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According to the analysis of the meteorological department, since 2019, the climate in some parts of Yunnan Province has been abnormal, the rainfall in the north of the province is more than the south, and the region is abnormal, of which most areas south of central Yunnan are 30% less than usual, and more than 50% less local, and the western part of central Yunnan and the eastern part of northwest Yunnan are 20%-50% less than usual. According to the consultation opinions of the Provincial Climate Center and the National Climate Center, it is expected that in the coming period, most parts of the province will enter a period of rapid development of meteorological drought, the overall climate situation will be deviated from the usual year, the duration of the meteorological drought will be longer than usual, the drought intensity will be heavier than usual, and will continue until the beginning of the early summer rainy season.
In order to scientifically cope with the drought and promote the development of the agricultural industry, the Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences organized relevant experts to investigate the impact of the agricultural industry of the province's climate drought and put forward agricultural science and technology guidance.
What are the impacts of drought on agricultural production in Yunnan?
According to expert analysis, the drought has a greater impact on tea, sugarcane, silkworm mulberry, coffee, Chinese medicinal materials and other crops harvested in the perennial spring in Yunnan. At the same time, it also has different degrees of impact on fruits, vegetables, grain and oil crops.
Fruit side
This spring drought has a great impact on the fruits that bloom and transplant in spring. At present, it is the blooming period and the final flowering period of mangoes, plums, peaches, pears, apples and other fruits, some fruits have begun to enter the fruit setting period, due to the spring drought, the lack of irrigation conditions in the orchard has appeared to fall flowers and fruits, newly colonized fruit seedlings appear leaf wilt, trunk cracking, plant drying and other water shortage symptoms.
Vegetable aspect
Affected by the spring drought, vegetable crops mainly planted in drylands cannot be cultivated normally, and the area of spring-sown vegetables such as peppers, broccoli, spring cabbage, spring cabbage, sweet corn and other crops has decreased.
In terms of grain and oil crops
Wheat is mainly faced with problems such as field weeds, aphids, stripe rust; the total dry matter yield of broad beans and peas is reduced; corn and potatoes are planted in fields with better water conservancy conditions in small spring, and the spring is in the preparation and seedling stage, and the impact is not obvious; rapeseed is in the harvest period, and the impact is relatively small.
In terms of specialty crops
Flowers, strawberries, kiwifruit, grapes, konjac and other crops have better facilities or have not yet reached the germination stage, and the impact is relatively small.
How to resist drought, reduce losses and increase efficiency of major agricultural products?
Tea Industry Measures:
1. When building new tea gardens, adopt the three-dimensional composite ecological tea garden planting mode; strengthen the irrigation of tea areas with irrigation conditions. 2. Use straw, corn straw, green manure, etc. to cover the tea tree rows and roots, lay grass between tea tree rows to adjust the soil temperature, reduce soil water evaporation, and lay grass thickness of about 10 cm. Conditional flat, gentle slope tea garden, can be shaded by plastic shading nets, shade nets are about 50cm higher than the canopy of tea trees, and young tea trees can use branches to shade or build shading small arches. 3. Select liquid organic fertilizer for watering to enhance the drought resistance of tea plants. 4. Tea picking during drought should adhere to the principle of diligent picking, batch picking, and timely picking, reduce the amount of leaves left, and reduce the consumption of tea plant water. 5. During the period of high temperature and drought, timely control of tea garden tea prosthetic eye small green leafhopper, tea yellow thrips, mites, mites and other insect pests.
Sugarcane Industry Measures:
1. Adjust the planting period, according to the natural climatic conditions in Yunnan, grasp the laws of nature, and vigorously develop autumn sugarcane planting and early winter sugarcane planting. 2. Select new varieties of drought-resistant sugarcane, such as Cloud Cane 05-51, Cloud Cane 08-1609, Cantonese Sugar 86-368, Decane 03-83, etc. 3. To adjust the planting mode, it is necessary to resolutely implement the "two reforms" around water conservation and drought resistance, one is to change the ploughing of the land before the sugarcane planting to the ploughing of summer and autumn, and the other is to change the traditional shallow cultivation and shallow planting to the deep planting of deep ditch slab soil. 4. Promote light and simple drought-resistant cultivation technology, according to the soil moisture, the use of sugarcane light and simple drought-resistant cultivation technology, that is, one-time fertilization + comprehensive coverage technology, trenching, planting, mulching in one go, do everything possible to utilize and maintain soil moisture, and achieve dry farming sugarcane yield and efficient cultivation.
Measures for the Chinese herbal medicine industry:
1. Make full use of existing conditions (dams, ponds, water cellars) and other water storage facilities, save water, timely watering, and alleviate drought. 2. Due to the dry climate, the cultivation of Chinese medicinal materials is mostly covered with shade nets, straw and pine wool, etc., and fire prevention work should be done well. 3. In areas where there are no transplanting conditions due to drought, transplanting should be postponed, organic fertilizer should be applied to seedbeds, and then transplanted after the drought eased, such as missing the transplanting season, it should be prepared in time, other suitable single-season grains or cash crops should be planted to reduce economic losses; 4. Spring is a critical period for the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests of Chinese herbal medicines, it is necessary to adhere to the principle of prevention first, early comprehensive prevention and control, do a good job in diligent prevention and treatment, combine plastic pruning, improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, enhance the disease resistance of medicinal materials, and if necessary, can also use low toxicity, high efficiency and low (no) pesticide residues for prevention and control, to prevent the dual impact of drought and pests.
Coffee Industry Measures:
1. According to the actual situation of the production area, mangoes, macadamia nuts and other cash crops are planted in the coffee garden, and at the same time, in the lower layer of the coffee garden, leguminous green manure plants can be planted, which can play a role in reducing the impact of drought and increasing soil fertility. 2. Strengthen the management of medium cultivation, cut off the inner pipe in the soil, and reduce the evaporation of water; where conditions permit, after irrigation, lay mulch film to reduce the impact of drought; for some coffee plants with severe drought conditions, they can be dried and preserved; if there are certain irrigation conditions, water retention agents can be applied and then irrigated, playing the role of drought resistance and seedling preservation. 3. The dry season coffee branches are serious, the coffee tree growth is weak, it is easier to form an excellent environment for the spread of coffee extinction tiger Tianniu, and the harm of Tianniu can be reduced by releasing tube swollen leg bees, sexual attractants, etc.
Sericulture Industry Measures:
1. Newly planted mulberry plants should first water the root water, and then cover the mulch film to reduce the evaporation of soil moisture in the mulberry garden and ensure the survival rate of mulberry seedlings; unplanned mulberry seedlings should not be replanted, and seedlings should be concentrated on false planting. 2. In the place where there are irrigation conditions, try to irrigate the mulberry garden, directly increase the soil moisture, at the same time, through the soil ploughing can cut off the capillary, reduce the evaporation of soil moisture, while improving the water permeability of the soil; unconditional irrigation of the mulberry garden should not be weeded, ploughed or fertilized in this drought stage, as little as possible to move the soil, reduce water evaporation. Mulberry gardens with no water source guarantee and severe drought are covered with mulch film, weeds and straw to reduce soil water evaporation and enhance drought resistance. 3. High temperature and drought are prone to the harm of small pests in mulberry gardens such as red spiders and mulberry thrips, and should be controlled in time with corresponding pesticides, and 73% gram mite emulsion 3000 times liquid (safety interval 15 days) or 24% bromine neponitrile suspension 4000 times liquid (safety interval 7 days) or 80% dichlorvos emulsion 1500 times liquid (safety interval 7 days) should be prevented and controlled in the early stage of pest occurrence or in the early stage of silkworm leaf collection. 4. Spray urea 0.3-0.5%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.3-0.5% etc. to the sprouted mulberry trees, etc., and improve the drought resistance of mulberry buds through absorption and promote their normal growth and development. After the drought is alleviated, the application of quick-acting fertilizers should be applied in a timely manner, and multiple compound fertilizers are preferred.
Fruit Industry Measures:
1. For mangoes, plums, peaches, pears, apples and other fruits are in full bloom and the final flowering period, some fruits have begun to enter the fruit setting period, and strengthening field management is the key. 2. Attach importance to the construction of basic water conservancy facilities, improve the ability to resist risks, replace traditional water use methods such as flood irrigation and sprinkler irrigation with drip irrigation; apply tree tray covering technology to effectively reduce the evaporation loss of soil moisture, and strengthen orchard management to reduce soil evaporation and plant transpiration. Cover the canopy with more than 15 cm thickness of straw, corn, dry weeds, etc., can also use mulch film and floor cloth to reduce water evaporation, enhance the drought resistance of fruit trees; cover layer or under the membrane installation dropper system, uniform, regular, quantitative water supply, infiltrate the peach root development area, for root absorption, so that the utilization rate is high and the water consumption is small, improve water use efficiency. 3. When pruning, pay attention to leaving a certain amount of branches and leaves, which has a protective effect on the trunk and fruit, and prevents the formation of sunburn damage on the bark and fruit surface of high temperature and drought. 4. High temperature and dry weather, compared with normal years, the occurrence of diseases is relatively small, and insect pests, especially aphids, thrips, leaf mites are likely to increase. The prevention and control work should be done according to the prevention and control period of diseases and insects in previous years, and gastric toxic pesticides should be used when controlling aphids, thrips and leaf mites.
Vegetable industry measures:
1. For areas with imperfect water conservancy facilities, you can choose more drought-tolerant vegetable crops such as millet peppers, peas, sweet corn, eggplant, etc., and avoid planting vegetable crops with large water requirements, such as cabbage, kale, lettuce, cabbage, kale, cucumbers, loofahs, tomatoes, etc. of the melon. 2. Take dryland production as the main area, adjust the variety structure, apply new drought-resistant technologies such as drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation under the film, and improve the irrigation conditions; the planting adopts the colonization of high-furrow ponds, and the colonization mouth covers fine soil to reduce water evaporation. 3. For vegetable crops that have been sown and raised, if they cannot be planted in the ground due to drought, the seedlings can be moved into the large hole of the nutrient bowl to cultivate large seedlings, and then transplanted to the field when the conditions are ripe, and the water and fertilizer management is strengthened after transplanting the field to ensure that the yield and quality are not affected. 4. For crops that have been transplanted to the field, without soil film cover, the management of medium tillage should be strengthened, and after the water is released, when the soil surface is dried, shallow ploughing and loosening the soil should be carried out to achieve the role of water retention. Plant growth regulators such as Nashi 778, Xerosolosaurus, 2-Acetoxybenzoic Acid, and Brassilactone can also be sprayed foliar to enhance plant drought resistance.
Flower industry measures:
1. Use water-saving irrigation technology, according to the type and conditions, according to local conditions, choose irrigation facilities such as pipe irrigation, dropper, sprinkler irrigation and so on. 2. Select drought-resistant varieties and reasonable dense planting, appropriately postpone the planting time, timely erase excess buds and remove invalid branches and leaves, reduce water evaporation, increase the application of organic fertilizer, and enhance the ability to store water and preserve moisture. Where irrigation water is scarce, some varieties and varieties with lower market prices should be discarded, and limited water resources should be concentrated on varieties or varieties with higher market prices. 3. Use greenhouses and greenhouses to install shade nets to reduce solar radiant heat, reduce shed temperature, reduce water evaporation; reduce ventilation and improve relative humidity of air; cover cultivation method, before planting, cover degradable membrane, reduce soil moisture evaporation and weed growth; open-field planting species, ditches and plant spacing area Surface covered with straw, etc., to reduce soil surface water evaporation. 4. Apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, increase the application of boron and copper fertilizers, properly control nitrogen fertilizers, improve the drought resistance of plants; select soluble fertilizers, and apply thin fertilizers with integrated fertilizer and water. Shallow topsoil soil, damage soil capillaries, reduce rapid water loss of roots, coat the shed film with lime water to reduce sunlight radiation; use drought resistance agents, water retention agents, increase soil water storage capacity, reduce plant transpiration. 5. Strengthen the prevention and control of powdery mildew, gray mold, downy mildew, red spider, thrips and other diseases and insects during the high temperature and dry period.
Measures for the grain industry:
1. Rice, corn, etc. are in the critical period of preparing for ploughing and seedlings. Rational planning of planting area layout, water conservancy irrigation is the fundamental way to prevent drought, water-scarce and drought-prone areas, it is necessary to rationally plan the planting area in advance according to local water resources and irrigation conditions, suitable rice is rice, and if it is not appropriate, it is necessary to plant dry crops. 2. Select drought-tolerant, short-growing varieties, choose the combination of early maturation with vigorous development, rapid production and more developed root system, and the planting can be appropriately postponed for about 15 days in the area before planting, and the rainwater planting can be combined. Do a good job in seed treatment, concentrate seedlings where conditions permit, and reduce the demand for water resources. 3. In arid areas, according to the arrival of the local rainy season sooner or later, staged sowing, seedlings and transplanting can be carried out to ensure that when the rainy season comes, there is land to manage and seedlings to plant. 4. Effectively do a good job in monitoring and prevention and control of diseases and insect pests, and do a good job in field management. Potato combined with medium cultivation soil to cultivate as high as possible, strengthen field management, and avoid exposing potato pieces to attract adult eggs.
Pulses Industry Measures:
1. In view of the drought disaster at the seedling stage and the pod stage, which has the greatest impact on the yield of edible beans, multiple measures should be taken at the same time to minimize the losses caused by drought. 2. After the harvest of spring crops, according to different climatic characteristics, appropriately select early-maturing, medium- and late-maturing varieties for planting, timely rushing to sow seeds, supporting the promotion of "membrane-side efficient drought-resistant cultivation mode", areas with better soil conditions can choose no-till sowing to reduce water loss, water retention and seedling retention. 3. In the bean pod stage, appropriately increase the application of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, trace elements and other foliar fertilizers to improve the efficiency of plant organic matter synthesis, increase crop stress resistance, and strengthen the cultivation of soil. With the application of foliar fertilizer, the photosynthetic efficiency is improved and the dry matter synthesis is conducive. 4. Timely discover and effectively prevent and control the occurrence of spotted diving flies, aphids, thrips and other insect pests to reduce the common harm of insect pests and drought. 5. Promote the pea model of flue-cured tobacco in appropriate areas, solve the problem of stubble of large spring-small spring crops, can be sown earlier, reduce management inputs, and agricultural products are listed earlier, have better economic value, and can also be appropriately avoided the impact of drought.
How to establish a water-saving and efficient modern agricultural industry production system?
Experts proposed that the climate of Yunnan is mainly a subtropical plateau monsoon climate, affected by the southwest monsoon of the Indian Ocean, less rain and drought in winter and spring, rainy and humid in summer and autumn, dry and wet seasons, of which the rainy season from May to October concentrates 85% of the rainfall, and the dry season from November to April accounts for only 15% of the year, and the seasonal water shortage is more prominent. To this end, agricultural production in our province should establish the thinking of drought-resistant agricultural production, have drought and drought resistance, prepare for drought without drought, and gradually form a water-saving and efficient modern agricultural industrial production system with plateau characteristics.
Improve agricultural water conservancy conditions and enhance disaster resistance
Our province is relatively rich in water resources, but the engineering shortage of water is serious, we must make full use of the advantages of the Lancang River, Nu River, Jinsha River, YuanJiang, Irrawaddy River, Nanpan River and other 6 major water systems in our province, scientific layout, rational development and utilization of rich water resources, change the situation of "the water flowing under the mountain, the thirsty cattle on the mountain". We should intensify the construction of the "five small water conservancy projects," build new water conservancy projects in a planned manner, ensure that there is water available and water that can be used, and strive to expand the irrigation area of cultivated land.
Construct a facility agricultural system and improve the utilization rate of water resources
Taking the opportunity to build a world-class "green food brand", we will develop greenhouse flowers, greenhouse vegetables, greenhouse fruits, etc., and adopt digital agricultural technology to achieve accurate and efficient irrigation. Promote advanced new technologies and new equipment and new materials for water-saving irrigation at home and abroad, apply advanced water-saving management experience, increase the promotion and application of agricultural drought-resistant facilities such as pipe irrigation, micro-irrigation, and drip irrigation under film, and promote scientific and technological drought-fighting measures such as mulch mulch, straw mulching, and drought-fighting agents, so as to improve the efficiency of water resource utilization.
Autumn agricultural development should be carried out in accordance with the favorable geographical conditions
Our province has a drought in winter and spring, but there is a lot of rain in summer and autumn, while doing a good job in spring agriculture, we must make full use of the advantages of more rain in autumn, good soil moisture, strong light, and good sunshine, vigorously develop autumn agricultural production, apply the experience of winter agricultural development to autumn agricultural development, give full play to the advantages of the "plateau pergola" in our province, focus on the vegetable industry, and create a new agricultural industry growth pole.
Scientific layout of production, the implementation of ecological agricultural planning
The terrain and landform of our province are special, with the Hengduan Mountains as the main Gaoligong Mountain, Wuliang Mountain and Ailao Mountain dividing our province into two large climatic zones, southwest Yunnan has large annual rainfall, high humidity, suitable layout for the development of tropical subtropical crops, central Yunnan especially in southeast Yunnan has little rainfall, small air humidity, relatively few diseases and insect pests, suitable for the layout of high value-added crops. In high-altitude areas, give full play to the advantages of "plateau pergolas" and lay out and develop the summer and autumn vegetable industry. In low-altitude arid areas, it is difficult for pests and diseases to occur, and it is necessary to vigorously promote the annual organic agricultural production and establish large-scale organic and efficient agricultural industrial zones.
We should change the concept of production and implement the strategy of advancing one and retreating from the other
There are more than 25 million rural people in our province, the statistical area of cultivated land is 93.65 million mu, the actual cultivated area in some border ethnic areas is far greater than the registered area, the situation of widespread planting and thin harvest is outstanding, "planting land on a hillside, receiving a luoluo", not only consumes precious water resources, but also causes damage to ecological resources and the environment.
Source: Yunnan Release
Editor-in-Charge: Pu Wei
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