<h2>glass</h2>
In ancient China, glass was also called glass, land glass, Po glass, etc., and there was no essential difference between them, only the difference in transparency. Glass ornaments that are not very transparent and shiny are called material vessels; ornaments with translucent glass luster are called glazing; and utensils with higher transparency are called glass.
Glass as an ancient Chinese name for glass is a narrow term, now glass generally refers to the addition of a variety of oxides fired into colored glass works, now whether it is optical glass, flat glass, crystal glass or borax glass and other materials to create works are commonly known as glass artwork, it can be seen that glass is only a type of glass, its scope is much smaller than glass.
The history of glass manufacturing in ancient China can be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty, but at that time people called it Liuli. It was not until the glass of Western countries was introduced to China that there was a name for glass. Western glass is composed of soda-calcium elements, while Chinese glass contains elements such as lead and barium.
The materials that originally made glass were obtained from the by-products produced when bronzes were cast, refined and processed and then made into glass. The colors of glass are diverse, and the ancients also called it "five-color stone". By the Han Dynasty, the level of production of glass was quite mature. However, the smelting technology was in the hands of the royal family and nobles, and it has been kept secret. Because it was difficult for the people to obtain, people at that time regarded glass as even more precious than jade.
<h2>Of course, when it comes to glass masters, one of the people who have to be mentioned is Louis Tiffany, and the old man who founded Tiffany is his father. </h2>
<h2>enamel</h2>
Enamel is a kind of paint is also a process, is to mineral silicon, lead dan, borax, feldspar, quartz and other raw materials in accordance with the appropriate proportions of mixed, respectively, add a variety of colored metal oxides, after roasting and grinding to make a powder of color, and then according to the different practices of its enamel process, filled or painted on the body of the metal tire, through roasting and become enamel products.
According to the production method, it can be roughly divided into tire enamel, filigree enamel, inner filled enamel (that is, embedded tire enamel), transparent enamel, painting enamel and so on.
Filigree enamel and inlaid enamel have appeared in China for a long time, and the historical record can be traced back to the Song and Yuan dynasties, but the real ability to make it in China should be the Yuan Dynasty Genghis Khan attacking the big food, taking the craftsmen captive back to the production, and introducing the technique to the Central Plains. In the Ming Dynasty, the Yongxuan court began to widely produce and use filigree enamel, and the most famous in the Later Jingtai period was the "cloisonné".
Painting enamel appeared later, invented in Europe in the middle of the fifteenth century, and gradually developed into a painting enamel town based on the internal enamel process in Limoges (Jingdezhen, France) in the central and western part of France at the end of the fifteenth century. With the trade exchanges between China and the West, it was introduced to China from Guangzhou and other ports. At that time, it was called "Western enamel" or "western enamel". The production of painting enamel in the Qing Dynasty Palace was mainly studied and developed after the establishment of the enamel and glass factory in the 32nd year of the Kangxi Dynasty.
Compared with other crafts, the enamel process has been widely used in both commercial jewelry and contemporary jewelry.
Screw tungsten, also known as screw dian, screw filling, tungsten inlay, is a kind of decorative process according to the needs of the picture with the shell and sea shell grinding to make people, flowers and birds, geometric figures or text, and then embedded in lacquerware or wood decorative process, can also be used for metal and other surface decoration.
According to the inlay material screw lacquer can be divided into hard screw tungsten and soft screw tungsten. Before the Tang Dynasty, hard screws were used, and shell snails produced off the coast of China were polished and directly inlaid. The "colorful snail" in the soft screw tungsten popular in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties uses an imported product from the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, Ryukyu, Southeast Asia and other places, and the brightly colored "salamander conch". Put the snails in a pot and cook them for 4 days and 4 nights, peel off the screws layer by layer with tweezers, and then soak them in white vinegar or radish juice to make them soft and flexible, so that when they are attached to the curved lacquerware, they will not cause cracking.
When the market can give greater value and recognition to handicrafts, we will see more revivals of traditional goods with handicraft values as the core.