northern Song Dynasty Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Pen Talk" contains: Song Xu Xuan Shan Xiao Seal, Ying Ri Guan Zhi. There is a thick ink in the center of the painting, right in it, as for the bend, there is no deviation, but the pen is straight down and does not fall to the side, so the front is often in the painting, and this method of using the pen is also.
93
Hanging needle
It refers to the time when writing vertical paintings, the form of the dot painting is like a hanging needle, and the bottom is cone-shaped.
94
Flank
Calligraphic terms. A technique for starting a pen. It is said that when the pen is written, the pen edge is slightly sideways, and the oblique posture is displayed at the ink drop. The Qing Dynasty Zhu Hetang's "Linchi Heart Solution" said: "The positive edge takes strength, and the side pen takes Yan." Wang Xi's book "Lan Ting", with a side pen when taking Yan's place. This style of writing was first formed when the Lishu evolved into the Script. It adds a dashing and feminine look to the square pen font. The flanking is mostly used to take the momentum, and the momentum is converted into a center forward. Jin people use it a lot.
95
Folding edges
Calligraphic terms. A technique used to use a stroke when changing directions. Refers to the gesture folding with square, to be different from the pen, that is, when the pen edge changes direction, it turns from the yang side to the yin side, or from the yin side to the yang side. The Southern Song Dynasty Jiang Kui's "Genealogy of Continuations" said: "At the beginning of the next pen, there are those who tie the edge, there are those who fold the front, and the body of the family is set at the beginning of the pen, and whenever the word is written, the first word is mostly a folding edge, the second and third words carry the gesture, most of them are the edges, if the right side of the word is mostly a folding edge, it should be left. "Fold sharpens the pointillist square and creates poses. After the Qing Dynasty Bao Shichen's book "Ode to the Four Wisdoms of Liu Wenqing", he said that his penmanship "cultivates the posture with the edge and takes the posture with the folding edge." ”
96
Wrap up the edge
Calligraphic terms. A technique for using a pen. The starting pen runs in the opposite direction, "want to go up and down, want to leave first right". In the future, whenever the circle gesture is used with a pen, the pen edge is introverted in the middle of the dot painting is called "wrapping the edge". For example, "Cao Quan Stele", "Shi Men Ming" and so on are used many times.
97
Counter-attack
Calligraphic terms. A technique of moving a pen. In order to hide the front, the method of reverse entry is used, "want to go down first, want right first left", and write in the opposite direction called "reverse front". Writing with a reverse front often has a strong and old-fashioned meaning. Liu Xizai of the Qing Dynasty said: "If you want to be everywhere in the pen, you must use reverse characters." Le Zefeng right pipe left, Nu Zefeng lower pipe up, both are also. However, it is only secretly implied that this is not the case. ”
98
Crouch
Calligraphic terms. Squatting, has the meaning of staying. The word "squat" is originally the same. In calligraphy, squatting and squatting are two methods. Roughly squat points to the crouching posture in the slow line of the pen, and the squat front wants to squat first and retreat and re-advance. Zhang Huaihuan's "Forbidden Scriptures of the Jade Hall" of the Tang Dynasty said: "Squatting feng, slow squatting festival, light and heavy are accurate"; "Squatting feng, stationed in the pen is also, and those who have a husband must first squat." ”
99
A book
If you have recently paid attention to the news of calligraphy and painting, you should know that the exhibition of Master Xingyun's calligraphy is exhibited at the National Museum of China. A large number of one-stroke calligraphy works originate from Zhang Zhi, as shown above, that is, most of the calligraphy works that appear to be written down in one stroke.
100
Tendon book
Calligraphic terms. The dot painting of the key is called "tendon book". Mrs. Wei of the Eastern Jin Dynasty said in "Pen Array Map": "Those who are good at pen strength have many bones, those who are not good at pen strength are meaty, and those who are multi-bone and micro-flesh are called tendon books." The multi-strength is holy. The calligraphy of the tendons and bones allude to the meaning of praise, such as the historical call of Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan as "Yan Jian Liu Bone." ”