Heavy rain in Shaanxi rushed out of the Yuan Dynasty ancient tomb tomb master listening to Qutu
Yuanqu is another strange flower in the hundred gardens of Literature and Art in Ancient China after Tang poetry and Song Ci. What is Meta Qu? Who are the "Six Greats" of the Meta Qu? Why did Yuanqu become increasingly popular in the Yuan Dynasty?
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >what is a meta song? </h1>
Yuanqu actually refers to two different literary genres of the Yuan Dynasty. One is a loose song and the other is a miscellaneous drama.
Yuan Dynasty Hook Bar (Scattered Music and Miscellaneous Opera Performance Viewing Place)
Sanqu: It is a new style poem popular in the Yuan Dynasty that emerged after the Song Dynasty, and can be sung in a music oratorio. There are two kinds of songs: small orders and sets. Xiao Ling is a single piece of music, equivalent to a poem, such as "Heavenly Pure Sand" and so on. With two or three small orders with the same palace tone and harmonious rhythm, they can be strung together, such as "The Victory Order of the Wild Goose Falling Belt", "Scolding Yulang Too Grateful to the Emperor's Grace tea song", etc., called the belt song, which is also a kind of Xiao Ling; the number of sets refers to the two or more small orders in the same palace tune are connected together, as if the whole set is like a whole set, so it is also called a suite or a loose set, which is equivalent to a group of poems.
A scene of a yuan dynasty miscellaneous opera performance in a mural
Miscellaneous Drama: It is a new opera that arose in the Yuan Dynasty. It has a more strict art system. Structurally, it is stipulated that each play has a four-fold discount (one fold is equivalent to the current one). If the content is large, you can increase the number of folds or the number of books, such as the "West Chamber" wrote five books and twenty-one folds. Some miscellaneous dramas are at the beginning of the play or between folds and folds, and there are "wedges", which have the same function as later cutscenes.
In terms of characters, each play has only one protagonist, the male protagonist is called Zhengdu, and the female protagonist is called Zhengdan. In addition, there are supporting roles such as net, ugly, sticker, vice net, vice end, old man, and Bu'er. The actor who plays the main role, the whole song is sung by himself.
The script of the miscellaneous drama consists of lyrics and bingbai. The role of the lyrics is mainly lyrical, and generally has a strong emotional color. It has a strict rhythm, and the tune of each folding play belongs to the same palace tune to meet the requirements of singing; at the same time, it can add sentences or add lining words, which is conducive to a relatively free expression. Binbai includes dialogue and monologues of characters, explaining the development of the plot to shape the character image.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > who are the "six big people" of the yuanqu? </h1>
The meta song "Everyone" has always been mentioned differently. The Ming Dynasty He Liangjun's "Four Friends Zhai Cong" said that "the Yuanren Lefu called Ma Dongli, Zheng Dehui, Guan Hanqing, and Bai Renfu the four great masters", and the earliest proposed the "four big people" of the Yuan qu. Later, some people added Wang Shifu to it, calling Yuanqu "Five Greats". In recent years, Tan Zhengbi's "Sketch of the Six Great Masters of the Yuanqu" and Shao Zengqi's "Brief Commentary on the Six Greats of the Yuanqu Drama" have been published successively, thus giving rise to the reference to the "six great masters" of the yuanqu, that is, in addition to the above five people, Qiaoji was added.
Guan Hanqing
There is the sun and the moon hanging in the twilight, and there are ghosts and gods who hold the right of life and death. Heaven and earth also! Only the clear turbidity can be distinguished, but how can it be confused to the thief and Yan Yuan? Those who are good suffer poverty and have a shorter life, and those who create evil enjoy wealth and longevity. Heaven and earth also! Do a fear of hard bullying soft, but the original is also so smooth water to push the boat! Earth also, you do not distinguish between good and evil and what is the land! Heavens also, you are wrong to be foolish and foolish to do heaven! Oh, only two tears. ——Guan Hanqing, "Dou E'er Grievance"
Guan Hanqing wrote sixty-three miscellaneous plays in his lifetime, and more than ten of them have been handed down, many of whom appear on today's stage. In addition, he has more than fifty scattered songs that have been handed down to this day. Representative works include "Dou E'er", "Butterfly Dream", "Lu Zailang", "Single Knife Society", "Western Shu Dream", "Saving the Wind and Dust" and so on.
Wang Shifu
Sweet words are warm in winter, and bad words hurt people in June cold.
Look through his yingying autumn water, trample his pale spring mountain.
Mo Dao's heart is like iron, jun does not see the red leaves of the river, it is all blood in the eyes of the people. ——The famous sentence of Wang Shifu's "Records of the West Chamber"
Wang Shifu wrote fourteen kinds of miscellaneous dramas, and three of them have been handed down, namely "The Record of the West Chamber", "Li Chun Tang" and "The Record of the Broken Kiln", of which "The Record of the West Chamber" is one of the most accomplished and far-reaching works in the Yuan Miscellaneous Drama.
Ma Zhiyuan
In his lifetime, Ma wrote thirteen kinds of miscellaneous dramas, and seven of them have been handed down. Representative roles include "Breaking the Dream of Lonely Goose Han Palace Autumn", "Yueyang Lou", "Ren Fengzi", "Monument to Recommend Blessings", "Green Shirt Wet" and so on. Ma Zhiyuan is also a famous composer of scattered songs, with more than 120 extant scattered songs, and Xiaoling's "Tianjing Sha Qiusi" is widely recited by later generations.
White Plain
Bai Pu wrote sixteen kinds of miscellaneous dramas in his lifetime, and there are three kinds of extant "Wall Head Horse", "Wutong Rain" and "East Wall". Among them, "Wall Head Horse" and "Baiyue Pavilion", "West Chamber", and "Qiannu Leaving the Soul" are known as the four major love dramas in the Miscellaneous Dramas of the Yuan Dynasty.
Zheng Guangzu
Zheng Guangzu was the most accomplished playwright in the late Yuan Dynasty, and created nineteen kinds of miscellaneous dramas in his lifetime, representing "Qiannu Leaving the Soul", "Hanlin Fengyue", "Wang Cang Denglou", "Three Battles Lü Bu" and "Regency of the Zhou Gong".
Georgie
In his lifetime, Qiao Ji wrote eleven kinds of miscellaneous dramas, and there are now "Marriage Between the Two Worlds", "Yangzhou Dream", and "Money Record". These works are all love stories.
The sky machine weaves the moon and the moon, and the stone wall hangs high in the snow to practice cold. Ice ribbon rain hanging in the air, thousands of years of sunshine has not dried. Lohua Cool Man TimidIty List. Like a white rainbow drinking stream, the jade dragon descending the mountain, and the clear snow flying beach. - Georgie, "Narcissus Revisiting the Falls"
Georgie's greatest achievement is the scattered songs, with nearly 200 existing Xiaoling songs and ten sets, of which "Narcissus Revisiting the Waterfall" is praised by posterity.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > why did sanqu become increasingly popular in the Yuan Dynasty? </h1>
The reasons why Sanqu became increasingly popular in the Yuan Dynasty:
First, in the late Southern Song Dynasty, due to the writer's excessive attention to the craftsmanship and rhythm of the words, it gradually deviated from real life and declined day by day. Singers then adopted the folk "folk slang song" to sing, and folk songs became popular.
Miscellaneous drama characters in Shanxi Yuan Dynasty murals
Second, during the JinYuan period, the foreign "Hu Le Fan Qu" spread in large quantities in the Central Plains, and gradually combined with the original "Song of Li Xiang" to form a new song.
The third is the imitation and creation of literati. According to the Quanyuan Song, there are more than 4,200 yuanren songs that have been handed down, and more than 200 writers have passed down their works.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > why did miscellaneous dramas flourish in the Yuan Dynasty? </h1>
Miscellaneous dramas were able to flourish in the Yuan Dynasty.
First, it is the result of the long-term development of Opera art in China. As early as primitive society, some songs and dances that reflected the content of agricultural and animal husbandry production were the germ of drama. After entering the class society, there were witches who engaged in sacrificial dance music and haiyou who specialized in human offerings. In the Han Dynasty, "hundred plays" prevailed, and during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were performing art forms with certain story content, such as "pulling the head", "representing the face", and "joining the army". In the Tang and Song dynasties, various arts have been highly developed, legendary novels, scripts, etc. have prepared story content for opera, the music organization and the combination of qu and white in the rap of the palace tunes have influenced the system of opera, various team dances have made the body and appearance of opera dance more beautified, and puppet plays and shadow plays have also inspired the dance movements and faces of opera, which has gradually matured the performing arts of opera.
In the Dunhuang murals, the Three Joyful Kings of the Yuan Dynasty danced
The second is the prosperity of the urban economy in the Yuan Dynasty. This is the material basis for the prosperity of meta-dramas. During the Song and Jin Dynasties, towns continued to develop, and some large cities with commercial prosperity appeared.
The third is the advocacy of the rulers and the needs of the masses of the people for struggle and entertainment. After Yuan Meng moved to the Central Plains, the popular rap art form that the nomads liked was supported by the rulers and became popular in the colloquial slang of the GouLan Tile. In order to meet the cultural needs of the general public, many large cities have appeared to concentrate on commercial performances, which has created good conditions for the creation and performance of miscellaneous dramas.
Fourth, literati who have lost their careers participate in creation. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the examination of the imperial examination was suspended for a long time, which caused many literati to lose their careers and be depressed, and many of them mixed up with the artists to create and even perform miscellaneous dramas. At the same time, Yuan Meng entered the Central Plains, and many literati disdained to be with it, so they gave up their careers and turned to the creation of miscellaneous dramas, so that Yuan miscellaneous dramas gradually flourished.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > references:</h1>
Xie Yufeng, 300 Yuanqu [M] Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, July 2009.
The pictures in the text come from the network, thanks to the hard work of the picture makers, if there is infringement, please contact Changgejun to delete