History of Japan, History of Japan, or History of Japan refers to the history of Japan or the Japanese archipelago. This article will provide an overview of Japan's history from a world perspective.
Era distinction
There are all kinds of things in the division of times in Japanese history, and there is no one that can be called conclusive. The (primitive) ancient, medieval, modern, and modern (modern) era divisions are widely accepted in historical research. Even in this case, when to put the chronology of each era is very different according to different commentators.
Regarding the beginning of ancient times, there are different views around the formation period of ancient states, including the 3rd century, the 5th century, and the 7th century, which is called the "753 controversy" among researchers. Regarding the Middle Ages, the manorial commons system, which was the entire medieval socio-economic system, was regarded as a sign of the times, beginning with the formation of the manorial commons system in the second half of the 11th century to the 12th century, and ending with the Taikaku inspection in the second half of the 16th century, when the manorial system disappeared.
It is generally believed that the modern era began around the time of the Taikaku Inspection and ended around the Meiji Restoration. The beginning of modern times is generally considered to be the end of the shogunate - the Meiji Restoration period, and some people believe that the rise of cottage industry in the first half of the 18th century was the beginning of modern times.
In addition, there is also a distinction between the defeat in World War II and the modern era, but in recent Japanese history, the dividing line between modern and modern times is the collapse of the Cold War structure, and there are also opinions around 1990 when the bubble economy collapsed and high economic growth ended. (Summarized as ancient, medieval, modern, modern, modern)
It has been pointed out that the above-mentioned theory of chronological distinction is to a large extent influenced by the historical view of the stages of development, without noticing the cascading and continuity of history. Therefore, some researchers have begun to advocate the "era shift theory", believing that the era is not the object of distinction, but a transfer of things.
The generally familiar distinction of the times is mainly based on the distinction of the era where the political center is located. There is no clear division of this era, and it is not appropriate as an era division in historical research. Just for the convenience of the use of the era distinction.
The eras that leave archaeological materials without documentary materials are divided into paleolithic, Jomon, Yayoi, and Kofun according to the archaeological era. Documentary historical sources leave to some extent the era later according to the location of the political center. The Kofun Period (Osaka City), the Asuka Period (Asuka Village), the Nara Period (Nara City), the Heian Period (Kyoto City), the Kamakura Period (Kamakura City), the Muromachi Period (Kyoto City), the Azuchi Momoyama Period (Azuchi Town, Kyoto City Fushimi-ku), the Edo Period (Tokyo), and the division. However, this may not be sufficient for the distinction between the late Kofun period from the Early Yamato period of the Asuka period, the early Omaru period of Kenwu after the Kamakura period, the nanboku dynasty era, and the late Muromachi period, and the late Warring States period in the Warring States period and the late Edo period, of which the Nanboku Dynasty era and the Sengoku period were borrowed from the era division of Chinese history.
After the Edo period, according to the emperor's reign (I monism), it was called the Meiji era (Meiji Emperor), the Taisho era (Taisho Emperor), the Showa era (Showa Emperor), the Heisei period (Akihito), and the Reiwa era (Naruhito). Among them, the era from the Meiji Restoration to May 2, 1947 (Showa 22) (Meiji, Taisho, and pre-war Showa) is called the "Era of the Great Japanese Empire", and there are also examples of polities (Constitutions). In addition, there is the division of the periphery of Hokkaido, the North-Northeast, and the Southwest Islands.
In addition, from a cultural point of view, Jomon culture, Yayoi culture, Kofun culture, Asuka culture, Shirakata culture, Tianping culture, Hongren culture, Zhenguan culture, Guofeng culture, Yuanzheng period culture, Kamakura culture, Kitayama culture, Higashiyama culture, Momoyama culture, Genroku culture, Andong culture, and so on.
overview
Paleolithic of the Japanese archipelago
Altitude map of Japan about 20,000 years ago
Yellow: The area on the surface of the sea
White: Areas where no plants grow
Green: Sea
Black line: Indicates the modern coastline
The confirmed human history of the Japanese archipelago dates back about 100,000 years. However, this is thought to be a legacy of older people such as denisovans.
The first arrival of living humans is thought to have been 40,000-35,000 years ago.
In ancient times, the Hokkaido and Kyushu regions bordered the mainland, and stone tools known as knife-shaped stone tools were widely used throughout the archipelago. This knife-shaped stone tool has not been excavated in Hokkaido. About 20,000 years ago, the new stone tools known as fine stone blades that emerged from Siberia spread mainly to Japan. For a time, the fine stone blade culture of eastern Japan and the knife-shaped stone tool culture of western Japan coexisted, but soon, the fine stone blade also spread in western Japan, and about 15,000 years ago, the knife-shaped stone tool quickly disappeared.
Neolithic
Many of the grinding stone tools (local grinding stone axes) considered to be the oldest in the world were discovered about 40,000-30,000 years ago, and the use of grinding stone tools alone can already be seen in the archipelago. From the excavation of rock puppets in the shape of kotake about 24,000 years ago, it can be seen that the Paleolithic period also had a certain belief.
About 12,000 years ago, with the end of the final ice age, the earth warmed sharply, sea levels began to rise, and the Japanese archipelago separated from the Asian continent. As a result, people's culture and life changed dramatically, and with the exception of the Southwest Islands, they all entered the next Jomon Era.
The gene of Paleolithic humans is thought to be haploid group D1a2a (Y chromosome).
Jomon period
Liangwen Beizuka
The Jomon period is said to date about 6,500 years ago (145th century BC) and about 3,000 years before the beginning (10th century BC), and at the end of the geological epoch Pleistocene to the end of the New Epoch, the era of the Development of the Japanese Archipelas, the Mesolithic Period and even the Equivalent neolithic era in world history. The Paleolithic period differs from the Jomon period in that the emergence of pottery, the popularity of vertical cave dwelling, and the form of shell mounds can be cited. It is divided into six phases: start-up, early, early, middle, late and late. At this time, the Japanese archipelago made Jomon earthenware, which developed in the early period and later settlement, mainly living in vertical cave houses. Regarding Jomon pottery, about 16,500 years ago, it is said to be the oldest pottery in the world that is found at the Oheiyama Moto site in Aomori Prefecture. They made a living by hunting with bows and arrows, fishing in shell mounds, collecting plants, etc., and used stone tools, grinding stone tools, bone horn tools, etc.
Cultivation hypotheses such as grains and nuts have also been proposed, the process of cultivation can be traced from the development of wild barnyard grains, and the research and research on the movement and research of Klee's choice for cultivation have also been made public. Regarding rice cultivation, evidence of rice cultivation has been found in Okayama Prefecture about 6,000 years ago, and there have been rice cultivation since the early Jomon period. According to the Nihon Shoki, the founding of the Kingdom of Japan was at the end of this era.
The haploid D1a2a (Y chromosome) is the main gene of Jomon people
The Yayoi era
A large building in Kitateku, the site of Yoshino-ri
From the 10th century BC to the 3rd century BC is known as the Yayoi Era. The era distinction is derived from the Yayoi earthen artifacts that are characteristic of this period. At the beginning of the Yayoi era, Yayoi people from the mainland who belonged to the haploid O1b2 (Y chromosome) arrived here.
After the establishment of the rice-centered farming society, it spread rapidly from northern Kyushu to all parts of the Japanese archipelago outside the northernmost tip of Honshu. As a result of the establishment of an agrarian society, regional groups were formed. With the development of agrarian society, regional groups became larger and larger, and their central part formed settlements around the lake. The mass-built tombs of the time are considered to be the tombs of the heads of large regional groups, and are considered to be a manifestation of the beginning of the identity gap.
At that time, the Japanese archipelago was called the Uighur and Wokou by China. Among the large regional groups, there are also those that communicate with the Chinese dynasty, which are called "countries" by China. It is said that there were about 100 "countries" around the time of the epoch that communicated with China. The Uighur king sent envoys to the Eastern Han Dynasty and was granted the Golden Seal. Large regional blocs gradually strengthened their political unions, and in the early 2nd century formed a political union that could be called the Uighur Alliance. The lord of the alliance was called the Uighur King, and the original Uighur King had a handsome promotion. For a time the Uighur state was politically stable, but in the second half of the 2nd century there was a civil unrest known as the Great Rebellion of the Uighur Kingdom, after which the Evil Matai State became the Uighur King. Through communication with the State of Wei, Beimihu sought stability in the alliance of the Uighur States. The situation of the Wo (Japanese) during this period can be confirmed in Chinese historical sources.
In Hokkaido and the Northern Tohoku region, paddy farming was not accepted, and the Jomon era was entered.
It is said that after the Yayoi period, the Haploid O2 (Y chromosome) watanabe arrived.
Kofun era
Located in Hirateru Ruins Park, it is a restored residence of the Kofun period (600 AD).
From the mid-to-late 3rd century to around the 7th century is known as the Kofun Era. In the middle of the 3rd century, the front and back tombs and the resulting tomb system quickly spread throughout the archipelago, so that the regional political groups of the Yamato (Yamato), northern Kyushu (Chikushi), Kita-Takuto (Maoye), Sanyo (Yoshibe), and San'in (Izumo) collaborators gathered the embodiment and ideas of yamato's royal power. However, this is not yet at the stage of what can be called an early state, and it is more appropriate to regard it as a union of royal powers (united royal powers). This monarchy later perfected the system as a state and further developed into a regime known as the Yamato Imperial Court, but there is still controversy as to which period should be called the Imperial Court.
Beginning in the second half of the 4th century, the Yamato monarchy ruled the main parts of the archipelago, consolidating the raw materials for the consolidation of the islands, weapons, agricultural tools, iron resources, and the beginning of the march into the Korean Peninsula, and the international relations of the peninsula countries were also involved, as an opportunity to serve as an inflow of technology and cultural relics to Korea and China to the Uighur Kingdom. There were also many wars with Silla and Goguryeo.
After entering the 5th century, the Yamato king transferred his base to the Osaka Plain, and through tribute, he put relations with the korean peninsula in an advantageous position, and actively communicated with China's southern dynasty in order to seek officials and knights suited to his purposes. The head of the Yamato kingship of this period, who left his name in Chinese history books, was known as the Five Kings of Wu.
Now designated as the last of the five uighurs, Wu was Ōhose Youtakezu, who was later known as Emperor Shōryō (r. 470). From this time on, it is called the Great King or the Great King of the World. In addition, due to the failure to expand its power on the Korean Peninsula as desired, tributes to the Chinese dynasty for this purpose were no longer carried out. The front and rear round tombs of this period, which are particularly large in scale, show the existence of powerful royal power.
After the Five Kings, from the second half of the 5th century to the first half of the 6th century, there was chaos in the Yamato monarchy. However, with the succession of emperors from the Hokuriku and Omi base areas of the collateral royal clans to the throne and rule, the Yamato king's domination of the archipelago was strengthened, and a system of connection with the current emperor was established. In addition, during the reign of Emperor Ti, the Panjing Rebellion occurred in Kitakyushu, and there are many unclear places about the relationship between the Yamato King and the Hoshi Panjing clan of Kitakyushu.
In addition, during this period, the intervention of the korean peninsula countries in international relations has retreated significantly. After such an introverted period, the Yamato monarchy's domination of the Japanese archipelago was further strengthened. During the same period, the Okhotsk culture emerged in the coastal areas of the Sea of Okhotsk and continued until the 13th century.
This era (including the following Asuka period, depending on the situation) is sometimes referred to as the Yamato period, and now it is generally referred to as the Kofun period.
The Asuka Era
The golden hall and five-storied pagoda of Horyuji Temple are national treasures. Horyu-ji Temple is a Shōtoku-jong-ji temple located in the town of Banyu, Nara Prefecture. Part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Buddhist Buildings in the Horyuji Area".
From the second half of the 6th century to the beginning of the 8th century, the base camp of yamato's royal power was located in Asuka, so it was called the Asuka Era. In the second half of the 6th century, the Yamato monarchy stabilized its domestic rule, and the struggle for succession within the monarchy became more pronounced. During this period, Buddhism was introduced from Baekje and developed into later Buddhist cultures such as the Asuka culture and the White Phoenix culture.
At the end of the 6th century, the emergence of the Sui Dynasty, which had unified China for 400 years, led to the centralization of political power in East Asian countries. In the first half of the 7th century, Emperor Tuigu and his nephew Prince Seitoku (Prince Seitoku) tried to establish the sovereignty of the Great King (Emperor) while pinning down the king's Sumazi. Beginning with the reflection of the first Dispatch of Sui Envoys, national political reforms such as the formulation of the Twelfth Order of the Crown and the introduction of the Seventeen-Article Constitution were carried out. However, the resistance of the Hao class was also very strong, and although there were plans for the centralization of power since then, progress was slow. During the second dispatch of Sui envoys, Ono's sister was dispatched to submit a handwritten letter to emperor of China. His handwritten letter reads, "The Son of Heaven of the Nation of sunrise to the Son of Heaven of the Nation of Sunrise," although within the framework of tributary diplomacy, but the purpose was to get China to recognize him as a monarch who stood on his own without canonization and to show his autonomy.
The Dahua Reform in the mid-7th century was also one of the trends in the centralization of power, and some progress was made. However, the greatest opportunity for the centralization of power was the defeat in the Baekje Revival War in the second half of the 7th century (the Battle of Baekcheongang), and the various forces in the Uighurs unanimously decided to rectify the state system, and the centralization of power began to develop rapidly. Emperor Tenmu, who had won the Rebellion of Nongshen, completely concentrated his power in an attempt to deify the emperor. The period of the emperor's formulation is considered to be the Tenmu period. At the same time, in order to concretize the emperor's rule and promote the introduction of the legal system, the formulation of the Daiho Law in the early 8th century achieved results. The name of Japan was also determined before and after the enactment of the Daiho Ordinance. According to the edict of Emperor Tenmu, he began to compile the oldest documentary history in Japan, the Nihon Shoki.
In addition, this period ushered in the Erawen era in the south-west of Hokkaido and the northern part of Aomori Prefecture.
Nara period
Yingdaiji Kondo, Nara City.
The early to late 8th century is known as the Nara period, and the capital (Hirajo-kyo) is located in Nara. Moreover, tang envoys were sent to form and deepen the legal state system. Based on the idea of the monarchs and the people, the legal system, with the goal of the unified rule of the emperor and his bureaucracy, implemented the rule of the people such as the household system, the bantian system, the rent system, and the legion soldier system.
Statue of Emperor Seimu, Kamakura period, author unknown.
Emperor Takeshi (701-June 4, 756) and The 45th Emperor of Japan (reign: March 3, 724 - August 19, 749).
In the first half of the 8th century, the movement to strengthen the legal system was actively carried out, and the policy of expanding agricultural land such as the Three Dynasties and the Kentian Yongnian Private Property Law was also considered to be part of the strengthening of the legal system. However, during this period, Emperor Seiomu established the office of Nakagu, and the center of politics began to change. In addition, in the second half of the 8th century, the peasant class began to divide, and the increase in the number of fugitives led to a decrease in taxes, and a situation that forced the rule of the law to change.
In addition, with Silla as the kingdom and the Ezo and Minami-Kyushu hayabusa in the tohoku region as the chinese consciousness, the Japanese demanded tribute to the Silla Dynasty while "educating" the Ezo and Hayato in an attempt to bring them under the rule of the law. At this time, the northern territory stayed on the coast of the Sea of Japan, and in order to expand the territory, Japan adopted a dual policy towardSAzo, on the one hand, giving preferential treatment to the submissive Ezo, and on the other hand, using military force to suppress the rebellious Ezo.
Droughts, famines, wildfires and plagues often occurred in this era. In particular, the smallpox outbreak in 735-737 (the plague of the balance), both nobles and commoners, caused a large number of deaths, and the four ruling Fujiwara brothers also fell ill and died. Emperor Shengmu, who believed that these disasters were caused by his own non-belief, deepened his conversion to Buddhism and ordered the creation of Todai-ji Temple, which promoted the revitalization of Buddhism in the country.
In terms of culture, in addition to the compilation of the Nihon Shoki, manyoshu, and the Chronicle of Customs, the tianping culture, which was influenced by the mainland culture brought by the Tang dynasty, also flourished. Although Buddhism was ruled by the government, the idea of protecting the country became increasingly strong, and at the behest of Emperor Seimu, Todai-ji Temple and Kokubun-ji Temple were established in the name of state support. In terms of crafts, Shosoin treasures are famous. Housed in the Million Tadalunis of the Million Pagodas built by Emperor Tokutoku, it is known as the oldest surviving print in the world.
The Heian period
Ichijo-ji Temple Triple Pagoda (National Treasure), Kasai City, Hyogo Prefecture. A Japanese-style building built in 1171.
Known as the Heian period from the end of the 8th century to the end of the 12th century, the capital was Heian Kyo, built by Emperor Huanwu. In the early Heian period, the decline of the county division and the division of the common people's class, which had been appointed from the local chiefs of the Kofun period since ancient times, were further intensified, and the boundaries of the law-and-state system that had been inherited from the previous generations were further established. As a result, the imperial court began to vigorously promote the reform of the local decentralized state system from the beginning of the 11th century, forming a system known as the dynastic state system. In dynastic states, the receiving state agencies, which were greatly transferred by the imperial court, exercised local rule. This basis of the rule of the receiving and receiving the state, the existing legal system of the admission system, the household registration of individual people and the power of the people at the county level prove that from the way the production tax is levied, the land collection unit and the powerful people class and the indigenous former state secretary and other rich classes have combined the contract management of farmland, the system of prestige and transformation. In terms of local rule in the military, it is proved that the military system of the state has emerged through the martial artists as armed and recognized officials to exercise force as a class of armed and recognized officials, the samurai class, the khitan people, echoing the Chengping Tianqing Rebellion and the daoyi into the Kou and other domestic and foreign military crises. In addition, in terms of central politics, in the 11th century, the Fujiwara Kita family, as a foreign relative of the Heavenly Imperial Family, established the regency politics as the center of the political power.
The way in which dynastic states entered the kingdom changed in the 12th century, and the number of heavy taxes paid increased from the end of the 12th century to the 13th century, the quality of the monistic territorialization of the business unit as self-discipline changed significantly, the domains that paid heavy taxes paid by the lords of the gate and the territories dominated by the state government were equally opposed, and the samurai local administrators who paid heavy taxes and the armed disputes between the public subordinates were equally opposed, and the local administrators who paid heavy taxes and the armed disputes between the public subordinates were established as lords, and the public system of heavy taxation was called the establishment of the medieval ruling system. During the same period, the Emperor, as the ruler of the heavens, began to handle government affairs, which is considered to be a period from ancient times to the Middle Ages.
At the end of the Heian period, after the two chaos of Baoyuan and Heiji, the military strength of the samurai influenced the direction of the political struggle in the central political circles, and as a result, the Ise Hei clan, which held political dominance in the central political circles, came to power in the Hei clan regime, which was evaluated as the original samurai regime.
The gradual japaneseization of culture from the Nara period came to fruition as a national style culture, hiragana and katakana based on Kanji began to be used, and monogatari literature such as "The Tale of Genji" and "Pillow Grass" began to blossom. Occult and Esoteric thought was widely believed, and the unity of God and Buddha developed, and many monasteries were established.
In the Tohoku region, semi-independent regimes such as the Abe clan, the Kiyohara clan, and the Oshu Fujiwara clan rose and fell from around the 11th century, and the shoguns sent by the central government often fought against them (the Battle of the Ninth Year BC, the Battle of the Last Three Years). In the Southwestern Islands, from around the 12th century into the Gusk era. For more information, you can refer to the history of the Amami Islands from the north, the history of Okinawa Prefecture, and the history of the Xiandao Islands.
Kamakura period
Kamakura Giant Buddha
From the end of the 12th century to the 14th century, known as the Kamakura period, the central government and the samurai regime in the Kanto region stood side by side. The Kamakura shogunate, headed by the Genrai Dynasty, won the Rebellion of the Imperial Household and overthrew the Hei clan, gaining the right to take over the position of guardian and land in the process, and grew into a regime with the same name as the imperial court (the public government). As a result of the Succession Rebellion in the first half of the 13th century, public power was subordinate to the samurai regime. Later, the Hojo clan, the head of the imperial family, established the ruling politics that actually led the shogunate politics.
From the mid-13th century onwards, great social changes began to occur with the penetration of the monetary economy and the activation of the circulation of goods, the formation of villages, and the encroachment of the local samurai on the lords of the manor. These movements were accelerated by the Yuankou in the second half of the 13th century. The shogunate, which could not pay the favor, saved the day by issuing edicts of virtue or adopting despotism, but was unable to re-establish the once-leaning feudal system. The local society took advantage of the chaos to appear evil forces in the village, etc., and the deterioration of the manor system of public ownership was carried out rapidly.
In terms of culture, realistic art such as the statue of Vajrashi at the southern gate of Todaiji Temple, which was exhibited in Yunqing and Kuaiqing, was exhibited. In addition, in terms of religion, the establishment of the Kamakura New Buddhism, which developed from Buddhism, which was a tantric system with the purpose of protecting the country, popularized Buddhism to the public. In Hokkaido, from around the 13th century onwards, the original Rubun culture became more dependent on the trade of goods of greater commodity value obtained through hunter-gatherers, and in the process of integration with the Okhotsk culture, the transition to the Ainu culture was completed.
Southern and Northern Dynasties era
Yoshino Imperial Palace of the Southern Dynasty
Map of kamakura Prefecture in the 2nd year of Matilda / 8th year of Motochu (1391).
Around the 14th century, known as the Nanboku Dynasty Era, the imperial court was divided into the Southern Dynasty under the Daikaku-ji clan and the Northern Dynasty supported by the Ashikaga clan.
After the middle of the Kamakura period, the imperial family was divided into the Daikaku-ji and Shōmyō-in systems, fighting over the succession to the throne, and due to the intervention of the Kamakura shogunate, the two were established. The Ōshō Emperor Go-Daigo, who had ascended the throne, was also the failure of the shogunate and The Yakuki was swept away, and the Shogunate took the throne as Emperor Mitsuyo, and Emperor Go-Daigo let Hideki escape, again calling for a crusade against the Makusuda Clan and Nitta Yoshisada, etc., and the Kamakura shogunate perished.
Emperor Go-Daigo overthrew Emperor Kwangyen and implemented the emperor's autocratic politics known as the "New Deal of Kenmu", but due to the increased dissatisfaction of the samurai class, the Zun clan used this as a background to deviate from the New Deal, supported the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, and chased the Daikaku-ji temple to Yoshino in the south. The degeneration of the manorial public ownership system has made the antagonism between all strata of society more and more obvious, and the nationwide struggle under the pretext of the dispute between the north and the south has begun.
In terms of culture, what is more representative is the contempt for identity order and the tendency to flamboyant behavior. In addition, cultures such as the popularity of liange and the book of the Original Fall of the Two Rivers have become popular.
Muromachi period
The 3rd shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu
Deer Garden Temple Golden Pavilion (Kitayama Culture)
From the 14th century to the 16th century, known as the Muromachi period, the shogunate was located in Muromachi, Kyoto. The Ashikaga clan established the Northern Dynasty and established the Muromachi shogunate. The shogunate, based in Kyoto, gradually eroded the power of the imperial court, and the imperial court (the public government) lost real political power. The guardianship set up in each country also enhanced domestic dominance through the recognition of economic privileges such as banji and the expansion of guardianship requests, absorbed the function of the national government, grew into a guardian daimyo, and established a domination system known as the guardian territorial system.
Ashikaga Yoshimitsu achieved the unification of the north and the south, and traded with the Ming Dynasty, and was crowned king of Japan by the Ming Emperor. Yoshimitsu tried to suppress the forces that guarded the daimyo, but the expansion tendency of the daimyo was deeply rooted, and the shogunate and the guardians were repeatedly at war. The shogunate-guardianship system continued until the middle of the 15th century, when it was shaken by the Ying ren rebellion, and the Ming Ying coup d'état eventually collapsed and entered the Sengoku period.
In 1419, Lee's Joseon attacked Tsushima. In 1429, King Shangbazhi established the Ryukyu Kingdom, established diplomatic relations with Japan, the Ming Dynasty and other countries, and carried out prosperous trade. People who entered the southern part of present-day Hokkaido from Honshu established residences such as the Donan Twelve Pavilions, which were called Wajin. Ainu traded with the Kazuhito, and due to the oppression of ainu by the Kazuhito, an uprising centered on the Great Chieftain's seizure of Muyin (コシャマイン) was pacified by the Oyazaki clan in 1457.
The social principle of this era was self-reliance, and within all strata permeated the united movements of revolt. With the self-reliance of the village society, villages and villages have been established in various places. Trade in western Japan became active, and its activities spread to Korea and China (Wokou). In terms of culture, the Muromachi culture (Kitayama culture and Higashiyama culture), which is characterized by transcendent exchanges such as renge, ape music, and tea eating, flourished. The culture, influenced by Zen Buddhism, is characterized by simplicity and depth.
Warring States period
Himeji Castle
Matsumoto Castle
The period from the late 15th century to the late 16th century is called the Warring States Period. In this era, the Warring States Daimyo, who were born as guardian daimyōs, guardian daimyōs, and kunigami, gradually disintegrated the medieval domination system and strengthened their independence in various places through the formulation of division laws. The dominance of the united states developed into regional countries, and many regional states were established throughout Japan at the same time. The system of monistic domination within the countries of this region is known as the Daimyo system. Political and economic contradictions between regional countries have been resolved by force. Oda Nobunaga, who appeared in the mid-16th century, issued the Rakuichi Rakuza Decree and made the autonomous city Sakai a direct subordinate, responsible for circulation policy and overseas trading, and had a strong military power.
In this era, with the improvement of agricultural productivity, circulation within regional countries was developed, and cities were rapidly formed in various places. In addition, after the beginning of trade with Europe (The Southern Barbarian Trade) and the introduction of arquebusiers and Christianity, the previous tactics and Japanese religious concepts changed. The Southern Barbarian trade influenced Japan's politics and economy until the end of the Edo Shogunate.
Azuchi Momoyama period
Oda Nobunaga (Oda Nobunaga) was a Japanese warlord and Daimyō of the Sengoku period from the Sengoku period to the Azuchi Momoyama period. One of the three Haojie.
After Oda Nobunaga exiled the Muromachi shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki, he established the Kiuchi regime that replaced the Muromachi shogunate. After Nobunaga committed suicide during the Honnō-ji Rebellion, the cause of unifying the world was inherited by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Toyotomi Hideyoshi) was a warlord from the Sengoku period to the Azuchi-Momoyama period, one of the Three Noble Masters.
With Nobunaga's Kiuchi regime as its mother, Hideyoshi completed the unification of the region from Tohoku to Kyushu. Hideyoshi also worked to eliminate and suppress the dominating system and domination of the Middle Ages, ending the Middle Ages. Through the implementation of the knife hunting and the Taige land inspection, the separation of soldiers and peasants was promoted, and the system of manor public consulship and office was abolished. With hideyoshi's unification of the world, political and economic stability was brought about, and the mighty Momoyama culture centered on daimyo samurai flourished.
The world situation of this era and Hideyoshi's attitude toward diplomacy can be seen in the events of the San Felipe. According to hideyoshi documents presented by the crew, Hideyoshi learned from Portugal, a permanent british ally, that the Philippines had been suppressed by force (during the Spanish colonial era in the Philippines). The twenty-six Japanese saints who were sentenced were Franciscans, but due to the timing of the Reformation, they were Catholic. According to the records of the recent Japanese national history, the king of Spain sent missionaries to all parts of the world, and at the same time as the mission, he also made conquests a career. However, this document is not contemporary. The King of Spain at this time was Felipe II. From a world perspective, the following facts are particularly important. Philip II of Habsburg origin served as King of Portugal and also paid for the maintenance of the Imperial Postal Service.
Hideyoshi died during his invasion of Korea. The Toyotomi regime, which had heir problems, gradually weakened.
Edo period
Tokugawa family's three-leaf Aoi family pattern. The green version is not used as a home pattern in Japan.
Kumamoto Castle during the Edo period
From the 8th year of Keicho (1603) to the 3rd year of Keio (1867), known as the Edo period, Edo had an Edo shogunate.
Tokugawa Ieyasu (Tokugawa Ieyasu) was a military general, Daimyō of sengoku, and a member of the Domain from the Sengoku period to the early Edo period. The 9th generation head of the Anxiang Matsudaira family, the Tokugawa family and the Tokugawa shogun family, and the ancestor of the Gosan family. Formerly known as Matsudaira Motoyasu. After the end of the Sengoku period, he was appointed by the imperial court as a shogun of the Seiyi and founded the Edo shogunate. One of the three Haojie.
After Hideyoshi's death, Tokugawa Ieyasu took power in victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, established a shogunate in Edo, and destroyed the Toyotomi clan at the Battle of Osaka. Later, by the middle of the 17th century, the shogunate consolidated the system of mastery and subordination with the daimyōs by promulgating the samurai laws, the conscription of the staff, and the change of powerful daimyōs, and strengthened the control of the imperial court and the establishment of the shogunate bureaucracy. At the same time, he also worked for the stability of society by restricting Christianity and strengthening trade regulation. The Shimabara Rebellion, which broke out under such circumstances, completely banned Christianity and closed the country to deportation by managing trade on Dejima. The dominance of Japan's border areas over the Ryukyu Kingdom and Ezo (Hokkaido, Kaketa, and the Kuril Islands except for the Wajinji island peninsula) was carried out through daimyo.
On the other hand, with the stability of society, the great cause of cultivated land development was implemented in various places, and the exponential increase in the area of cultivated land brought about an increase in grain production and population, and while supporting the shogunate finance and the domain finance through the village, it also greatly developed the nationwide circulation economy. As mentioned above, the ruling system established in the early Edo period was called the shogunate system. Social stability and economic growth supported the development of the city, and the Yuanlu culture in the second half of the 17th century bore fruit.
In the 18th century, gold and silver flowed out, and a new case of mutual marketing appeared, and Tokugawa Yoshimune once again strengthened the power of the shogunate and promoted financial reconstruction (hemi-security reform). Subsequently, efforts to maintain the system and rebuild the fiscal sector (leniency reform, Tempo reform, etc.) were also carried out, but they were unsuccessful. At this time, the culture of political government centered on the people of the city town blossomed. However, with the development of the commodity economy, the continuous expansion of wealth and poverty at all levels of society, the concomitant fluidization of the identity system, and the monetary problem at the end of the shogunate, the shogunate system gradually wavered.
By the mid-19th century, in order to resist social contradictions at home and pressure from abroad (russian, British, American ships approaching), the shogunate received loans from the French general Socte to increase its armaments. However, in the second half of the same century, the black ship sailed and japan and the United States concluded a peace treaty, and the shogunate's management of trade (lockdown) was lifted. In addition, the unequal Five Kingdoms Treaty was signed without an edict, and the prestige of the shogunate declined. The imperial court's authority increased, and the shogunate tried to preserve power through the restoration of the great government, but collapsed after losing the civil war (the Tosa War) with the Satsuma Domain, Choshu Domain, and Tosa Domain of the Fallen Shogunate.
During the Edo period, the carrier of culture was extended to the common people, and kabuki, haiku, ukiyo-e, and worship became popular, and education was widely carried out in temple houses and clan schools. By the Meiji era, educational institutions were used to popularize the school system that lacked financial support.
Meiji era
Emperor Meiji (November 3, 1852- July 30, 1912, 122nd Emperor of Japan (reign: February 13, 1867 - July 30, 1912). Mutsuhito Ying, Yusuke Gona. Seal Korenaga.
Toyama City 40-shi shi Shiju-chodori street in the late Meiji era
Ginza at the end of the Meiji period
The Meiji period (1868-1912) is known as the Meiji era. After repelling the power of the old shogunate after the Battle of the Fallen Shogunate, the Restoration Government, centered on the Fallen Shogunate, established the new Meiji government through the imperial government. The new government actively introduced various European and American systems on the basis of the world expedition of the Iwakura Mission. A series of reforms known as the Meiji Restoration involved the abolition of feudal prefectures, the equalization of the four peoples, the Six Laws, postal services, railways, and water supply. In the process, Japan completely included the Ryukyu Kingdom, the Ezo Regions except Birch (most of Hokkaido and the Kuril Islands), and the Ogasawara Islands into Japan's borders. In order to revise the Five-Power Treaty of Ansei, while establishing the Imperial Diet and formulating the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, we will strive to consolidate the national system, and promote the cultivation of industry (breeding and industry) and the strengthening of military strength (rich countries and strong soldiers) as a national policy. After victories in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War, the revision of the treaty was completed. During the Sino-Japanese War, the Liaodong Peninsula was returned to the Qing Dynasty due to the intervention of the Three Kingdoms. In the Russo-Japanese War, there was no reparations, leaving a huge debt. It was not until 1967 that sovereignty over telecommunications was restored. On the other hand, the territory was expanded through the domination of Taiwan and the annexation of Korea.
In terms of culture, new learning, art, and cultural relics came from Europe and the United States, and this situation was called "civilization enlightenment", and a culture that was very different from that before the Edo period began. With the consistency of speech, the collation of variant kana, and the popularization of standard language, modern Japanese was established. In terms of religion, the previous mixing of gods and Buddhas (separation of gods and Buddhas) was changed, and the temple system was abolished. The shrine was incorporated into an administrative organization and reorganized into a national Shinto centered on the imperial family. As a result, Buddhism was suppressed (the abolition of Buddhism). As a situation in Europe and the United States, Christianity has successfully exported both institutions and capital, and although the reasons for mission have weakened, they have occupied a social position in educational institutions such as Doshisha University.
From a world perspective, from the Meiji Restoration to the Sino-Japanese War was the period of the Great Depression (1873-1896). At this time, the Oriental Bank received foreign debt from Japan. During the Russo-Japanese War, the Western Regiment became the personal bank of Rothschild and others, in this sense returning to the policy of the end of the curtain.
In 1875, the Anglo-French Yokohama garrison stationed at Yokohama Yamato completely withdrew.
Taisho era
Emperor Taisho (August 31, 1879-December 25, 1926) and The 123rd Emperor of Japan (reign: July 30, 1912 - December 25, 1926). Yoshihito 讳, Ming-hyun. Seal Koreju.
The Taisho period (1912-1926) is known as the Taisho period. As a result of the Constitutional Protection Movement, popular political participation developed and party politics (Taisho Democracy) was established. In 1925 (Taisho 14), ordinary elections for men were achieved.
On the other hand, political party politicians tended to adopt a rough foreign policy in order to gain favor with the public, and the Okuma Shigenobu regime entered the war on the basis of the Anglo-Japanese alliance in World War I in 1914 (Taisho 3), although it did not directly involve national interests. The Twenty-One Demands on China against the Yuan Shikai regime of the Republic of China, which is also an Allied country, explicitly demonstrated imperialist ambitions. As a result of the war, In 1919 (Taisho 8) German rights were acquired at the Paris Peace Conference in Shandong Province, China, but were withdrawn at the Washington Conference. Under the mandate of the League of Nations, Germany ruled the South Sea Islands in the Pacific.
Due to the special needs of the war and the demand for submarine cables, the industrial production in Japan has surged, and an unprecedented boom (the great war boom) has emerged. Chaebols promote the gathering and concentration of capital, build huge conglomerates, or participate in international cartels. The Government was almost helpless in social policy, and the influx of labourers from the countryside had formed slums in the big cities and poverty had widened further. After the end of the War, it suffered a severe economic depression due to the reactions in the War. Coupled with the chaotic situation of the Great Kanto Earthquake, coupled with the huge foreign debt of companies such as JP Morgan, and the lifting of the gold ban, which led to net currency outflows.
Showa era
Emperor Showa (April 29, 1901- January 7, 1989), The 124th Emperor of Japan (reign: December 25, 1926 - January 7, 1989). Hirohito 讳, Ando Gona. The seal is wakatake.
Installation riots during the Showa Financial Panic
Completion ceremony of the Pillar of eight hong
He has served as Konoe Fumimaro and president (first term) of the Daisei Wing Zankai.
The Showa period (1926-1989) is known as the Showa era. The Showa financial panic occurred in Showa 2. In 5 Years of Showa, the world panic caused by the United States directly hit the Japanese economy (Showa Panic). In terms of state politics, due to the confrontation between the two major political parties, the problem of the commander-in-chief's power has become superficial, the lifting of the ban on jinquan has also ended in failure, the distrust of party politics has increased, and in the field, the Kwantung Army launched the "918" incident and other social unrest has increased.
After the assassination of incumbent Prime Minister Inuyasha in 1932 (Showa 7), the Constitutional Friends Association became prime minister with the assistance of the Constitutional Civil Party as the first party in the national government, and the former Governor of Korea, Saito Shin, became prime minister. After ending the September 18 incident with the Tanggu Agreement, the Saito cabinet recognized the "Manchukuo" that was born as a result of the 918 incident and announced its withdrawal from the League of Nations.
In 1936 (Showa 11), young army officers staged a "226" coup d'état and were suppressed. At that time, Japan, which had withdrawn from the United Nations, signed the Japan-Germany Defense Agreement with the German countries (Nazi Germany), which also withdrew from the United Nations.
In 1937 (Showa 12), the Second Shanghai Incident broke out in Shanghai, China, and the war between Japan and the Republic of China (Sino-Japanese War) officially began.
In 1940 (Showa 15), the Tri-Power Alliance between Japan, Germany and Italy was concluded with Nazi Germany and the Kingdom of Italy.
The flags of the three countries flying at the Japanese Embassy in Berlin to commemorate the conclusion of the Alliance (September 1940)
In 1941 (Showa 16), the decisive relations between France and India and the United States deteriorated, Japan and the United States made a decision on the war, the Malays continued to fight and raid Pearl Harbor, and the Pacific War (World War II, Great East Asia War) began. At the beginning of the war, the Japanese army still maintained its superiority, but it was gradually overwhelmed by the productivity and trade sabotage of the US army, and it was repeatedly defeated in various battles. At the end of the war, major cities were burned to rubble by strategic bombing, and atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Tokyo after the U.S. Military Airstrike on Tokyo from March 9-10, 1945
Atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and Nagasaki on August 9, 1945.
Hiroshima after the atomic bombing
In 1945 (Showa 20), according to Emperor Showa's holy judgment, Japan accepted the Potsdam Proclamation and was defeated.
Emperor Showa and General MacArthur in formal attire
Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the United Nations Forces (GHQ)
After the war, the Constitution of Japan, which symbolized the imperial system, national sovereignty, and pacifism, was reformulated, based on the occupation policy of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the United Nations Forces (GHQ). In order to destroy the "economic basis of the war of aggression", land reform and the disintegration of the chaebols were carried out. After the dissolution, the chaebol changed from a group form to a corporate group. Conglomerates are "corporate conglomerates without leaders" that do not apply the exclusion of excessive concentration of economic power under pressure from the U.S.-Japan Pact. Parasitic landlords and chaebols who became powerless objects were considered obstacles to industrial rationalization in war. Therefore, the rationalization of the inclined production method is promoted.
In 1952, Japan joined the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. At this time, the new circle switch and the positive microwave event threatened the lives of the people.
Shigeru Yoshida and the Japan Plenipotentiary Committee, signed the San Francisco Peace Treaty.
Beginning in the 1950s, the situation was reversed. During the Korean War, under the orders of the occupying forces, demining troops and port workers were dispatched to the Korean Peninsula to support Korea.
After the restoration of sovereignty through the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1952 (Showa 27), the post-war revival was rapidly carried out through the introduction of foreign debt, and the chaebols were revived in the form of corporate groups. As the Western camp under the Cold War, it concluded the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty. After independence, Japan took a pro-American stance in the West, but did not send military forces overseas under Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution. With the exception of South Korea's military occupation of Takeshima, which occurred before the San Francisco Peace Treaty came into force, Japan was not subject to any foreign military threats after the war. In the second year of the establishment of the 55-year system of the Liberal Democratic and Socialist Parties, Japan issued a joint declaration between Japan and the Soviet Union and joined the League of Nations.
In 1972 (Showa 47), Sino-Japanese relations were normalized and Okinawa returned. The Hexishan incident concerning the Republic of China has not yet been resolved.
In the 1960s, Japan's gross national product achieved rapid economic growth in the face of a sluggish securities market.
In 1966 (Showa 41) surpassed France, in 1967 (Showa 42) surpassed Britain, and in 1968 (Showa 43) overtook West Germany. At this point, Japan ranked third in the world after the United States and the Soviet Union, becoming a developed country.
In the 1970s, despite the double shock of the Nixon shock and the oil shock, it was called a period of steady growth because of the soft landing achieved. Progress has been made in shifting the dominant industrial structure from heavy chemicals to industries such as automobiles and motors. On the other hand, from the tilting of production methods to stable growth, the problem of public nuisance diseases is becoming more and more serious. In addition, the export offensive of Japanese companies has also triggered trade frictions. The Lockheed incident, which has been reported for several years in a row, symbolizes Japan's globalization.
At the end of the Showa period, shortly after nakasone's cabinet began to promote privatization policies, the Plaza Accord was reached. This triggered a slump in the appreciation of the yen, and excessive financial easing led to bribery and a bubble economy.
The ideas and research that were suppressed in the field of history before and during the war were unbanned, and the study of ancient history and archaeology was developed. Under the GHQ occupation, it was also reviewed with a different policy than before and during the war. Scholars of the Showa period were sometimes swayed by trends when they dabbled in domestic literature. Foreign literature, especially the wartime historical materials held by the United States, was enriched in the next Heisei era, and the disclosure deadline was also reached, and progress was made in research like breaking the dike.
Heisei era
Emperor Heisei (born December 23, 1933) is the 125th Emperor of Japan (reigned: January 7, 1989 – April 30, 2019). Akihito, Imperial Succession Palace, Seal Rong.
Tokyo became a world city. In 2014, it became a special national strategic region of Japan. See Yoyogi Park and Meiji Jingu Shrine from the Park Hyatt's New York Avenue
Meiji Jingu Shrine
The Heisei period (1989-2019) is known as the Heisei period. The 55-year-old system of the two parties collapsed, and the short-lived non-LDP cabinet was established.
Regime changes also occurred in 2009 and 2012. Large-scale disasters such as the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, the Sarin Subway Incident, the Great East Japan Earthquake, and the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident have become an opportunity for people to raise awareness of crisis management.
From the perspective of the world, in the early days of Heisei, mutual funds attracted attention by absorbing the surplus funds of the United States and other countries to carry out global investment activities.
In the 21st century, emerging countries such as the BRICS countries have risen. The hollowing out of the industries of developed countries, including Japan, the debt in the national finance and annuity accounting exceeds the currency crisis, the decline of the poor class of the middle class, and so on are becoming more and more obvious, and the economic and political development ideas of Japan, Europe and the United States, which have an overwhelming influence in the existing world economy, have been questioned and clarified.
Beginning in 1994, the U.S. government has submitted an annual reform petition to the Japanese government. The annual reform petition ended in 2008.
The Internet and mobile phones are changing the world. In addition, Japan is in a dilemma of insufficient manpower due to the improvement of the economy and the decline in birth rates, and new technologies such as artificial intelligence, unmanned driving, and robots are expected to reduce the burden on human beings.
Reiwa era
Emperor Reiwa (born February 23, 1960), the 126th Emperor of Japan (reigned: May 1, 2019 –), courtesy name Hiromiya, is a Japanese emperor with the title of Zi.
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