The fruits of plants may seem simple, but they are actually quite complex; in particular, the variety is so large that it is often confusing. This article provides some popular introductions to the genesis and fruit types of plant fruits.
<h2 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > flowering and bearing</h2> fruit
Flowering plants to go through flowering, pollination, insemination and other processes to form fruit, the detailed changes in the situation, this article from the slightest, only roughly introduce a part of it; the pistil in the flower is the plant can be fruitful organs, the pistil of the stigma after receiving pollen, pollen germination produce pollen tube, through the flower column into the ovary of the ovary, the sperm produced and the egg cells in the ovule combined, become zygotes, zygotes can grow and develop into embryos, the embryo is a small plant, it contains the radicle, the hypocotyl, the germ and cotyledons. It is in the mature seed, the seed can germinate when it lands, the radicle sticks out into the ground first, and the germ grows upwards. In the early stage, the nutrients in the cotyledons can be used for the growth of the radicles and germs, and then the embryos grow into seedlings and can live independently, and the next generation of individuals has been successfully introduced.
Flowering is the prelude to fruiting, but why do some plants only flower and do not bear fruit? There are several cases: some plants have unisexual flowers, only female flowers are fruitful, and male flowers cannot bear fruit without pistils, such as cucumber male flowers. Some flowers have pistils, such as hermaphroditic flowers or female flowers, but due to environmental conditions, they have not been pollinated, that is, the egg cells of the ovules in the pistil ovary are not fertilized and therefore cannot bear fruit.
<h2 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > a variety of fruits</h2>
Knowing the fruit is not an easy task.
Botanically, there is a set of principles for distinguishing fruit types. Taking the peach as an example, the fruit of the peach is botanically called a stone fruit, because the fruit of the peach is divided into layers: the ripe peach has a red skin - the outer peel, and under the outer skin is the flesh - the middle peel; further inside, the middle peel is wrapped in the middle peel is the hard peach core - the inner peel. Why is the peach pit so hard? This is because there are seeds wrapped inside.
The inner peel is very hard, which is an important feature of the stone fruit. In addition to peaches, plums, plums, jujubes, and cherries are also stone fruits.
So, what fruit type does the grape belong to? Grapes differ in many ways from peaches; the outer skin of the grape is as thin as the outer skin of the peach, which can be peeled off by hand; but the middle and inner skins of the grapes are fleshy. Therefore, grapes belong to the berries.
In addition to grapes, tomatoes, eggplants, etc. are also berries.
The outer fruit of the citrus is leathery and thick, the middle peel is a layer of reticulated white fibers, and the inner peel is composed of many orange petals, and the inner peel is filled with moisture and several seeds. From these characteristics, citrus has similarities with grapes and should also be berries. But the two are actually not the same, in botany, the citrus of the genus Citrus of the family Rubiaceae, is called citrus fruit.
From the outside, apples and pears have some like stone fruits, but there are many places that are different from peaches. From the time of flowering, the apple and pear-shaped flower holder (the central part of the flower holder is concave into the shape of a cup) and the ovary are healed, and the flower holder gradually fleshy and thickens, becoming the main part of our usual consumption. In fact, the real fruit of the apple and pear is the central sour, unpalatable part. Botanists name this special structure of the fruit pear fruit.
Fruits similar to apples and pears include sand fruit, mountain red, begonia fruit, loquat and so on.
<h2 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > pods of the legume sandalwood</h2>
Legumes are most well known as legume crops, such as peas, mung beans, soybeans, beans, etc., of which peas are the most typical.
The pods are made up of a carpel (formed by leaf metamorphosis), a leaf folded in pairs, the two sides of the joint to form a pouch, the ovules are born on the joint suture, when the fruit is ripe, it splits into two pieces, that is, from the joint suture and the dorsal seam (the dorsal suture refers to the middle vein of the leaf) into two seeds of similar size and shape, which can be freely scattered. Legumes are all this fruit, no matter how its size and shape change, are this feature, with only a few exceptions, the fruit does not crack when ripe, such as peanuts, locust tree pods.
Since only legumes have pods and no pods in other families, pods are also the most important feature of legumes.
People are inspired by the pods of legumes: is there any other family that also has special fruits to distinguish them from other families?
The answer is: Yes. For example, the fruits of the umbrella family are called double hanging fruits, and the famous example is carrots.
The fruit of the carrot is formed by the combination of two carpels, and when ripe, it can be separated into two and hung on the stalk of the carpel, so it is called a double hanging fruit, and other plants of the umbelliferous family, such as baizhi, duhuo, coriander, celery, fennel, etc. are double hanging fruits.
Cruciferous plants, such as cabbage, green cabbage, rapeseed, radish, etc., the fruit is called silique, the shape is like a horn, narrow and pointed, but also by the combination of two carpels to form a false diaphragm in the fruit, separating the fruit into ventricles. The false diaphragm is not a peel, but an extremely thin diaphragm produced by the junction of the two carpels (the edges of the two leaves are sutured against each other). When mature, it can be split into two lobes upwards by splitting the lower part, exposing the false diaphragm and seeds. In addition to the above-mentioned vegetables in the cruciferous family, wild February orchids also have longhorn fruits. The fruit of other plants in this family is short silique, the structure is the same as that of siliques, but its fruit is short, similar in length and width, so it is called short silique. For example, cabbage, solitary vegetables, etc.
Asteraceae also has a uniform fruit, called the lean fruit (sometimes also called the chrysanthemum), which is produced by the combination of two carpels, only one seed in the fruit, the peel is dry, not cracked, the typical example is the sunflower, and its thin fruit we usually call sunflower seeds.
When vegetables are cultivated melon crops, such as cucumbers, pumpkins, winter melons, zucchini, bitter melons, etc., their fruits are particularly large and fleshy, and are called urns in botany, which is characterized by the place where the seeds of melon endophytes are called fetal seats, and the fetal peduncle is fleshy. Only melon crops have this fruit.
What types of fruits are there in rice, wheat, and corn? We usually call wheat seeds, rice grains are rice seeds, and so is corn, as if there is no fruit, only seeds; in fact, this is not the case, wheat seeds, rice seeds are fruits. Unprocessed wheat seeds are the fruits of wheat, and brown rice with yellow chaff peeled off is the fruit of rice.
It turned out that the fruit of wheat and rice had only one seed, and the peel and the seed coat were inseparable from the healing. In the process of processing rice, people grind away the peel and seed coat of rice seeds; the rice we eat is actually the endosperm of rice seeds. Not only the seed coat of the rice is ground off, but even the embryo is also ground off. On closer inspection, there is a small gap at one end of the processed rice, which is where the original embryo is located. During the processing of wheat, the peel and seed coat are also ground off.
The fruits of rice and wheat are botanically called yingguo due to the healing of the peel and seed coat.
The fruit of cotton is known as cotton peach, but it does not belong to the same type of fruit as peach.
The fruit of the cotton is formed by the combination of 5 carpels, the ovary has 5 chambers, the peel is dry, hard, and cracks when ripe, cracking out 5 slits, and the cottonseed is exposed. This fruit is called the capsule fruit.
<h2 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > what fig is</h2>
Some people say that figs have no flowers and fruits, what type of fruit is it? In fact, it is a misconception to think that figs are figs and bear fruit. Although the fig looks like a fruit, it is not a real fruit. The inverted conical thing is its inflorescence holder, which is empty and produces lean fruit. There is a hole in the center of the large end of the inflorescence, which insects can drill into and pollinate the small flowers inside, and eventually produce small skinny fruits.
Figs belong to the genus Figs of the family Zanthoxylum, which has more than 1,000 species, and the fruits are small skinny fruits, all hidden in the inflorescence support. The inflorescences are large and small, but the structure is the same.
<h2 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > what fruit the mulberry tree bears</h2>
Mulberry trees belong to the genus Mulberry, which has more than 10 species of plants, and the habits are mulberry, arborvitae, and hermaphroditic. When the female plants bloom, they can see green mulberries, and when they are ripe, they grow into mulberries. Mulberry trees have mostly purple-black fruits and a few are white. On closer inspection, each mulberry has a small stalk on which there are many small fruits, and the fruit has a fleshy, juice-filled flower duvet (actually a sepal) on the outside, and a thin fruit is wrapped inside the flower quilt. In fact, a mulberry is a polyflora and is made up of many small female flowers.
< h2 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > what fruit a strawberry is</h2>
Strawberries are very strange, there are many small dots on the surface, it is different from the mulberry "polyflower fruit", but should be called "polymer fruit". The so-called polymer fruit refers to the formation of a fruit after a flower blooms, the fleshy red part of the strawberry is enlarged by the fleshy flesh of the flower holder, and the small dots on the surface are small skinny fruits. This small lean fruit polymerizes on a fleshy flower holder to form a polymeric fruit. Originally, when the strawberry bloomed, the flower holder was not large, there were many pistils in the flower, and each pistil independently formed a thin fruit, and many thin fruits grew on this fleshy flower holder, which became an aggregate fruit.
<h2 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > what is the fruit of the paramita</h2>
Borromeo belongs to the genus Cinnamon of the family Sanaceae, which has more than 40 species. The fruit of the borromeo is also a polyflora fruit. Its flowers are unisexual, the female flowers form a head-like inflorescence, the flowers are tubular, buried in the total axis, when ripe, the central axis expands, the flowers are enlarged by flesh, and together with the total axis to form a good large polyflower fruit.
The bromeliads of the genus Bromeliad in the bromeliad family are also a polyflora fruit, and the fruit is similar to that of the borer honey, but relatively more complex: the fruit of the bromeliad is spherical, with a thick fleshy central axis, and the fleshy bracts hidden inside and many undeveloped ovary together make up this polyflora.
<h2 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > fruit is the "benefactor" of mankind</h2>
From the very beginning of its birth, human beings have been associated with the fruits of plants. In primitive societies, humans made a living hunting and harvesting wild fruits. In Neolithic sites such as The Ape Man in Beijing, the seed nucleus of the pu tree has been found, which indicates that the fruit of the pu tree was already eaten by people at that time.
When human beings entered the agrarian society, the fruits of food crops such as wheat, corn and rice became the most important food source for human beings. As for various fruits, it is also one of the foods of human beings and is another important source of nutrition in addition to vegetables.
In addition to being edible, the fruits of some plants can be used in medicine for human healing: the fruit of Schisandra, the fruit of papaya with stalks, the fruit of sand kernels, the fruit of Privet, etc. have medicinal effects!
< h2 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the fruit has a pleasant aroma</h2>
The fruits of the plant can not only be used medicinally and foodily, but some also have an enticing aroma. For example, the fruit of star anise, a large ingredient, can be used to cook meat; pepper and pepper also have a similar effect.
Chili pepper is a famous condiment for being a special member of vegetables.
<h2 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > the fruit is as bright as a flower</h2>
When the fruit of some plants is ripe, it is bright red and extremely attractive, but it is not an edible fruit, such as fire thorns. Firethorn is a rose shrub with small flowers, densely grown on the top of the branches, and the fruit is like a bead, and when it is ripe, it is bright red, tired like a red bean, like a work of art. Another example is the fruit of Nan Tianzhu, which is red in color and shaped like a pearl...
<h2 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > poisonous fruit</h2>
The fruits of some plants are poisonous and inedible, such as croton in legumes, the fruit is highly toxic, and after accidental consumption, it can make people vomit, abdominal pain, diarrhea, breathing difficulties, and even die due to organ failure.
Plants with high fruit toxicity also have neem, such as accidental consumption of its fruit, it will also cause nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, body numbness, respiratory paralysis and other poisoning symptoms.
The fruit of star anise (commonly known as large ingredients) can be used for cooking and seasoning, but its close relative, the fruit of the grass, is highly poisonous, and if eaten by mistake, it can kill you.
Poisonous melon is produced in Guangdong, Guangxi and other places in China, belongs to the cucurbitaceae, looks like watermelon, but is smaller than watermelon. Spherical in shape, no more than 2 cm in diameter, red in color when ripe, with a white pattern. If people and animals are eaten by mistake, they can also cause poisoning.