< h2 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > lactase tolerance allele and R1b cattle herding tribes</h2>
"Lactose" is the basic component of a baby's absorption of breast milk. It is synthesized by an "enzyme" called "lactase," which breaks down the lactose in "simple sugars," which can be absorbed through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream. In most mammals(including humans), lactase decreases dramatically after weaning. As a result, older children and adults become less fond of lactose (lactose intolerant), also known as "lactose intolerant." This is the case with a large part of the world's population. There are also people with a genetic mutation that lactase can produce in adulthood called "lactase persistence."
Lactase tolerance
Lactase tolerance is particularly common in people in northwestern Europe, who come from ancient Celtic and Germanic peoples who have been raising cattle for thousands of years in some parts of Africa. The alleles with the highest incidence of lactase tolerance, genetically known as -13910*T (rs4988235) and -22018*A (rs182549), are found in Scandinavians, Dutch, British, Irish, and Basques. People in sub-Saharan Africa have genetic mutations with different lactase tolerances, such as -14010*C, -13915*G, and -13907*G.
R1b is believed to have been one of the first people on Earth to successfully domesticate cattle and developed a lifestyle based on livestock and herding during the "Pre-Pottery Neolithic". To find pasture for their cows, the R1b tribe migrated from the Near East to the steppes of North Africa (which later became the Sahara Desert) and to the Black Sea steppes of southern Russia and Ukraine.
For thousands of years, no other human being has relied so much on cattle to survive as these R1b tribes. It is now known that most Neolithic herders mostly drank some animal milk and even used them to make cheese (because cheese contains less lactose and is easier to digest for lactose intolerant people).
Frequency of lactase tolerance genes in peoples of all ethnic groups in the world
In much of Europe, the Middle East and South Asia, people mainly herd goats and sheep, which are better suited to the mountainous environments of the Mediterranean Basin, Anatolia and Iran. Goats and sheep can also be easily raised in villages through settled grain farmers, while cows need vast pastures to graze, which is particularly frightening in the Middle East.
Domesticated cattle were rarely found in other populations of the Neolithic age, and almost only the R1b tribes of the Black Sea steppes and North Africa relied entirely on cattle. To this day, semi-nomadic peoples in the Sahel region of the southern Sahara Desert, such as the Fulani and Hausa peoples (who are descendants of R1b-V88 immigrants from the Neolithic Near East), still maintain major livestock herds. It is among these herders that lactase is the most tolerant.
The orange-yellow strip is the Sahel region of Africa
Geneticists and evolutionary biologists have speculated about the origin of the lactase tolerance allele in Europe. More than 100 paleoDNA samples from the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age from Europe and Syria were tested, while the -13910*T allele was found only in Neolithic/Bronze Age and Bronze Age samples.
The source of this genetic mutation doesn't matter because it may have been in the human gene at a low frequency for tens of thousands of years until it experienced positive selection pressure in cattle-herding societies.
To be sure, ancient samples from the Bronze Age are associated with the arrival of indo-European-speaking populations from the Black Sea steppe who already possess relatively high lactase tolerance alleles. For example, the lactase tolerance allele was found in 13 ancient samples at the site of the Lichtenstein Cave in Germany with a frequency of 27% (Schilz 2006), which belong to the "Urnfield culture", a mix of Y-haplogroups R1b, R1a, and I2a2b.
Today, the lactase tolerance allele is roughly proportional to the ratio of R1b, but the proportion is lower in the R1a population. In the British Isles, the Low Countries and southwestern Scandinavia, where lactase tolerance alleles are among the highest in the world, the combined proportion of R1a and R1b exceeds 70% of the population.
In the Iberia, the highest proportion of lactase tolerance alleles is in the Basque Country, where the proportion of R1b is highest among Basques. In Italy, the lactase tolerance allele is most common in the north, with the same R1b ratio in local populations. The regions with the lowest incidence of lactase tolerance alleles in Europe are southern Italy, Greece and the Balkans, where paternal R1b ratios are the lowest.
Tishkoff et al. (2017) et al. found that hausa and Fulani in north-central Africa are two Sahel tribes with high incidence of R1b-V88, and they have the same lactase tolerance allele as Europeans, but the high incidence of lactase tolerance alleles in East African herders, with completely different genetic mutations, is produced independently. This finding is the strongest evidence to date that the 13910*T allele originated from the first R1b herders in the Near East, who were the ancestors of Indo-Europeans and African R1b-V88 tribes.
Hausa people whose paternal genes are predominantly R1b-V88
<h2 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > transmission of genes for light skin, blond hair, and red hair in R1 populations</h2>
There is now strong evidence that both R1a and R1b populations contribute to mutation and spread of the A111T gene for SLC24A5, which explains the 35% difference in skin color between Europeans and Africans, as well as various differences within much of South Asia. The distribution pattern of the A111T allele (rs1426654) is almost exactly in line with the spread of the Indo-European R1a and R1b lineages in Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia.
This mutation most likely spread to populations in the Near East during the early Neolithic period, which explains why European Neolithic farmers already carried the A111T allele (e.g. Keller 2012 p.4, Lazaridis 2014 suppl. 7), although less frequently than modern Europeans and southern Central Asians. Light-skin genes are also found in 15% to 30% of different ethnic groups in sub-Saharan-north-central Africa, mainly in the Sahel and Savannah regions, where nomadic tribes such as Fulani and Hausa inhabited by R1b-V88.
This assumes that the A111T allele was already present in all R1b populations before the "Pre-Pottery Neolithic" and R1b-V88 split with R1b-P297. The R1a population has the same high incidence of this allele as the R1b population. On the other hand, the A111T mutation did not appear in samples from the 24,000-year-old haplogroup R* in Siberia and was absent in most modern R2 populations in southeastern India and Southeast Asia. Therefore, we can safely assume that this gene mutation occurred in the late Paleolithic R1* paternal population, possibly 20,000-13,000 years ago.
The origin of the blonde gene is closely related to the R1a population
Blonde hair is another physical trait associated with Indo-Europeans. In contrast, in Mesolithic Europeans belonging to the Y-haplogroup I, the gene for blue eyes already existed. The blonde gene is strongly associated with the distribution of haplogroup R1a, but the redhead gene was not found in Europe before the Bronze Age, which seems to have been brought mainly by the R1b population.
The redhead gene appears to have been brought by the Celts of the R1b population
< h2 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > maternal gene associated with R1b populations</h2>
The R1b tribe is believed to have domesticated the earliest cattle 10,500 years ago, but did not cross the Caucasus until 7,500–6,500 years ago. For three or four thousand years, semi-nomadic R1b herders must have mixed with their neighbors in the Near East or caucasus. One way to determine the earliest maternal gene of neolithic R1b populations is to compare the haplogroup described above with African peoples known to have higher R1b-V88 ratios.
The best study population was the Fulani, whose maternal mitochondria (mtDNA) included three Haplogroups H, J1b1a, U5 and V that looked like Europe, accounting for 15% of their total maternal line. These haplogroups have been found in all four Central African countries sampled, confirming a strong correlation with the haplogroup R1b.
Fulani women
However, haplogroups H, V, and U5 may have come from berbers in northwestern Africa. The Berbers also carried R1b-V88, but there may have been some migrations from different periods of the Neolithic, including re-expansion from the Iberian Peninsula, as the H1, H3, V1a1a, V5 and U5b1b1 carried by the Berbers were all found in the Iberian Peninsula. U5b1b1 originated in Mesolithic Western Europe, but it is unclear how other haplogroups reached Iberia or northwestern Africa. One hypothesis is that they came from the Neolithic Near East, probably the R1b-V88 population. The haplogroup R1b-V88 in Africa and the haplogroup R1b-P297 in Eurasia split about 10,000 years ago, almost certainly in Eastern Europe, carrying mainly the maternal mitochondrial U5.
Berber women
Towards the end of the last glacial period, some R1b males migrated from Eastern Europe to the modern Kurdistan region, while females belonged to the matrilineal mitochondrial U5. Shortly after their arrival, J1b1a (and possibly V) became the first Indigenous Near Eastern matriarchal to be assimilated by R1b males. R1b-V88 may have absorbed women in the Levant region H1 and H3 before migrating to North Africa, but this is still a high hypothesis.
<h2 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > R1b Haplogroup Who's Who</h2>
R1b-S1200 branch
The Adams Surname Y-DNA Project compares the Y-DNA of 15 families with the surname Adams, whose oral histories are related to U.S. President John Adams (the 2nd U.S. President) and his son John Quincy Adams (the 6th President of the United States). All males tested had the same haplotype, which belonged to the S6849 (aka FGC2389) branch downstream of R1b-S1200.
John adams
R1b-U106 branch (Germanic)
Ramsay et al. (2013) tested the Y-DNA of three living members of the House of Bourbon, one from the families of King Louis XIII to Louis Philippe I of France and two from King Louis XIV of France to Philip V of Spain. The researchers concluded that the three men had the same STR haplotype, belonging to the haplogroup R1b-U106 (Z381*branch).
Louis XIV
This conclusion contradicts the conclusions of earlier studies by Laluez-Fo et al. (2010). Laluez-Fo et al. analyzed DNA on a handkerchief that was said to have been stained with louis XVI's blood. In addition, Chalier et al. (2012) performed DNA tests on the heads of Henry IV, who allegedly belonged to King Henry IV, whose head was cut off. Both studies confirmed that the samples were haplogroup G2a.
Henry IV
Louis XVI
All French royal patrilines are from Robert I of capetian dynasty (formerly known as Rollo, 9th-century Viking chieftain known as Robert I after being baptized in Christianity), and unless there was an incident of the old king next door before Louis XIII, it can be assumed that all French kings belong to the same patrilineal R1b-Z381. The Bourbon dynasty also included all the kings of Spain, from Philip V to today's King Juan Carlos, all the kings of the "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies", the Dukes of Luxembourg who had been in office since 1964, and of course all the Dukes of Orléans and Bourbon.
Today all members of the French royal family are descendants of Robert I
Brad Michael Little et al. tested two known descendants of the House of Wettin (Elector of Saxony) and determined that the paternal gene of the Wetting family was R1b-U106 (Z381 > Z156 > Z305 > DF98+ branch). The results confirmed that the two men shared the same haplogroup, both of whom were co-descendants of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
The Wetting dynasty originated in the town of Wetting in what is now Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, and was founded in 1089 by the then Lord of Meissen. The Wetting family later became the most powerful family in Saxony. In 1263 the Wetting family acquired the present-day Thuringia region. In 1423 the Wetting family was given the title of Elector of Saxony. In 1485 the Wettin dynasty split into two lines: the Ernst and Albrechtes. He has served as King of Poland, King of Saxony, King of Belgium, King of Portugal, King of Bulgaria, King of England, etc.
Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Safeld
James Knox Polk (1795–1849), the 11th President of the United States, was born in North Carolina and was the grandson of plantation owner William Polk/Pollock (1700–1757). According to the Polk-Pollock Y-DNA Project, the family belongs to the branch under R1b-L48.
James Knox Polk
According to the results of the Grant Y-DNA Research Project, Ulysses Grant, the 18th President of the United States and Commander-in-Chief of the Union Forces in the Civil War, Ulysses Grant, was the first president of the United States. S Grant, 1822–1885), the haplogroup is FGC 8590 of the R1b-U106 branch, which belongs downstream of L47 and Z159 (descendants of Matthew Grant).
Ulysses Simpson Grant
Malcolm Gladwell (b. 1963) is a British-born Canadian journalist, writer and speaker. He has been a contributing writer for the New Yorker since 1996. He has written five books, all of which were New York Times bestsellers. His haplogroup was revealed in the television film Faces of America.
Malcolm Gladwell
R1b-L21 branch (Atlantic-Celtic)
According to the Stewart Stuart DNA Project (House of Stuart), the Stuart family ruled Scotland from 1371 and then England and Ireland from 1603 to 1707, according to which the family belonged to the S781 branch of R1b-L21, downstream of DF13 and L744.
The Stuart family
According to the Buchanan Surname Y-DNA Research Project, it was confirmed that james Buchanan ,1791–1868, the 15th president of the United States, was a descendant of the Scottish Buchanan family and therefore belonged to the S695 offshoot of R1b-L21, downstream of L1335 and S744.
James Buchanan
William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898) was a British liberal politician who served four times as Prime Minister under Queen Victoria. He belongs to the haplogroup R1b-L21, which is based on the comparison of his genealogy with the Gladstone Surname Y-DNA Research Project.
William Evart Gladstone
DNA testing of the descendants of Mormon founder Joseph Smith (1805-1844) belongs to the haplogroup R1b-M222.
Joseph Smith
Che Guevara ,1928–1967), an Argentine Marxist revolutionary and a major figure in the Cuban Revolution, whose bones were forensically identified as belonging to the haplogroup R1b-L21.
Che Guevara
john k C. Calhoun (John C. C Calhoun), the 7th Vice President of the United States. He is best remembered as a staunch defender of slavery. His beliefs and warnings seriously affected the South's secession from the federal government in 1860. His haplogroup (R1b-M222 > FGC19846) was identified by his descendants through the Calhoun Surname Y-DNA Research Project.
john k C. Calhoun
Henry Louis Gates (R1b-M222) was an American literary critic, educator, scholar, writer, and editor. He was the first African-American to receive a scholarship from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. He has received numerous honorary degrees and awards for teaching, researching, and developing academic institutions that study black culture. He is the host of the PBS television film Faces of America, a root-seeking show that uses traditional genealogy research and modern genetics to discover the family histories of prominent American personalities, including their haplogroups.
Henry Louis Gates
Bill O'Reilly (R1b-M222) is an American television host, author, journalist, co-columnist, and political commentator. He is the host of the Fox News Channel's political commentary program O'Reilly Factor. PBS's TV film Finding Your Roots reveals his Y-haplogroup.
Bill O'Reilly
Bill Maher (R1b-M222) is an American comedian, writer, producer, political commentator, actor, media critic, and television presenter. As a television host, he is best known for HBO's political talk show Real Time with Bill Maher. PBS's TV film Finding Your Roots reveals his Y-haplogroup.
Bill Maher
Rory Bremner (R1b-M222), a Scottish Impressionist and comedian, is best known for his work on political satire and impressions of British public figures.
Rory Bremner
Adrian Grenier (R1b-M222) is an American actor, producer, director and musician. He is best known for playing Vincent Chase in the HBO drama Entourage.
Adrian Grenier
R1b-U152 branch (Italian peninsula - Celts)
According to the Habsburg Surname Y-DNA Research Project, the Habsburg family is likely to be a haplogroup R1b-U152 (L2+ branch). The Habsburg family originated in a village of the same name in northern Switzerland. The family first became king of Rome in 1273, receiving the title of Duke of Austria. From 1440 until the dissolution of the empire in 1806, all holy Roman Emperors were from the Habsburgs. The Habsburgs also retained the title of Emperor of Austria until the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918. Their family also ruled over Spain, Naples, Tuscany, Palma and Milan.
Members of the Habsburg family
When testing the patrilineal relatives of King Richard III (1452–1485) to identify a skeleton that was said to be his own, the researchers found that three modern relatives of somerset and descendants of the House of Lancaster all belonged to the haplogroup R1b-U152 (xL2, Z36, Z56, M160, M126 and Z192). While this means that at some point, the Plantagenet patrilines are non-patrimonial, most likely dukes of Beaufort, and most Plantagenet kings outside of the House of York are likely to be R1b-U152.
Richard III
George Washington ,1732–1799, the first president of the United States, most likely belonged to the L2 branch of R1b-U152. This inference is based on the results of the Washington Surname Y-DNA Research Project. George Washington's ancestors came from Oxfordshire in southeast England and, before that, from Lancashire in northwestern Scotland. Washington is a relatively rare surname, and according to an 1881 survey, the surname was originally distributed in both regions. All members of the testing study project identified in the region with the same ancestors shared the same haplogroup, suggesting that they shared a common paternal ancestor.
George Washington
Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865), the 16th president of the United States, appears to belong to R1b-S20376 (U152> L2>Z142> Z150>S20376). The Lincoln Last Name Y-DNA Research Project examined several descendants of Samuel Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln's high great-great-grandfather, and they all had the same haplogroup.
Abraham lincoln
Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) was the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, and according to numerous results from the Cleveland Surname Y-DNA Research Project, he may have belonged to R1b-L20, a branch of L2.
Grover Cleveland
Jörg Jenatsch (1596–1639), a Swiss political leader during the Thirty Years' War, was one of the most striking figures in the history of the plagued canton of Graubünden in the 17th century.
Jorge Jenachs
Mario Batali is a well-known American chef, author, restaurateur and media personality. He is an expert in the history and culture of Italian cuisine. His haplogroup was revealed in the television film Faces of America.
Mario Batali
R1b-DF27 Branch (Celtic)
Arnold Schönberg (1874–1951) was an Austrian composer, music theorist, and painter. According to his profile on Geni, it belongs to the haplogroup R1b. According to the Schoenberg Surname Y-DNA Research Project, his paternal genes (grandson of Abraham Schoenberg, born in Szechenyi, Hungary in 1812) belong to the BY16148 branch downstream of R1b-DF27.
Arnold Schoenberg
The R1b branch is undetermined
Professor Tomasz Kozłowski tested the Y-DNA of Prince Janusz III of Masovia, Principality of Mazovia. He was a descendant of the Piast Dynasty, the first ruling dynasty in Polish history, beginning with Prince Mieszko I (930–992) and ending with the death of Casimir III in 1370. The Piast family later continued to rule the Duchy of Masovia until 1526 and the Duchy of Silesia until 1675. Professor Kozlovsky declared that the Grand Duke's haplogroup belonged to R1b, and therefore the haplogroup could also be the patrilineal genes of other members of the Piast royal family, including all the Dukes of Mazovia (1138–1526), as long as there was no incident of the old king next door.
Messko I
Bogdanowicza et al. (2009) tested renaissance astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus to unearth Y-DNA and mitochondrial DNA from the remains. It is determined that he belongs to the Y-haplogroup R1b-P310 and the mt-haplogroup H.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Rogaev et al. (2009) tested the DNA of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his five children and compared them with blood samples from Nicholas II's archives, as well as samples of his patrilineal and maternal offspring. The findings unequivocally confirm that Nicholas II belongs to the Y-haplogroup R1b and the mt-haplogroup T2. Thus, since Peter III (1728-1762), all members of the Romanov dynasty of the Russian royal family belonged to the haplogroup R1b. This paternal gene eventually originated in the Oldenburg family, which included all Danish kings since Christian I in 1448, as well as several kings of Norway, Sweden and Greece, as well as the current heir to the English throne, Prince Charles and his son Prince William.
Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
Among many presidents in U.S. history, DNA tests on their offspring confirmed their haplogroups. Of those who might have belonged to the haplogroup R1b, we found 12th President Zachary Taylor, 14th Franklin Pierce, 25th William McKinley and 28th Woodrow Wilson.
Woodrow Wilson
The great British naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) proposed a scientific theory of evolution and the process of natural selection, and according to the results of tests on his grandson, he was a member of the haplogroup R1b.
Charles darwin
Canadian politician Pierre Trudeau, the third-longest-reigning prime minister in Canadian history, and his son Justin Trudeau, the second youngest prime minister in Canadian history, may belong to the haplogroup R1b, according to FTDNA's French Heritage Project and their genealogy.
Justin Trudeau
Kevin Bacon, an American actor and musician, starred in his first film, Animal House, in 1978 and Friday 13 in 1980. The Broadway stage play "Slab Boys" with Sean Payne and Fang Kimo is the most memorable. His representative works include "Full of Strength", "Assassination of Kennedy" (JFK), "Yihai Majestic Wind", "Apollo 13", "Sleeper", "Mysterious River" and so on. He has won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award. The Guardian called him one of the best actors who never received an Oscar nomination. His haplogroup belongs to R1b.
Kevin Bakken
Robert Downey Jr. is an American film actor and producer. In 1971, at the age of 5, he starred in the movie "Dogs". In 1987, 22-year-old Robert Downey Jr. starred in the comedy "Bubble Girl Expert," which was his first film to star. In 1993, Robert Downey Jr. was nominated for the 65th Academy Award for Best Actor for the film Chaplin. In 1997, he was arrested for drug abuse and forced to rehabilitate. In 2001, he won the 58th Golden Globe Awards for American Film and Television for "Sweetheart Beauty". In 2007, he starred in Zodiac. In 2008, he starred in the film Iron Man, and in 2010, he won the 67th Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in the Musical Comedy Category for Film for "Sherlock Holmes". In 2012, he starred in The Avengers. In 2013, he starred in "Iron Man 3" released. His haplogroup belongs to R1b.
Robert Downey Jr
Harry Connick Jr. is an American jazz singer, actor and pianist. Won two Grammy Awards for Best Male Jazz Vocalist. His representative works include the film soundtrack created by "When Harry Met Sally", and participated in the production of Hollywood film soundtracks such as "Sleepless in Seattle", "Godfather 3", and "Stranger in Disguise". At the same time, the handsome Harry has also participated in many movies, TV series and stage plays, including the well-known science fiction business card "Independence Day".
Harry Connick Jr
Charlie Rose is a television talk show host and journalist. Since 1991, he has been broadcasting the interview program "Charlie Rose Interview", which has interviewed celebrities from all walks of life around the world. The show is produced by Ross's independent television production company and broadcast nationwide by PBS and Bloomberg Television.
Charlie Ross
Translator Profile
GeneGama: Dongyi Miao, descendant of Gamma 3.